基于投资者异质信念的均衡资产定价模型研究

在行为金融框架下,采用投资者在价格期望方面存在的意见分歧来表征投资者异质信念,构建投资者异质信念下的均衡资产定价模型,从理论上证明投资者异质信念是影响资产价格的重要因素,投资者信念差异程度与均衡价格同向变动,并以封闭式基金折价为例说明该模型对金融市场价格异象的解释力.为检验理论模型的结论,选取中国股票市场数据构建计量经济模型,对投资者异质信念程度及其波动性对资产价格的影响进行实证分析,实证结果支持理论模型的结论.实证结果还发现,投资者异质信念的条件波动性变量系数显著,对股市收益率有显著的影响,说明投资者异质信念的波动对股市价格指数有显著的溢出效应,信息的传递效率会影响投资者的意见分歧程度,因此有效的信息披露机制能够更好地减少异质信念带来的股价高估问题.     

外部风险、异质信念与特质波动率风险溢价

本文将影响资产价格的不确定性划分为基本面不确定性、市场层面以及公司层面外部因素不确定性,(后二者对基本面没有影响,是非基本面因素),认为投资者对基本面和外部因素分别形成异质信念.在此基础上用连续时间的鞅分析方法,在纯交换市场均衡模型的框架下,建立了基于投资者异质信念的消费资本资产定价模型.该模型从理论上证明了除来自总消...     

异质信念、融资决策与投资收益

放松现代公司融资理论的同质信念假设,在异质信念下构建公司股权债权融资模型,分析公司融资决策与投资者及管理者信念的关系,讨论异质信念下投资者和原股东的投资收益及公司过度投资.模型结论表明:投资者相对于管理者的信念越高,投资者间异质信念越大,则公司越倾向于发行股权融资;投资者相对于管理者的信念越高,投资者间异质信念越大,则股权融资的公司越可能发生过度投资,而债权融资公司的过度投资不受影响.以沪深A股2005-2010年再融资公司为样本,对模型结论进行实证检验,检验结果支持模型结论,并利用结论,从异质信念视角,解释我国上市公司股权融资偏好、过度投资等异象.     

个体与机构投资者,谁左右A股股价变化?——基于投资者异质信念的视角

在成熟的资本市场,机构投资者一直都被视作资产定价的主体。但在个体投资者众多的中国证券市场,个体投资者与机构投资者谁左右A股股价的变化?则是人们关注的热点话题。本文从投资者异质信念的视角,构建个体投资者与机构投资者未预期交易量两个异质信念测度指标,对比分析二者与股票收益的相关性。结果表明,个体投资者与机构投资者的异质信念与股票当期收益显著正相关、与未来一期收益显著负相关,但个体投资者异质信念的作用更强;进一步,异质信念对小公司、价值型公司收益的影响更明显;当控制了规模、价值等风险因子,以及不同时间区间和是否可以卖空等市场影响因素后,结论依然成立。表明在现阶段的中国A股市场,个体投资者的异质信念仍是左右股票定价的主要因素。     

投资者信念异质与证券价格互动关系研究

投资者信念异质更能反映现实证券市场中投资者的真实特征,反映投资者的非完全理性.非完全理性的投资者所具有的异质的人格特征、风险偏好,市场信息认知、态度和情绪等,将通过行为表现出来,反馈于市场并产生互动效应,对证券价格构成影响.从异质信念角度出发,分析投资者异质信念的形成机制及异质信念对证券价格的影响,并以中国证券市场的相关数据进行实证检验.研究发现,投资者信念异质与大盘价格指数之间存在长期均衡互动影响,且显著互为Granger因果关系.中国证券市场投资者非理性情绪和信念所表现出的复杂和混沌特征也在脉冲响应分析中得到间接的证明.     

基于内生后验异质信念的资产定价研究

本文通过建立市场中存在过度自信非理性投资者的两类代表投资者的三期资产定价模型,研究投资者内生的后验异质信念与资产定价的关系。本文的研究发现,投资者的异质信念平均来说与资产价格的高估程度正相关,但就信号的具体实现值来看,异质信念的增大也可能与资产价格被低估的程度正相关。本文讨论了各种均衡状态下,信号的具体实现值对投资者异质信念与资产定价关系的影响。基于中国上市公司的实证研究为模型结论提供了很好的支持。     

信贷驱动、博傻投机与房价泡沫骑乘

在信息不对称框架下建立了信贷驱动的房价泡沫骑乘模型,探讨影响投资者博傻投机和房价泡沫骑乘的主要因素并形成相关理论命题.在此基础上,基于22国1975年～2017年季度面板数据,运用GSADF技术估计房价泡沫并使用Ⅳ-Probit两步法和面板VAR模型实证分析了信贷-房价正反馈、异质信念、货币政策和宏观审慎监管对房价泡沫的影响及其具体传导机制.主要结论有:1)信贷-房价正反馈、投资者对银行的风险转移动机、投资者异质信念、低利率环境和宏观审慎信贷监管放松是影响投资者博傻投机和骑乘房价泡沫的主要因素;2)信贷和房价的正反馈会显著增加房价泡沫的发生概率且这一效应在经济繁荣时期尤为明显;3)投资者信念异质性越强,房价泡沫发生的概率越大;4)紧缩性货币政策和宏观审慎监管可分别通过遏制房价过快上涨和调节家庭部门信贷扩张进而抑制房价泡沫."双支柱"政策对房价泡沫的调控效果在发展中国家要好于发达国家.     

异质信念、卖空限制与股票收益——基于中国证券市场的分析

本文通过构建换手率分离模型计算未预期交易量,并以此作为异质信念的度量指标,探讨其对股票收益的解释能力.依据异质信念程度高低分组发现,异质信念越大的股票组合当期收益越高、未来一期收益越低,这一差异对小规模公司股票最为明显;将异质信念引入CAPM和Fama-French三因子模型,得到异质信念对股票当期收益的影响显著为正、对未来一期收益的影响显著为负;在进一步考虑了流动性、动量效应等因素后,结论依然成立;但针对2010年后允许卖空的股票,异质信念对股票未来一期收益的影响不再显著.本文基于中国证券市场的制度环境,一方面验证了Miller理论的有效性,同时也发现引入卖空机制能在一定程度上减弱异质信念导致的资产定价偏差.     

双重异质信念下中国上市公司融资决策研究

投资者异质信念与投资者-管理者异质信念是我国资本市场的重要特征。本文在双重异质信念假设下,基于我国上市公司融资环境,建立融资决策模型,分析双重异质信念对我国上市公司股权债权融资选择的影响,得到结论:(1)卖空限制下,投资者异质信念越大,公司越倾向于股权融资;(2)投资者-管理者异质信念越小,公司越倾向于股权融资。以2005-2009年沪深A股再融资公司为样本,采用单变量分析和Probit多元回归方法,对模型结论进行实证检验,实证结果支持模型结论,并从双重异质信念的视角对我国资本市场融资异象进行解释。     

公司治理、投资者异质信念与股票投资风险——基于中国上市公司的实证研究

基于中国资本市场中股票投资存在巨大风险和投资者缺乏可靠投资决策依据的现状,本文通过分析公司治理、投资者异质信念和股票投资风险三者之间的关系,从微观层面揭示了公司治理对股票投资风险的影响机制,并利用中国A股上市公司样本验证了这一机制的存在。结果表明:公司治理水平的提高有利于降低投资者信念的异质程度和股票的投资风险;投资者信念异质程度的降低有利于减小股票的投资风险;投资者异质信念是公司治理影响股票投资风险的完全中介变量。本文结论可为研究公司治理对资本市场的影响及其在资本市场中的应用提供一些可借鉴的思路和经验证据。     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.