一种新的面向属性归纳中概念层次技术研究

面向属性归纳的方法目前是数据挖掘主要技术之一. 在分析基本的面向属性归纳算法不足 的基础上,提出了一种概念层次优化技术,包括:将基于规则的概念图转化成一棵概念树;对于不平 衡的概念树,再转化成平衡的概念树;用节点集合来记录数据库中每个元组在概念层次中的泛化路 径. 利用置信度、支持度和LS 充分性因子等评价指标对学习结果进行取舍. 最后,将算法在爱尔兰 教育经历数据库分析中进行了应用测试,结果显示了算法更加有效,适用性更强     

New developments in generative BOM processing systems

Abstract

The principle of generative bill-of-material (BOM) processing systems is that different BOMs belonging to different product variants can be represented by a single, so-called source BOM. The BOM processing systems comprise additional data structures which hold information on the relationships between product characteristics of parent product variants and component product variants, and on the relationships between characteristics of a parent product variant and its BOM data. These relationships allow the automatic generation of the individual BOM of each represented product variant. There are several alternative ways of implementing a generative BOM processing system. The oldest concept known is the variant BOM concept. This concept provides a relatively simple solution to deal with large varieties of final product variants. However the concept has a number of drawbacks such as the representation of product variety at lower levels in the product structure and data redundancy which hampers data maintenance. In this paper an improved concept for generative BOM processing systems is introduced and described: the generic BOM concept. The generic BOM concept does not focus on representing final product variants only, but takes a broader view towards representing any range of product variants at any level in the product structure. This starting point solves a number of draw-backs implied by the variant BOM concept but it also requires new definitions of BOM relationships and the introduction of new data structures to support the generation of individual BOMs.     

金钱概念对自我提升产品偏好的影响研究

随着社会物质水平的提高,很多人未必真正拥有财富,但经常暴露于金钱的刺激之下,容易形成金钱概念,会产生拥有金钱财富的效果,根据成就动机理论和市场定价模式,启动金钱概念的消费者倾向选择有利于自我发展的消费选项。 以中国高校学生作为研究样本,采用实验方法,设计3个实验,借助SPSS软件对实验数据进行方差分析,探讨金钱概念对消费者自我提升偏好的积极影响,并进一步探讨成就动机的中介作用和购买目标的调节作用。 实验1选择一种有助睡眠的口服溶片作为实验材料,采用提升类型(自我提升vs.非自我提升)×金钱概念的2×1组间实验,结果变量为支付水平,验证金钱概念对消费者自我提升偏好的积极影响。结果表明,相对于非自我提升类型,金钱概念的消费者对自我提升类型的支付水平更高。 实验2选择维他命水饮料作为实验材料,采用单因素组间实验设计(金钱概念组vs.控制组),结果变量为自我提升类型和非自我提升类型的对比选择,验证金钱概念通过成就动机影响自我提升偏好。结果表明,金钱概念诱发成就动机,进而积极影响消费者对自我提升类型的偏好。 实验3选择棋牌游戏作为实验材料,采用金钱概念(有vs.无)×购买目标(他人vs.自己)×提升类型(自我提升vs.非自我提升)的2×2×2组间组内设计,金钱概念和购买目标为组间设计,提升类型为组内设计,结果变量为支付意愿,检验在不同购买目标情况下,金钱概念对消费者自我提升偏好的影响。结果表明,金钱概念对自我提升偏好的影响只局限在购买目标为自己的情况下,在为他人购买时,金钱概念对自我提升偏好的影响不显著。 研究结论有利于丰富金钱概念研究,拓展金钱概念在消费领域的研究内容;有利于营销者掌握金钱概念对消费者购买决策的影响机理,深入了解消费者的购买心理,制定相应的品牌和产品管理措施,提升自我发展相关产品的销售;有利于人们树立正确的金钱观和消费观,管理好金钱财富,理性地对待金钱。     

The Concept of Antifragility and its Implications for the Practice of Risk Analysis

Nassim Taleb's antifragile concept has been shown considerable interest in the media and on the Internet recently. For Taleb, the antifragile concept is a blueprint for living in a black swan world (where surprising extreme events may occur), the key being to love variation and uncertainty to some degree, and thus also errors. The antonym of “fragile” is not robustness or resilience, but “please mishandle” or “please handle carelessly,” using an example from Taleb when referring to sending a package full of glasses by post. In this article, we perform a detailed analysis of this concept, having a special focus on how the antifragile concept relates to common ideas and principles of risk management. The article argues that Taleb's antifragile concept adds an important contribution to the current practice of risk analysis by its focus on the dynamic aspects of risk and performance, and the necessity of some variation, uncertainties, and risk to achieve improvements and high performance at later stages.     

Whose company is it? The concept of the corporation in Japan and the west

This article examines the differences in the concept of the corporation and their possible implications for corporate performance, between Japan on the one hand and the United States and Europe (Germany, UK and France) on the other. The Japanese concept is used as the standard against which the other models are compared. The concept of the corporation is defined here as the answer to the question: ‘In whose interest should the firm be managed?’¹ This is the foundation on which corporate governance and the monitoring system for the CEO is built. The analysis is focused on large publicly-held corporations with widely diffused ownership.     

On the Meaning and Use of the Risk Appetite Concept

The risk appetite concept has been given considerable attention recently in enterprise risk management contexts. A number of definitions exist, most with a link to risk acceptability, but also values and goals. The usefulness of the concept is, however, disputed; some authors argue that we can in fact do better without it. In this article, we provide a thorough discussion of what the risk appetite concept is actually trying to express and how it best can be used in the relevant decision making. The main purposes of the article are (i) to argue that the risk appetite concept, suitably interpreted, has a role to play in risk management, (ii) to show that the risk appetite concept is well supported by some types of risk perspectives and not by others, and (iii) to show how the risk appetite concept is linked to other related concepts, such as risk seeking and risk acceptability. The risk perspectives studied range from expected value and probability based definitions of risk to views on risk, that are founded on uncertainties.     

The Management of Circulations: Biopolitical Variations after Foucault

This paper provides a review of the reception of Foucault's later work on biopolitics within management and organization studies and contrasts this with the reception of these ideas in sister fields of research in the social sciences. In his later work, Foucault developed original conceptions of power, including ‘biopolitics’, ‘the apparatus of security’ and ‘neo‐liberal governmentality’, which marked a departure from his conception of disciplinary power. This paper explores these concepts and elaborates the implications of these ideas for management studies. The structure of this argument is divided as follows. The first section outlines Foucault's concept of biopolitics and neo‐liberal governmentality, distinguishing these systems of control clearly from the concept of disciplinary power. The second section then undertakes a synthesis and evaluation of the extent to which these ideas have been developed within the field of management and organization studies. The final section provides a discussion of how these concepts have been used within other social sciences, distinguishing between three key approaches to their development in terms of: (a) the concept of governmentality; (b) the concept of immaterial labour; and (c) the concept of biocapital. Based on this analysis, a framework is developed which can serve as a basis for future research into the significance of these new biopolitical systems of control for management studies.     

On dominant logic: review and synthesis

Building on the idea of managerial relatedness among businesses, the concept of “Dominant Logic” (DL) was developed to provide insights into what the determinants for successful diversification and organizational adaptation may be. Since Prahalad and Bettis’ seminal article (Strateg Manag J 7(6):485–450, 1986), management scholars have drawn on the concept of DL for almost 25 years and applied it to various strategic management contexts. However, the lack of a systematic review that integrates the past decades’ fragmented research on DL and resolves its conceptual inconsistencies hinders the purposeful application of the concept and its further development. Hence, we seek to contribute to the literature by addressing this substantial gap. Developing an integrated framework, we provide an overview of DL research concentrating on (1) the antecedents of DL formation and adaptation, (2) the DL commonality-performance linkage, and (3) the dynamics of DL. By introducing the distinction between absolute and relative dominance, we offer a more precise definition of DL that clarifies and theoretically distinguishes the concept. We conclude by highlighting salient research gaps and identifying promising areas for future research efforts.     

The virtue of courage: From historical European roots to current management studies

This article discusses the concept of courage – stemming from the ancient European traditions of this virtue – systematically analyzing 45 management studies that deepen the role of such virtue in business organizations. From the analysis, three major themes emerge: 1) the concept of courage in organizations, 2) the concept of moral courage in organizations, and 3) the concept of collective courage of organizations. Moreover, findings show that management research on the virtue of courage has progressed over the years and that – notwithstanding its strong European roots – the studies involved in the conversation are mainly not based in Europe. The contribution of this article is threefold. First, it sheds light on a still under-researched virtue, pointing out its relevance in business contexts. Second, it clearly highlights that a shift is occurring in scholars' interest, as an organizational and collective perspective of moral courage is slowly emerging. Finally, it shows that management scholars mainly embrace Aristotle's view of the virtue of courage, discarding the Christian approach introduced by Aquinas.     

Opportunism in buyer–supplier exchange: a critical examination of the concept and its implications for theory and practice

Abstract

Claims that opportunism is widespread in the process of buyer–supplier exchange are commonplace, but direct supporting evidence for such claims is largely absent from the relevant literature. This article offers a critique of the treatment of opportunism in supply chains by re-establishing the importance of guile in the concept and investigates existing published, empirical measures of buyer and supplier opportunistic behaviour. This article offers evidence that, despite the frequency with which the concept is discussed in the literature and applied in research and the emphasis given to the risks it generates for management, opportunism with guile between buyers and suppliers appears to be rare in practice. This article is the first critical assessment of the concept’s treatment in the Operations Management field, and it argues that practitioners are currently being poorly advised with respect to the phenomenon, as well as drawing conclusions for both practitioners and researchers that differ radically from the prevailing consensus on the subject.     

Routines in International Business: A semi-systematic review of the concept

Routines are a crucial element in different streams of International Business (IB) research. This semi-systematic review examines articles published in top-ranked IB journals to analyze how the concept routines is used, in order to provide orientations for future research in the field. A systematic search process in three databases, followed by inductive text analysis and a cluster analysis, identifies three distinct research streams on routines in International Business: Global strategy, international organizational learning, and internationalization processes. A comprehensive analysis of the use of the concept in IB is presented by documenting qualities, types, dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of routines in the extant research. We integrate the fragmented and often implicit aspects ascribed to routines in IB research, so that future research can draw upon a defragmented, synthesized, and clarified concept. Opportunities for future contributions are highlighted in five broad areas: hierarchy and order in the MNE; agents, context, and time; distributing routines; distributed routines; and the non-routine.     

Steps Towards Sustainable Development at Brødrene Hartmann A/S

In recent years a number of new demands on and expectations from companies have been put forward. These requirements involve the concept of sustainable development, which has emerged as a leading principle of the future. The principle requires companies like Brødrene Hartmann A/S to implement sustainable development throughout the entire organisation. This means that the environmental, economic and social aspects of sustainability must be part of the overall mission and business policies of the organisation. In order to meet these new expectations Hartmann has developed global lifecycle based management models called the STEP-models. STEP stands for Sustainability Tools for the Entire Product chain. The STEP-model was formed with the objective of making holistic environmental and social work concrete, systematic and operational. Today it constitutes a joint management concept for Hartmann, and this concept is the Group's idea of how sustainable development can be implemented.     

Selection of methods,techniques and tools for system analysis and for the integration of CIM-elements in existing manufacturing organizations

Abstract

Implementation of computer-aided and integrated manufacturing systems requires one to consider all areas of the company in order to ensure a homogeneous and continuous evolutionary system development. Therefore, planners of computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) systems need a concept to come to a coherent selection of methods for those system development. In this paper a concept is introduced which allows an interdisciplinary team of system developers (engineers, industrial economists, personnel economists) a coherent choice of methods for system development. As examples, three methods applicable to the problem of CIM-implementation into organizations are evaluated.     

Experimental Coastal Land Reclamation: Qianhai as a Case Interpreted

ABSTRACT

Informed by a Coasian transaction cost paradigm enriched by the concept of Schumpeterian innovations, this paper discusses the advantages of using experimental coastal reclamation of the sea to build new cities with a policy for fostering innovations. A new development area at the margin of Shenzhen in China, Qianhai, is used to demonstrate how urban expansion by urban sprawling in a megacity can be avoided by reclamation of marginal land as analytically less costly than along intra-marginal land and more suitable for experimentation for the type of megacity concept that Qianhai aims to achieve.     

The “forced performativity” of a strategy concept: Exploring how shared value shaped a gambling company's strategy

Using performativity as a theoretical angle, this paper explores how shared value, a strategic management concept, shaped a gambling company's strategy despite the inherent inconsistency between gambling, a socially harmful activity, and shared value, which is intended to create economic value by creating social value. The study introduces the notion of “forced performativity”, the process wherein a concept performs in a highly infelicitous context. It identifies three moments that were determinant in the forced performativity of shared value: the Porter author-isation, referring to the mobilisation of the author's persona to establish the legitimacy of the concept; the causality distortion, when causalities drawing explicit links between social and financial performance are created; and the incitement of friction, wherein the purposeful maintaining of tensions ensured the stabilisation of the socio-technical assemblage. These three moments are connected within a process model of forced performativity. The paper contributes to the ongoing debate about how recent sociological ramifications of performativity relate to its linguistic origin by arguing for the complementarity of these two approaches. The intent is also to open a discussion about a performativity-based understanding of corporate social responsibility.     

What Do We Mean by Performativity in Organizational and Management Theory? The Uses and Abuses of Performativity

John Austin introduced the formulation ‘performative utterance’ in his 1962 book How to Do Things with Words. This term and the related concept of performativity have subsequently been interpreted in numerous ways by social scientists and philosophers such as Lyotard, Butler, Callon and Barad, leading to the coexistence of several foundational perspectives on performativity. This paper reviews and evaluates critically how organization and management theory (OMT) scholars have used these perspectives, and how the power of performativity has, or has not, stimulated new theory‐building. In performing a historical and critical review of performativity in OMT, the authors’ analysis reveals the uses, abuses and under‐uses of the concept by OMT scholars. It also reveals the lack of both organizational conceptualizations of performativity and analysis of how performativity is organized. Ultimately, the authors’ aim is to provoke a ‘performative turn’ in OMT by unleashing the power of the performativity concept to generate new and stronger organizational theories.     

Economies of connectedness: Concept and application

We argue that diversification can partly be explained by means of a novel concept, “economies of connectedness”, denoting personal relationships of the owners that are used to add new businesses to an otherwise diversified portfolio. Economies of connectedness is a concept that complements those of cronyism and corruption, which by definition are illegal while diversification resulting from sharable personal relations is not necessarily so. The concept is illustrated by an original empirical study of Indonesia's Salim Group. The in-depth longitudinal case study shows the interplay of conventional economies of scope with economies of connectedness. We find that economies of connectedness play an important role for the Group in enhancing diversification in a weak institutional environment. Over time however, economies of connectedness decrease.     

Governance strategy: a property right approach turning governance into action

Corporate governance (CG) needs to acknowledge the intentional part of governance, where an actor of governance uses the set of corporate governance mechanisms in order to influence the agent to create a performance that will satisfy the interest of the principal. This paper offers a conception of this activity through the concept of governance strategy. The concept is based on a property right approach and derived within the context of agency theory, stressing the interest and the capacity of the principal. It is applied to two empirical organisations seldom investigated in CG research: the organisation of multinational corporations in a business group and the organisation of a riding school in a democratic not-for-profit association, thereby extending the relevance of the concept from corporate governance to organizational governance. The empirical analysis indicates the relevance of the conception and suggests further extension through hypotheses of governance strategy related to environmental influence, accessibility of governance mechanisms and momentum of mechanisms.