人力资本、产业结构和我国城镇劳动参与、就业形态

本文利用CHNS面板数据和随机效果probit模型,主要从人力资本和产业结构变化方面分析我国城镇劳动参与率和长期被雇佣率的决定因素。实证结果显示:首先,正规教育会提高劳动参与率;教育程度高的成年人口的劳动参与率较高;第三产业占GDP比重的上升降低劳动参与率;第二产业就业占比的上升会提高劳动参与率。其次,接受正规教育年数的上升会提高长期被雇佣率,而且提高的幅度越来越大;在其他条件都不变的情况下,教育程度越高长期被雇佣率越高;第二、三产业占GDP比重的上升会提高长期被雇佣率;第二、三产业就业占比的上升会降低长期被雇佣率。     

宏观经济因素对中国城镇劳动供给的影响

为了从宏观经济层面分析中国城镇劳动参与率迅速下降的深层原因,本文综合利用各人口、制度、宏观经济等时间序列数据,通过建立因子分析、多元回归分析、向量自回归等模型,从同期和滞后两个方面来研究宏观经济因素对劳动供给的影响.得出经济发展水平提高、经济制度变革、失业率上升、劳动力供给增加是中国劳动参与率降低的主要原因,在此基础上,提出相关有意义的结论.     

中国就业统计的一致性:事实和政策涵义

针对国内外学术界对中国关于就业统计的疑问,文章从就业增长、真实失业水平和劳动参与率变化等方面,系统考察统计数字的一致性问题。文章揭示了下岗与登记失业之间的消长关系、按照国际通行定义计算的城镇调查失业率,以及劳动参与率的变化及其原因,并有针对性地提出了公共政策建议,即用树立就业优先原则统领宏观经济政策和产业政策,清除不利于劳动力市场发育从而不利于扩大就业的政策与规制;通过建立和完善社会保障制度,以及实施积极的就业扶助政策,帮助特殊的一代人顺利实现转轨。     

吉林省城镇就业、失业和劳动参与的现状和对策

依据劳动经济理论,应用吉林省的微观数据,从劳动力的人口特征、受教育程度特征、户籍特征和地区差异等角度,研究吉林省失业率、就业率和劳动参与率的现状。针对吉林省城镇劳动就业中存在的问题,提出树立就业优先、发展新兴产业与第三产业、促进中小企业发展、健全劳动力市场体系和健全失业保险制度的政策建议。     

北京劳动力供需变动趋势研究：2021—2035

在减量发展背景下,科学预测北京2021—2035年劳动力供需趋势对实现北京“十四五”规划和2035年远景目标具有重要意义。研究发现,若保持当前北京户籍人口每年净迁入水平与外来人口规模,即在基准预测方案下,即使在劳动参与率逐步提升、劳动力素质逐步提升和就业需求弹性持续下降的假定下,劳动力供给仍将持续下降。在提高户籍净迁入与外来人口规模的高方案下,劳动力供给有所提升,但仍然不能完全满足需求。同时,无论是基准方案还是高方案,2021—2035年,25—44岁“黄金”年龄组劳动力规模都将持续下降,而45—64岁组大龄劳动力规模都将大幅上升,劳动力市场的结构性矛盾将加剧。在此基础上,探索劳动力供需平衡实现路径,发现大幅提高45—64岁组劳动参与率是最为有效的提升劳动力供给的途径,同时提升劳动生产率是减少劳动力需求的有效途径。最后,分别从供给和需求两端提出政策建议：供给方面,推动大龄劳动年龄人口与女性人口就业,提高劳动参与率,增加劳动力供给规模,同时,增加教育投入与职业培训,提升劳动力质量,全面提升劳动力供给效率;需求方面,促进技术进步与经济增长方式转变,进而降低就业弹性,全面提高劳动生产率,减少...     

家庭老年照料对女性就业影响的异质性

基于1993—2011年"中国健康与营养调查"数据,本文采用IV-Probit和IV-Tobit方法控制内生性问题,从多个维度探讨家庭老年照料对女性劳动参与率和劳动时间的影响.总体而言,家庭老年照料会使女性劳动参与率下降4.5％,每周劳动时间减少2.7小时.分区域看,家庭老年照料对农村女性劳动参与率和劳动时间的影响大于城镇女性;从居住方式看,与父母(公婆)同住对女性劳动参与率的影响较大,但对劳动时间的影响相对较小;从家庭结构看,当兄弟姐妹数量较多时,家庭老年照料不会对女性就业造成影响;就是否照顾儿童而言,与仅照顾老人的女性相比,同时照顾儿童和老人的女性劳动参与率和劳动时间双双下降.另外,年龄和受教育程度对女性劳动参与率和劳动时间的作用也存在一定的差异性.基于实证结果,本文提出了相应的政策建议.     

人口老龄化对劳动力参与率的影响

劳动力参与率的高低对劳动供给和经济增长有重要影响.随着老龄社会的到来,老龄化对劳动力参与率的影响越来越重要.人口老龄化在解释劳动力参与率差异方面起到重要作用.通过对中国、巴西、法国、印度、日本和美国的2013年劳动力参与率比较,利用年龄标准化方法,发现在年龄别劳动力参与率一定的情况下,年轻型人口明显比老年型人口的劳动力参与率更高.利用差异分解的方法,发现中国和日本2013年的劳动力参与率相差12.1个百分点,其中79.0％可以归因于年龄结构的差异.更进一步,通过国内面板模型和国际面板模型的实证分析,证明了人口老龄化与劳动力参与率存在显著的负相关关系.实证结果还表明,收入水平与劳动力参与率之间存在着倒U型曲线关系.     

劳动力供给诸因素变动对经济增长的影响——基于要素分解的实证研究

劳动力供给是经济增长的重源泉之一.文章将劳动力供给因素分解为总人口规模、劳动年龄人口比重和劳动参与率的乘积,并纳入柯布—道格拉斯生产函数中,在理论模型推导的基础上,利用中国1978 ～2015年的时间序列数据进行分析,发现:(1)长期以来我国劳动力供给因素对经济增长有显著正向作用,其影响程度和对经济增长的贡献度明显小于物质资本,但远高于人力资本的影响和贡献;(2)构成劳动力供给规模的3个组成素均对我国经济增长产生显著的同方向影响,三者的产出弹性和贡献度按照大小依次为:总人口规模、劳动年龄人口比重和劳动参与率;(3)近年来劳动年龄人口比重下降对经济增长产生抑制作用,但在一定程度上被总人口规模增加的正向作用所抵消.     

“双重迁移”女性的就业决策和工资收入的影响因素分析——基于北京市农民工的调查

农民工的家庭化迁移是中国城市化发展的重要趋势。家庭化迁移和城乡迁移同时发生的"双重迁移"对农民工家庭造成了重大的影响,特别是对于家庭中的女性"双重迁移"引发不同以往的就业决策,并改变了农民工家庭的生活状态。文章在新家庭经济学的分析框架下,实证分析"双重迁移"中各类因素对女性就业选择和工资的影响。结果发现,家庭化迁移会减少女性居家就业和外出就业概率,降低女性就业水平。分析表明学前教育、技能培训等公共服务的可获得性能够提高流动妇女的劳动参与率,而在职培训和教育水平在提高女性农民工收入方面发挥了重要作用。     

亚洲女性收入对生育率影响的国际比较研究--基于劳动参与率、受教育程度、就业方式的视角

通过构建家庭效用函数模型,论证了家庭收入增长中女性收入对家庭生育决策的影响,说明了随着女性收入的提高,会降低生育率。进一步,通过引用女性劳动参与率、受教育程度及就业方式作为女性收入对生育率影响的中间变量,再运用相关数据进行实证分析,发现女性劳动参与率、受教育程度对生育率有着负向的影响,而女性非全日制就业方式对生育率有着正向的影响。再进一步,对亚洲各国生育政策的调整进行国际比较,探讨生育政策的具体措施与影响女性收入的三个因素之间的关系,最后针对中国目前的生育水平提出两方面的建议：硬政策的完善和软环境的支持,以有助于提高人口素质,优化人口结构。     

基于城市容量的农民工深度城市化探析

从城市容量角度关注农民工城市化的研究成果比较少见,本文从城市容量出发结合人口城市化的相关研究成果,提出城市容量是一个以人口负荷量为主体,包含自然容量、经济容量和社会容量的三维系统,并建构了人口城市化与城市容量之间交互作用的分析框架。认为,在现阶段,城市的自然容量和经济容量有助于人口城市化,而城市的社会容量则因无法满足农民工均等地享受公共服务而延缓着这一过程,也使农民工＂半城市化＂成为长期现象。因此,作出农民工城市化进程包括两个阶段、四种身份和八个特征的判断。在此基础上,认为,解决农民工＂半城市化＂的关键须从城市的社会容量着手,系统地考虑三维容量之间的相互嵌入和协调扩张,并提出农民工＂深度城市化＂的几点建议。     

山东省人口现代化探讨

本文采用全国五次人口普查数据,结合有关人口现代化的主要指标,对山东人口现状进行了分析,提出山东实现人口现代化的对策。     

The Marxist outlook on population]

Marxist population theory and world population are discussed. From his study of capitalist population theory Marx concluded, "In capitalist reproduction, poverty produces population," thus rejecting Malthusian population determinism theory and developing economic determinism. According to UN statistics, world population has stabilized since the middle of this century after having doubled every hundred years for the last 300; population in the developed countries showed a positive decrease and average net population growth of the developing countries also decreased. The premise of this paper is that population grows according to social economy development. During the last several hundred years, world wealth increased much faster than population; in the last 200 years alone, the population has increased fivefold, but wealth fortyfold. In addition, world population analysis reveals an inverse relationship between wealth and population in the developed and developing countries: the poorer the country, the greater the population. From this perspective, the study of population must begin with surplus labor. Accumulation of surplus production is the foundation of continuous social development and the basis for population growth. The major difference in methods between capitalist countries and China is that the capitalist-planned fertility affects the individual family while Chinese-planned fertility has the whole nation in mind. Human fertility is determined by the economic system. Private ownership determines the private nature of fertility and public ownership determines the public nature of fertility. Thus population development is determined by the accumulation of social wealth.     

The impact of Medicare on demography

The so-called Medicare program enacted by the 1965 Amendments to the Social Security Act will have a significant impact on demographic studies, in view of the vast amount of previously unobtainable data that will be made available. Not only will there be extensive information in regard to hospitalization and other medical-care costs for persons aged 65 and over (with adequate subdivisions by age and sex) but also reliable data in regard to the true size of the population aged 65 and over will be produced.The reason for this latter result is that virtually all pereons aged 65 and over in the country will become eligible for hospital insurance, even though they may not have been previously covered, or have been survivors of persons covered, under the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance System. As a result, not only will there be an accurate count (unlike the census, where the enumeration necessarily is not complete), but also there will be a verification of age, since this is necessary under the claims process.     

户籍管制放松、就读地选择与进城家庭教育支出

本文利用中国家庭收入项目调查数据(CHIP2007),运用Two-Part模型研究户籍管制放松是否影响以及如何影响有7~16岁在读子女进城家庭的教育支出行为。研究发现,户籍管制放松会影响进城家庭子女就读地选择;对于有子女在城市就读的进城家庭,户籍管制放松对其教育支出水平的影响取决于家庭收入,放松户籍管制将会降低低收入进城家庭的教育支出份额,但会提高高收入进城家庭的教育支出份额,具体影响大小因家庭收入水平的不同而存在差异;在总样本均值处,户籍管制放松1个百分点,进城家庭教育支出将减少1.3945个百分点。在推进新型城镇化建设的背景下,放松户籍管制的意义不仅在于促进教育公平,更在于加快人口城镇化步伐、改善进城家庭消费结构和提振国内消费。     

The President of Russia on Population

Russian president Vladimir Putin's 2005 annual address to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, delivered on 25 April, was widely noted in the world press for the startling statement that “the collapse of the Soviet Union was a major geopolitical disaster of the century.” The address also contained a brief passage discussing the demographic problems of Russia. This passage, touching upon the issues of high mortality and the low birth rate, and commenting on drug abuse and alcoholism and on immigration policy, is reproduced below. The president expressed confidence that by creating conditions to “encourage people to have children, lower the mortality rate and bring order to immigration,” the size of the Russian population will gradually stabilize. (The United Nations medium population projection for Russia, which assumes gradual improvement of fertility and mortality, reaching a TFR of 1.85 and an expectation of life of 72 years by the 2040s, as well as net immigration exceeding 2 million persons, foresees a decline from the current 143 million to 112 million by 2050.) The full English text of the address can be accessed at http://president.kremlin.ru/eng/ .     

The Impact of Democracy on Well-being

Can governance impact directly on well-being? In this paper we examine subjective well-being using data for a cross section of countries from the World Values data set. We find that regional democratic satisfaction impacts on both individual happiness and life satisfaction. However, the impact is less evident for women, rich people and for those in rich countries. The fact that the governance variable analysis is based on regional differences in democratic satisfaction reminds us that governance and indeed happiness often differs within countries as well as between them. The use of regional satisfaction in this manner helps overcome endogeneity problems which would be present if we were to use individual democratic satisfaction. Other significant determinants of happiness include settlement size, marital status, income, unemployment and being part of a linguistic minority/majority grouping.     

The effect of income on fertility

Abstract Cross-sectional data and long-period time series data have generally shown an inverse relationship between income and fertility. But short-period time series data over the business cycle have shown a direct relationship. The first part of this paper resolves this apparent paradox by showing that it arises from a statistical illusion-specification bias due to omitted lagged variables. The second part of the paper then considers the likely unconditional effect of income on fertility in several sorts of situations: (a) secular income increase in less developed countries; (b) cyclical income change in industrialized countries; (c) secular income increase in industrialized countries; and (d) incentive payments for higher and lower fertility.     

健康投资对人口老龄化的影响分析——基于人口均衡发展的视角

健康投入的快速增长将对人口老龄化发展产生重要影响。基于人口均衡发展的视角,研究发现,健康投入对老龄化的影响作用不仅仅体现在老年人口数量方面,还体现于老年人口的结构,诸如年龄、性别、城乡状况等方面,进而会使未来的老龄化社会出现规模老龄化、高龄老龄化、性别失衡老龄化以及农村健康不安全老龄化等新的特征,我国老龄化问题亦将由数量压迫型向数量增长和结构失衡并存型转变。而对老年人口实施健康和人力资源管理,推进城乡健康公平则是应对未来老龄化问题的重要举措。