ECONOMICS AND 100 YEARS OF ANTITRUST: INTRODUCTION

Editor's Note: I wish to thank the symposium editors, George Bittlingmayer, Associate Professor, and Gary Walton, Professor, Graduate School of Management, University of California Davis, Davis, CA., for their special efforts and valuable input as they shepherded these papers through the refereeing and editorial process. I also wish to thank Rodney T. Smith, Professor of Economics, Claremont McKenna College and Claremont Graduate School and Coeditor of Economic Inquiry, who served as coordinator of the symposium efforts, and Carolyn Williams, assistant to the editor, who served as liaison between Economic Inquiry, the symposium editors and the authors. These combined efforts have resulted in the exciting collection of papers that follow.     

Professional morale and social work training: A study

This article presents the results of an empirical study that was designed to ascertain the state of professional morale of the membership of the Connecticut Society for Clinical Social Work. The data suggest a dissatisfaction with career choice. Reassessment of the character and quality of social work supervision emerges as one of the study's implications.This article is adapted from the author's Masters thesis,Social Workers, Social Work, and Professional Self-Perceptions (1978), for the Smith College School for Social Work. The author wishes to thank Professor Roger Miller of Smith for his helpful comments.     

Appropriate bargaining units for state employees: Potential impacts for labor relations and public administration

This article reviews the literature and empirically examines the long-held assumption that occupational bargaining units for state employees are more appropriate and more in the public interest than are departmental units. The payroll records of Michigan state employees were analyzed on six demographic and organizational variables to test five hypotheses concerning the greater appropriateness of departmental units. Four of the five hypotheses supported the greater appropriateness of departmental units. In addition, because the mean highest job level in departmental units was significantly greater than in occupational units, career mobility and affirmative action programs for employees within occupations were more severely limited. Smith is now with General Motors Corporation. The authors wish to thank Harold Angle, James Perry, and especially Lizabeth Barclay for their helpful comments.     

On the Extension of the Utilitarian and Suppes–Sen Social Welfare Relations to Infinite Utility Streams

Extensions of a utilitarian and a Suppes–Sen grading principle defined on infinite utility streams are characterized with a stronger notion of Anonymity and without any consistency postulate. The relative merits of the Extended Utilitarian relation are discussed and its rankings are compared with those of the overtaking criterion and the Basu–Mitra Utilitarian relation.I am indebted to Tapan Mitra for several insightful discussions on the subject matter of this paper and on intertemporal social choice theory in general. I thank a Managing Editor for meticulously reading through two versions of the paper and two anonymous referees of this journal for providing detailed comments, pointing out errors and suggesting expositional changes. I also thank Kaushik Basu for his comments. I am responsible for any remaining errors.     

INFORMATION, CHANCE, AND EVOLUTION: ALCHIAN AND THE ECONOMICS OF SELF-ORGANIZATION

The strong invisible hand theorem says there is emergent order in human affairs. Smith and Hayek described it; Alchian gave the evolutionary proof. He showed that profit maximization is an emergent property of evolution when survival depends on positive profits. I extend Alchian's argument to consider how evolution discovers and adopts successful organizational forms. Evolving organizations "lock in" on inefficient equilibria. Noise and imitation—the evolutionary operators Alchian stressed—promote learning and adaptation to move the evolutionary dynamic off inefficient paths. Evolution is orders of magnitude faster than optimization; the relative time scales make the processes observationally distinguishable.     

A few introductory notes on the special issue on the Evaluation Framework for Promoting Gender Equality in Research and Innovation (EFFORTI)

Being European with a long standing research interest in evaluation of gender policies, I could not begin my assignment as Editor in Chief with a better task. Readers will forgive me for these few biographical notes. Before presenting this special issue, I owe many thanks to Jonny Morell who involved me in its design as early as June 2018. I also want to thank Susanne Bührer, Clemens Striebing, Evanthia Kalpazidou Schmidt, Rachel Palmén, Sybille Reidl, Florian Holzinger and Jörg Müller, who invited me at the 2019 conference in Brussels, where the final results of the European initiative ‘Evaluation Framework for Promoting Gender Equality in Research and Innovation’ (EFFORTI) were critically debated.¹ And drawing on the outline and comments I pointed out on that occasion, in this short introduction, I highlight why this special issue is politically relevant and theoretically innovative.     

“Getting a stake”: Gambling in early colonial Australia

This paper examines the nature of Australian colonial gambling practices and the attitudes of colonial society towards those practices, between 1788 and about 1820.This paper is a revised version of a presentation to the National Association for Gambling Studies' first annual conference, Brisbane, July 1984. I wish to thank Henry Lesieur for his constructive comments on the draft.     

How to cut a pizza fairly: Fair division with decreasing marginal evaluations

Existential and constructive solutions to the classic problems of fair division are known for individuals with constant marginal evaluations. By considering nonatomic concave capacities instead of nonatomic probability measures, we extend some of these results to the case of individuals with decreasing marginal evaluations. Received: 12 June 2001/Accepted: 23 May 2002 An earlier version of this paper, Caltech Social Science Working Paper # 1126, was titled “How to cut a cake healthily”. We wish to thank Maristella Botticini, Erio Castagnoli, Marco Dall'Aglio, Paolo Ghirardato, Luigi Montrucchio, Marco Scarsini, Marciano Siniscalchi, as well as Maurice Salles (the Editor), an Associate Editor, and four anonymous Referees for helpful suggestions. The financial support of MIUR, CNR, and Università Bocconi is gratefully acknowledged. Part of this research was done while the first author was visiting Boston University and the California Institute of Technology, which he thanks for their hospitality.     

EMPIRICAL ADVANCES IN POLITICAL ECONOMY

Editor's Note: I wish to thank Coeditor Mark Zupan, who took responsibility for organizing and implementing both the special symposium on public choice and the processing of papers through the refereeing and editorial process for this special section. On behalf of all the editors, I also would like to express thanks to Carolyn Williams, editorial coordinator, for taking on yet another responsibility in arranging the conference symposium meetings and the management of the files. The symposium on public choice was held at Lake Tahoe during the 1993 WE A meetings. The many efforts of authors, referees, editors and staff have resulted in an exciting complement to this year's Economic Inquiry offerings.     

An alternative characterization of the uniform rule

We consider the problem of allocating some amount of a commodity among a group of agents with single-peaked preferences. We show that the uniform rule is the only rule satisfying equal treatment of equals, Pareto efficiency, and strategy-proofness. This characterization strengthens two interesting results due to Sprumont (1991). Our method of proof involves only elementary arguments.I wish to thank Professor William Thomson for his enormous efforts in supervision. I am grateful to Professor Marcus Berliant and Hideo Konishi for their useful remarks and especially to an anonymous referee for insightful comments. All remaining errors are my own responsibility.     

The lexicographic egalitarian solution on economic environments

This paper considers solutions to distribution problems defined on economic environments. It shows that there is a unique resource-egalitarian and symmetric solution that proposes always Pareto optimal allocations and satisfies Inidivual Restricted Monotonicity; this property requires the poor people of the society to be strictly better-off when social resources increase and the initial outcome is a welfare unequal position. That unique solution is the lexicographic extension of the maxmin criterion.I wish to express my gratitude to Salvador Barberá. I am also very grateful to Hervé Moulin for his encouragement and to Carmen Herrero, Iñigo Iturbe and an anonymous referee for their suggestions. I thank very specially the valuable reading of John Roemer and illuminating conversations with Serge Christophe Kolm. Financial support from Gobierno de Navarra is gratefully acknowledged     

Manuals for socialization: Examples from Girl Scout handbooks 1913–1984

Although using content analysis to examine texts and other artifacts as indicators of societal expectations is not a new idea, youth organization handbooks have been largely overlooked as a rich and innovative source of data. Using examples from Girl Scout handbooks, this article shows how content analysis of these manuals of socialization can yield insights concerning societal expectations for family, career, gender roles, sexual behavior, social stratification, and other aspects of life of interest to sociologists.I gratefully acknowledge Meredith Gould for her special contributions and helpful comments on this paper. I also thank the staff of the Girl Scouts of America headquarters in New York City and the staff of the Penn Laurel Girl Scout Council in Lancaster, Pennsylvania for the use of their archives.     

Conspiracy,Paranoia and the problem of knowledge

Using a case study, this paper presents a critique of Lemert's classic paper, “Paranoia and the Dynamics of Exclusion.” Starting from the position that Lemert did not prove his case, that in fact, there are no clear-cut grounds for determining whether an event called a conspiracy really exists, this case study leads to a consideration of the ethnomethodological notion of reflexivity of common sense knowledge. I wish to thank Leroy C. Gould and Andrew L. Walker for helping in the gathering of the data and Howard Schwartz, Horacio Fabrega, Craig Lambert, Loren H. Roth and Eviatar Zerubavel for comments and criticism.     

The contribution of general features of body movement to the attribution of emotions

The present study was designed to assess the contribution of general features of gross body movements to the attribution of emotions. Eighty-five adult subjects were shown ninety-six videotaped body movements, performed by three actors. Each movement was determined by seven general dimensions: trunk movement, arm movement, vertical direction, sagittal direction, force, velocity and directness. Using rating scales, the subjects judged the compatibility of each movement with each of twelve emotion categories. The results showed which movement features predicted particular ratings. Emotion categories differed as to the amount, type, and weights of predicting movement features. Three factors were extracted from the original ratings and interpreted as Rejection-Acceptance, Withdrawal-Approach, and Preparation-Defeatedness.I wish to thank Jacques van Meel for his stimulating contribution to this study, and the reviewers for their comments on earlier drafts of the final report.     

Community Standards of Patent Offensiveness: Public Opinion Data and Obscenity Law

Abstract Public opinion data are used to empirically derivegeneral "community standards of patent offensiveness" for differenttypes of communities. These data indicate that such standardsbecome more restrictive in the less urbanized, less populatedareas of the country. The relevance of these data to policy-formationis also considered.Marc B. Glassman is an independent ResearchConsultant and Book Review Editor of the Public Opinion Quarterly.The author wishes to thank W. Phillips Davison for his commentson an earlier draft of this article.     

Rights as alternative game forms

The paper analyzes the problem of modeling rights using extensive game forms with perfect information. Three dimensions of rights – protocol, autonomy and power – are identified and it is shown, that under a certain condition, the effectivity function captures completely all rights relevant aspects of a game form. The condition under which this is possible is interpretable both as a particular formulation of individual liberty and as a rejection of consequentialism. I wish to express my debt to Professor A.K. Sen and P.K. Pattanaik for several helpful discussions on rights as game forms. I also wish to thank professors N. Balke, M. Dasgupta, M. Davis, J. Hadar, A. Sengupta, and W.M. Thomson for their comments.     

The relationship between spontaneous facial expressions of emotion and voluntary control of facial muscles

The goal of this study was to examine whether individual differences in the intensity of facial expressions of emotion are associated with individual differences in the voluntary control of facial muscles. Fifty college students completed a facial mimicry task, and were judged on the accuracy and intensity of their facial movements. Self-reported emotional experience was measured after subjects viewed positive and negative affect-eliciting filmclips, and intensity of facial expressiveness was measured from videotapes recorded while the subjects viewed the filmclips. There were significant sex differences in both facial mimicry task performance and responses to the filmclips. Accuracy and intensity scores on the mimicry task, which were not significantly correlated with one another, were both positively correlated with the intensity of facial expressiveness in response to the filmclips, but were not associated with reported experiences.We wish to thank the Editor and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments on an earlier draft of this paper.     

Legal aspects of exclusive representation: Ruminations on the private-public sector analogy

From the perspective of a management labor lawyer, this article argues that any legitimate theory of employment rights must be founded on the premise that employment is a voluntary relationship governed by mutual consent. In contrast, the erosion of the doctrine of at-will employment and the substitution of its legal antithesis, the tort of wrongful discharge, depend on a conception of employment rights as something the employee possesses at the employer’s expense, that is, without the employer’s consent. The theme of this article is that an employment right does not exist apart from contract. The government cannot violate an employment right unless it prevents a willing employee and a willing employer from making a contract concerning a proper subject on terms satisfactory to both. In public sector employment, the state is one of the parties to the employment contract. In most cases, a public employer cannot be “willing” if the same sovereign or polity has enacted conditions on public employment, that is, has placed limitations on itself. This article analyzes the legal aspects of exclusive union representation and related union security arrangements within this conceptual framework. Member, State Bar of California. Associate, Latham & Watkins, Los Angeles and San Diego. I wish to thank my colleague, Mark W. Smith, for his helpful suggestions and comments during the preparation of this paper. The views expressed here are solely those of the author.     

A derivation of the money Rawlsian solution

We study the set of envy-free allocations for economies with indivisible objects and quasi-linear utility functions. We characterize the minimal amount of money necessary for its nonemptiness when negative distributions of money are not allowed. We also find that, when this is precisely the available amount of money, there is a unique way to combine objects and money such that these bundles may form an envy-free allocation. Based on this property, we describe a solution to the envy-free selection problem following a pseudo-egalitarian criterion. This solution coincides with the Money Rawlsian Solution proposed by Alkan et al. (1991).I am indebted to I. Gilboa for his valuable suggestions and his patience during the elaboration of the final version. I also wish to thank S. Barbera for his guidance in an earlier version and M. Boldrin, H. Moulin, Z. Neeman, W. Thomson and the referees for their comments. Financial support from FPU-MEC (Spain) is gratefully acknowledged.Northwestern University.     

Free agents’ impact on the labor market for baseball players

This paper evaluates the 1976 free agent rule’s impact on the labor market for baseball players. Free agency has specific consequences for monopsonistic exploitation and racial discrimination in salary determination. It reduces monopsonistic exploitation for all players and increases salary opportunities for black and Latino players. However, this change in a player’s status vis-à-vis a team has generated salary disparities among players based, not on race, but bargaining position. I would like to thank Linda Kammann, Mary O’Brien, and Benjamin Preston for their research assistance. Also I wish to thank John Siegfried and an anonymous referee for their comments. I remain solely responsible for the contents of this paper.