新经济背景下合资企业与战略联盟的区别

从企业战略角度,以合作战略的两种形式--合资战略(joint venture strategies)和战略联盟战略(strategic alliance strategies)的差别性为分析对象,尝试认识在新经济背景下企业战略创造价值的两种不同方式.合资战略和战略联盟作为两种战略行动,共性是基于合作行为的资源配置方式,属于合作战略的范畴;但两者的差别体现出对企业而言截然不同的价值创造过程.合资战略本质上是企业组织内部化战略的结果,即在组织形式上趋向于母子公司之间关系,价值创造呈降低成本导向机理;战略联盟本质上是企业间关系变化的结果,这种企业间关系以协调为特征,既不同于市场交易关系,也不同于组织内部的层级关系,是内部层级市场和外部产权交换不可替代的产物,价值创造呈潜在的利润导向机理.     

价值创造结构、K-重划分与联盟稳定性变化研究

与传统以“价值增加”为核心的边际分析不同,强调价值创造“结构”本身的特性.认为联盟结构的特征函数集合描述了价值创造的力量结构和联盟是否稳定的内在属性.研究表明,价值创造的特征函数结构同联盟核存在的最小价值创造的值之间存在线性变换关系,联盟的最大的k-重划分值等于联盟核存在的最小值.在联盟稳定性变化的临界状态下,其划分点作为了联盟结构的“合并”和“分解”点,不能出现在交集为空的互补性集合之间,各子联盟集合满足价值创造非互补性和线性可加性.     

价值网中主体动态博弈分析

本文运用博弈理论,探讨价值网中主体联盟的博弈描述并构建了相应的动态博弈模型。以网中的关键主体———企业与竞争者之间的互动模式为例,分析了他们之间的动态博弈创造价值增量的机理;然后用Shapley值讨论了合作收益在主体间的分配问题。     

基于新产消合一考虑链间竞争的供应链价值最大化研究

在原有的单一供应链价值创造研究的基础上,通过考虑供应链间的竞争关系,完整研究了供应链价值最大化问题。首先基于新产消合一理念应用Cournot博弈构建了考虑两条供应链间竞争的供应链价值最大化模型,然后就供应链创造的整体价值及其与企业联盟对消费者利益的关注程度、消费者对企业联盟利益的关注程度之间的关系、企业联盟价值、消费者价值等问题进行了讨论,获得了一些有益的结论,最后通过数值分析对主要结论的有效性进行了验证。本文研究对于新产消合一理念下全面揭示供应链价值的提升更具有一般性意义。     

浅议公证的价值目标和价值实现

公证的价值是公证活动能够满足国家与社会需求的积极有益的功能和效用。笔者认为,所谓公证的价值,是公证本身所固有的满足价值主体需要的属性,也是指公证基于其属性发挥其功能与作用的理想状态,它体现了公证对价值主体的某种效用,也反映了公证与价值主体之间的一种特殊关系即"价值关系",同时公证的价值具体体现在社会生活中。一、公证的价值目标公证的价值目标是国家与社会通过公证活动所追求的结果。价值的属性要求满足     

基于新产消合一的供应链价值最大化研究

供应链管理追求的终极目标是供应链价值最大化。本文指出了现有的供应链价值创造研究存在的缺陷,在托夫勒产消合一理念的基础上提出了新产消合一理念,基于该理念构建了供应链价值最大化模型,然后就新理念下供应链创造的整体价值、企业联盟价值、消费者价值、二次利益分配等问题进行了讨论,获得了一些重要的结论。阐明了企业联盟与消费者合作的重大意义,展示了消费者对于供应链价值创造的反馈和促进作用,并给出了增加供应链价值的有效途径。     

战略联盟价值创造与分配分析

本文首先分析了战略联盟价值创造的源泉,然后从价值创造的角度分析了合作者进入战略联盟的条件和进行利益分配的几个基本规则,并在此基础上进一步分析了战略联盟价值分配管理中有待于进一步研究的问题.     

基于合作博弈模型的公共河流水资源分配方案研究

水资源的稀缺性使得公共河流的水资源分配问题中存在着各种冲突与矛盾。为了确定公共河流流经的各用水主体之间分配水资源的合理方案，本文建立具有外部性的合作博弈模型来分析公共河流流经的各用水主体之间在竞争与合作并存情况下的水资源分配问题。使用动态博弈的方法来确定联盟之间通过竞争产生的均衡水资源分配量，然后在各联盟之内通过Nash协商的方式来分配联盟的均衡水资源分配量，比较各种方案下用水主体产生的总效用，进而得到公共河流用水主体之间竞争与合作并存时的最优水资源分配方案和各用水主体之间形成联盟的具体形式。研究表明：受到外部性环境的影响，公共河流用水主体之间部分合作可能比完全合作产生更大的总效用，合作与竞争并存时的最优分配方案优于完全合作时的最优分配方案。     

基于价值创造的价值网络管理(Ⅰ):特点与形成

价值创造活动是人们关注的问题,但传统的竞争逻辑通过价值链模型长期影响着企业的思维.本文分析了目前国际上对这一问题的不同看法,指出了价值链模型的局限性.在此基础上,提出了价值网络的概念,分析了它对企业价值创造活动影响的特点.为科学地认识价值网络的作用,本文重点分析了价值网络的构成及其要素间关系.     

基于价值创造的价值网络管理（I）：特点与形成

价值创造活动是人们关注的问题,但传统的竞争逻辑通过价值链模型长期影响着企业的思维.本文分析了目前国际上对这一问题的不同看法,指出了价值链模型的局限性.在此基础上,提出了价值网络的概念,分析了它对企业价值创造活动影响的特点.为科学地认识价值网络的作用,本文重点分析了价值网络的构成及其要素间关系.     

信息传播及其生命周期对移动商务价值链运行的影响研究

为了研究信息传播及其所处生命周期阶段对移动商务价值链中各参与者价值分配的影响规律,设计了每个参与者属性、行为以及agent之间的互动规则,建立其价值链的多agent模型,并基于此建立复杂网络下信息在用户中扩散的多agent模型,对每个用户agent的信息传播和接收行为进行分析,从而对模型进行改进。利用Anylogic 6.5构建仿真模型,并进行仿真实验,利用SPSS对仿真结果进行统计分析,研究模型中各个参数的改变对价值分配的影响效果,依此归纳出各参与者提高价值的策略。     

Managing value appropriation in buyer–supplier relationships: The role of commercial decision resources

The resource-based view explains firms’ value appropriation in buyer–supplier relationships by pointing to sustained differences in economic efficiency across firms. Firms with more efficient resources create more value than competitors, which in turn provides a “protective cushion” against competition. However, just as firms may differ in the economic efficiency of their resources and in the value they create, they may also differ in their information processing and how successful they are at value appropriation. Building on the literature on decision-making under uncertainty in psychology, I argue that firms may increase their value appropriation in exchange relationships by investing in commercial decision resources that allow for more effective information processing in commercial decisions. Examples of commercial decision resources include IT-based systems for product costing and tracking customers/competitors, the design of commercial organization, control systems, and commercial experience and skill.     

Capturing the broader picture of value co-creation management

The interactional, interdependent, and dynamic nature of value co-creation has made value management in business relationships a particularly challenging issue for both academicians and practitioners. In addition, studies on this topic have mostly focused on managing value co-creation in isolation from the wider relational context without completely capturing the influence of other value processes on value co-creation. This paper examines the broader picture of value co-creation management by providing a model based on interlinked value processes, namely, value communication, value appropriation, value measurement, and value representation. We adopted a qualitative approach based on 86 interviews with managers of both customer and supplier companies, which operated in different industries. Results showed that the management of value co-creation implies considering complex patterns of interconnections with other value processes. In particular, the study will shed light on the centrality of value appropriation to co-create value and on the importance of value representation to coordinate ideas and enable future co-creation opportunities.     

Managing Multiple Facets of Risk in New Product Alliances*

The trend of forming alliances to develop new products continues; however, many of these new product alliances fail. As such we explore how key risk types intrinsic in new product alliances, performance, relational, and knowledge appropriation risks, influence alliance success. Further, we theorize that different alliance governance mechanisms can reduce the negative impact of risks on alliance success. To disentangle possible heterogeneous factors across firms that may affect the interplay of risk assessments and the use of governance mechanisms, we employ latent class regression analysis on survey data collected from 128 new product alliance firms and find support for a two‐regime solution. Longer alliance relationships and lower technological turbulence are factors for some firms (regime one), while the opposite are factors for other firms (regime two). These two regimes show different patterns in the interplay of risk assessments and governance for alliance success. Our theory and results support viewing risk as a multiple‐factor concept and by understanding the different impacts of the risk types in new product alliances and how governance mechanisms mitigate such effects, we aid managers' decision making regarding the balance of contractual versus normative governance in new product alliances. Understanding the heterogeneous factors inherent in these complex relationships enables managers to understand the conditions in which various governance mechanisms promote new product alliance success.     

Embedded Networks and Suboptimal Resource Matching in Alliance Formations

Interest has been growing in alliance networks, and research has demonstrated several advantages of embedded networks, including joint problem solving. How embedded networks function as social capital and promote alliance formation has also been explored. However, less is known about constraints that they impose on firms’ extensive search for partners. In this study, we advance our understanding of the downsides of embedded networks by proposing that embedded networks facilitate alliance formations, but they may also cause suboptimal resource matching in alliance formations. Specifically, we predict that, in alliances where initial resource matching is more important than ex post collaborative activities, suboptimal resource matching is more likely when firms ally with partners with which they have pre‐existing direct or indirect ties and that such alliances decrease firm‐level resource utilization performance in operations. Using codeshare alliance data from the global airline industry, we find support for our predictions.     

基于合作溢出的战略联盟不稳定性研究

战略联盟的不稳定性与专有核心资源的共享及其溢出有关。在一个专业化理论模型中,专有核心资源共享和溢出能够带来专业化分工的经济性和成员核心竞争力的提升,这同时打破了事前的竞争力平衡状态,从而引发了成员间争夺和防护最大化溢出的合作冲突。在信息对称的情况下,战略联盟是一个“囚犯困境”,不稳定性由这一博弈的均衡结果来反映,而在信息不对称时,最优溢出量的相机决策建立在对对方溢出量的预期和事先竞争力对比的基础上,由于联盟成员之间的激励不相容,当合作变成不可置信承诺以及市场价格波动时,联盟也是不稳定的。     

回收商参与的多阶段绿色闭环供应链竞争模型

本文在供应链中各企业均进行碳减排技术投资及政府干预产品回收的背景下,考虑旧产品转化为再制造产品的比率、政府的单位回收补贴及政府强制回收量等因素,建立了由制造商、货运商、零售商、消费市场和回收商组成的多阶段绿色闭环供应链竞争模型,其中各方均在考虑碳减排技术投入、政府的强制回收量、废旧产品转化率的同时追求各自的最大收益。在对各方决策行为进行分析的基础上,给出了各层级实现均衡的条件,并将之转化为混合互补问题来求解。研究表明,规划阶段数的增加有利于产品循环,从而实现资源的有效利用;随着规划阶段的增加,各级参与者均倾向于进行更高的绿色技术投入;旧产品的剩余价值越多,转化为再制造产品的比率就越大,制造商也更倾向于旧产品再制造;当强制回收量较低时,政府回收补贴对回收商的激励作用比较显著。     

Credibly reducing information asymmetry: Signaling on economic or environmental value by environmental alliances

This article focuses on strategic alliances that strive for economic profit while contributing to environmental sustainability. These so-called environmental alliances operate on a spectrum between the goals of economic and environmental value. New environmental alliances signal in announcements to their external stakeholders where they position themselves on this spectrum of alliance goals in order to reduce information asymmetry and enhance their credibility. In this article, we predict the type of external signal that environmental alliances send by studying alliance processes and structures that embed the latent alliance goals. We built an original dataset by combining data on 389 environmental alliances from the SDC Platinum database for the period 2013–2017 and data on signals in 650 alliance announcements. Our findings show that announcements signaling on economic value are mainly used by environmental production and marketing joint ventures, thereby reducing the information asymmetry on their latent goal of economic value. Conversely, announcements signaling on environmental value are mainly used by environmental R&D contracts that focus on the latent goal of environmental value. Our article thus illustrates that alliances aim to enhance their credibility by achieving signal fit between external signals and latent alliance goals. Even though environmental alliances operate on a spectrum of economic and environmental value, we demonstrate that they prefer to avoid sending mixed messages and hence only signal on one of the alliance goals. Our article contributes to the literature on environmental alliances by applying signaling theory to explain these counterintuitive findings and to improve our understanding of how environmental alliances aim for credibility through their communication on their alliance goals.     

Coopetition in New Product Development Alliances: Advantages and Tensions for Incremental and Radical Innovation

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) can facilitate product innovation, but there is still debate about how it is suited to radical or incremental innovation. This paper argues that the early and later phases of coopetitive new product development (NPD) pose different benefits and risks for the innovation types. Building on the tensions approach to value creation and appropriation, we develop a series of hypotheses on the role of coopetition in NPD alliances and focal firm's innovation output. The hypotheses are tested on a quantitative data set of 1049 NPD alliances in the German medical and machinery sectors. The results show that, while coopetition is advantageous for incremental innovation in both pre‐launch and launch phases, radical innovation benefits from coopetition in the launch phase only.