从以色列撤离加沙看巴勒斯坦问题的解决前景

巴勒斯坦问题的最终解决将以建立独立的拥有永久边界的巴勒斯坦国而告终.至于在未来一段时间内是建立拥有临时边界和主权象征的巴勒斯坦国,还是建立独立的拥有永久边界的巴勒斯坦国则取决于巴以和谈的结果.以色列可能有条件地从它1967年第三次中东战争中所占领的约旦河西岸的大部分土地上撤走,在巴以谈判中以1949年停战线即“绿线”为基础,进行小幅度调整.     

巴勒斯坦的一抹和平曙光

巴以终于在巴勒斯坦自治的原则协议上签字了,美以两国也终于承认了阿拉法特领导的巴解组织.这是继1978年9月17日埃及、以色列在美国卡特总统居间调停下,签署著名的戴维营协议以来第二份阿以间的和约.尽管巴以这份协议的产生,伴随着枪声和流血事件,协议本身也远没有达到“全面公正”的标准,但是,从1948年5月15日爆发第一次阿以战争即巴勒斯坦战争至今,巴勒斯坦人民前赴后继,用鲜血和生命在争取自己合法权利的道路上,毕竟是前进了一     

巴以冲突:理论构建与前瞻分析

巴勒斯坦问题的理论框架由4个理论支点构成:1、巴勒斯坦问题的性质,即巴勒斯坦民族运动是20世纪席卷全球的民族解放运动中的一部分,具有正义性与合理性;2、阿以冲突的历史分期,即划分为三个历史阶段-- 全面对抗阶段、战略相持阶段、政治解决阶段;3、阿、以在矛盾冲突中的角色和作用,目前以色列始终是矛盾的主要方面,主导冲突的发展进程;4、有关巴以冲突重大制约要素的分析.可以肯定的是,巴勒斯坦问题必须解决,以色列正式承认巴勒斯坦国只是时间问题.而以色列政府能否改变其扩张主义政策成为解决冲突的关键因素.     

阿拉法特的苦难历程

2004年1月4日,以色列军队宣称,他们在加沙地带南部拉法发现了两条巴勒斯坦人用于偷运武器的地道。一天后,火光和浓烟冲天而起,以军将“发现了地道”的巴勒斯坦民宅炸毁。在以色列军队隆隆不断的枪炮声中,一个沧桑而又坚定的声音却不断在巴勒斯坦的土地上回荡:“今天的问题,并不是阿拉法特的命运如何,而是巴勒斯坦人民赖以生存的这片国土的命运如何,是巴勒斯坦独立、尊严和建立以耶路撒冷为首都的独立国家的命运如何。”阿拉法特本人的这句话,每说一次,总能引起强烈的反响,响应的有他的巴勒斯坦同胞,也有世界上许多国家的政要巨头;当然,还有来自以色列方面更为激烈的炮火     

21世纪以来巴勒斯坦非暴力抵抗运动的内涵、实践与挑战

21世纪以来,基于大众的非暴力抵抗运动已经演变为巴勒斯坦对以色列斗争的潜在战略趋势,其以2002年民间反对修建隔离墙为起点,发展至今可划分为"反隔离墙运动"与"反占领运动"两个阶段.巴勒斯坦非暴力抵抗运动以战略实用型的非暴力学说为指导,主要以约旦河西岸地区为活动空间,通过抗议和说服、不合作与直接干预等方式,践行反占领、求生存的对以斗争.但在当前巴以双边关系的框架内,以色列社会从公众到官方都缺乏应有的建设性回应,而巴勒斯坦地理空间的破碎、政治和社会领域的分裂与竞争以及强有力领导角色的缺失,致使非暴力抵抗运动面临社会动员与凝聚力严重不足等问题和挑战.     

巴勒斯坦的基督教徒

巴勒斯坦的居民除穆斯林外,还有不少基督徒,约占巴总人口的4%,有4.3万多人,他们是巴勒斯坦的宗教少数派,形成相对独立的政治、文化、经济实体.巴勒斯坦的基督徒受教育程度较高,大都是商业、金融界和传媒的白领阶层,属城市中产阶级.由于信仰基督教,他们和西方社会及教会有着千丝万缕的联系,但在漫长的历史发展中,他们在巴勒斯坦虽处于边缘化地位,但也在夹缝中求生存,为巴勒斯坦问题的解决做出了他们的贡献.     

试析叙利亚泛阿拉伯民族主义的演变

叙利亚的泛阿拉伯民族主义主张阿拉伯人是一个民族共同体,目标是建立一个包括今天的叙利亚、黎巴嫩、巴勒斯坦、约旦、伊拉克、西奈半岛和塞浦路斯,称之为"新月沃地"的大叙利亚.该思想后得到叙利亚领导人阿萨德的贯彻执行.阿萨德作为一名谨慎的政治家,为了实现这一目标,首先试图建立一个由叙利亚、黎巴嫩、约旦和巴勒斯坦组成的、以他为首的联盟,然后通过这一联盟,巧妙地周旋于各方力量之间,在确立联盟的政治和军事战略方面发挥主导作用.     

阿拉法特去世对中东局势的影响

巴勒斯坦领导人阿拉法特走完了自己悲壮的人生旅程,于2004年11月11日在法国巴黎病逝.这位巴勒斯坦人民的领袖驰骋中东政治舞台近半个世纪,不仅领导巴勒斯坦人民进行了艰苦卓绝的反以武装斗争,而且以超凡的勇气开启了巴以和平进程.他的逝世,必将对巴勒斯坦政局、巴以和平进程乃至中东形势产生重大影响.     

建立巴勒斯坦国的最后一次机会

一 我们仅余的几个月任期一天天过去,我最后一次尝试实现两国方案。以色列总理奥尔默特的提议一直萦绕在我和布什心中。奥尔默特于2008年明份交给阿巴斯（2008年11月23日当选巴勒斯坦国总统）一份地图,标出了巴勒斯坦国的疆域范围。地图显示约旦河西岸63％的土地归以色列所有（奥尔默特还让阿巴斯相信他愿意把这个比例降到58％）。     

联合国难民救济及工程局(UNRWA)和巴勒斯坦解放组织(PLO)关系演变简析

UNRWA是联合国于1949年设立的一个专门负责巴勒斯坦难民事务的机构.50年代末以前,它致力于难民的重新安置,但遭到难民的强烈反对,之后转向福利、教育事业.1964年PLO创建后,UNRWA逐渐对巴勒斯坦民族解放事业发挥积极影响,但两者的正式关系直到1975年联合国赋予PL0观察员身份的次年才建立.80年代末期,NURWA开始从社会经济方面推动巴勒斯坦建国,PLO在难民问题上则越来越务实,双方形成一种合作伙伴关系.90年代中期以来,巴以和平进程波折不断,难民问题的解决受到各种因素的干扰,UNRWA和PL0的关系也受到影响,但在一些技术问题上仍有合作.     

NASADAD: The view from SAMHSA,from a state and from CMS

Last week, state directors and other attendees of the annual meeting of the National Association of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors (NASADAD) were treated to a stunning opening reception by the delegation from Hawaii, including entertaining, dancing, music and delicious food. The next morning, they heard from federal and state officials about important issues they are dealing with — starting with how to use the STR and SOR grants.     

从生物质制氢

介绍美国威斯康星大学化学工程师们研制的、用廉价的生物质在低温、液相中制取内燃机及燃料电池用氢燃料的方法。     

Psychological trauma from the perspective of medical history: from Paracelsus to Freud

Psychological traumatisation, as we understand it today, was—in terms of the history of ideas—anticipated by various approaches which have had a lasting impact on modern psychiatry, psychotherapy, and psychosomatic medicine. On the one hand, there is the traditional concept of possession and exorcism with its impressive psychodynamics. On the other hand, there is the theory of the imagination, of an illusion in the sense of a pathogenic infection. Especially the pathological teachings of Paracelsus (sixteenth century) and Johann Baptist van Helmont (seventeenth century)—the latter having advanced the former’s alchemist approach—demonstrate the extent to which demonological, parasitological, and psychological ideas were amalgamated in their “ontological” notion of a disease. Only the introduction of hypnotism in the middle of the nineteenth century made possible a psychological or psychodynamic understanding of psychological trauma in the modern sense. Hypnotism was striving to strictly dissociate from the magical and natural philosophical speculations of mesmerism and its theory was quite compatible with the model representations of scientific medicine. Sigmund Freud was able to tie in his ideas of hysteria and neurosis with this concept and especially to define repression of (infantile) sexuality as the cause of a culturally ineluctable psychological trauma. Finally, a brief survey of medical history is given to explore artificial trauma as a healing factor.     

Methodological aspects of collecting data from children: lessons from three research projects

This paper considers some methodological aspects of collecting data from children drawing on three empirical studies carried out in home and school settings using qualitative methods. The paper begins with an overview of methodological issues before briefly describing the three studies and the range of methods used. Then it examines the merits and limitations of these methods including participant observation, small group discussions, interviews and structured activities. Finally, some concluding remarks are made about the appropriateness and effectiveness of these methods.     

Who benefits from labor market institutions? Evidence from surveys of life satisfaction

This paper investigates the welfare effects of labor market institutions, placing an emphasis on how the institutions’ effects are differentiated by socio-demographic subgroups. We study how life satisfaction is affected by employment protection and the level and duration of unemployment benefit payments. Using data for almost 370,000 individuals in ten European countries, 1975-2002, we find that more employment protection and a higher benefit replacement rate increase the life satisfaction of the average citizen. At the subgroup level, different segments of the population are affected differently by the two categories of labor market institutions. While employment protection is valued especially by employed persons of intermediate age, it is less beneficial for women/housewives and for older persons. More generous unemployment insurance is valued especially by these latter subgroups and by the unemployed.     

The Implementation of Voting from Abroad: Evidence from the 2014 Turkish Presidential Election

Voting from abroad (VFA) is a complex norm and practice due to the multilevel processes, structures and actors involved. This article explores the reasons behind the eventual adoption of this practice within the context of a long and well‐known history of emigration in Turkey. During the 2014 Turkish presidential election, emigrants from Turkey were finally allowed to participate from abroad even though legislation giving them this right has been in place since 1995. Based on archival research and fieldwork in Germany and the United States, this article discusses the varying relevance of three central explanatory factors to the implementation of VFA: emigrant lobbying, the electoral expectations of potential benefit by the governing party, and the presence of broader, state‐led diaspora engagement policies. The first of these is important but insufficient, whereas the second factor is necessary. Moreover, the presence of broader, state‐led diaspora engagement policies is a mediating factor. This article finds that specific actors like political parties may play the crucial role, highlighting the need for critical examination of their role in the implementation process.     

从学雷锋活动看当代青年人生观

产生于20世纪60年代的雷锋精神,是中国优秀传统文化中的重要组成部分。那么当代青年是如何认识和对待雷锋精神的?笔者通过调查,基本把握了当代青年对雷锋精神和学雷锋活动的认识,折射出他们与时俱进、积极进取的人生观和价值趋向。     

Contesting transnationalism? Lessons from the study of Albanian migration networks from former Yugoslavia

Abstract Recent studies have questioned the concept of transnationalism, showing that transnational ties do not always have the weight attributed to them in the first studies conducted on the topic. Using a case study of social networks of Albanian migrants from former Yugoslavia, in this article I discuss the significance of transnational ties in the context of: the decision to migrate; social support networks of Albanians in Switzerland; and reintegration on return. The results raise questions about the factors that determine the existence and form of transnational social spaces as well as the social relevance of transnational ties. While the transnational perspective brings interesting insights to the study of migration processes, it is argued that transnational ties and social relations must not be presumed but rather carefully analysed, and that structural as well as cultural aspects must be introduced in this analysis.