私营企业的企业家背景、多元化战略与企业业绩

本文运用"高阶理论"考察了私营企业的企业家背景、多元化战略选择以及企业业绩之间的关系.研究发现,与低学历的、年长的、创业前没有"企业负责人"经历的企业家相比,高学历的、年轻的以及创业之前曾担任过"企业负责人"的企业家更倾向于选择多元化战略.研究也发现,高学历、低年龄、"企业负责人"经历与高的销售额、资产额、资产增长率和净资产增长率正相关;多元化战略能够带来更大的资产规模、更高的资产增长率和净资产增长率,但对利润率没有显著的影响.同时,企业家的背景与多元化战略的交互作用同样影响着企业的业绩.创业前有过"企业负责人"经历的企业家采用多元化战略可以带来更好的业绩,而没有这种经历的企业家则会收到负面的效果.有意思的是,高学历和低学历的企业家采用多元化战略都提高了企业的销售额、资产额和净资产增长率,而中等学历的企业家采取多元化战略则带来了相反的效果.本文最后对该现象的可能原因进行了探讨.     

高新技术企业联盟导向、创业导向与企业绩效关系的实证研究

基于我国195家高新技术企业的问卷调查数据,实证分析了联盟导向和创业导向对企业绩效的影响,以及创业导向和环境动态性在联盟导向与企业绩效关系间的调节作用。研究结果表明:联盟导向和创业导向对企业绩效具有显著的正向影响;创业导向和市场动态性在联盟导向与企业绩效关系中起到正向调节作用;技术动态性在联盟导向与企业绩效的关系中起到负向调节作用。     

转型环境下管理者关系对企业绩效的影响研究

已有大量研究探讨管理者关系与企业绩效的关系,但并未深入揭示管理者关系对不同类型绩效的影响以及不同类型环境的调节作用。基于社会资本理论和资源依赖理论,构建管理者关系、企业绩效及其所处环境的研究框架,探讨管理者的政治关系和商业关系对企业创新绩效和财务绩效的影响,并进一步分析竞争强度和法制环境的调节作用。以206家中国企业为对象进行问卷调查,运用SPSS 16.0和多元回归分析等方法进行实证检验。研究结果表明,政治关系只对财务绩效有正向影响,而对创新绩效的影响不显著;商业关系对创新绩效和财务绩效具有显著正向影响;竞争强度对政治关系与创新绩效关系的调节作用不显著,对政治关系与财务绩效关系有正向调节作用,但对商业关系与创新绩效和财务绩效的关系均有负向调节作用;法制环境负向调节政治关系与创新绩效和财务绩效的关系,正向调节商业关系与创新绩效和财务绩效的关系。在当前环境下,企业可以利用管理者关系促进企业绩效,特别是财务绩效,但要注意其发挥作用的边界条件。     

权变视角下联盟网络与新创企业成长关系研究

基于权变视角,整合社会网络理论和战略制度观,探讨了联盟网络对新创企业成长的影响,并考察了制度环境和行业环境的调节效应。以189家中国新创企业的调研数据为基础开展了实证检验。结果表明,新创企业联盟网络关系强度及中心性位置对其成长绩效具有显著的正向影响;制度环境完善性在联盟网络关系强度与新创企业成长绩效关系中发挥着显著的负向调节作用;行业环境动态性正向调节联盟网络关系强度与新创企业成长绩效间关系,却负向调节联盟网络中心性位置与新创企业成长绩效间关系。     

电子商务商业模式设计对企业绩效的影响机制研究

本文实证研究了环境动态性和关系嵌入性对电子商务商业模式设计与企业绩效之间关系的调节作用。研究发现效率型商业模式设计和新颖型商业模式设计对企业绩效具有显著正向影响;环境动态性对效率型商业模式设计与企业绩效的关系具有正向调节作用;关系嵌入性对新颖型商业模式设计与企业绩效的关系具有正向调节作用。     

高管团队断裂带对变革型领导与企业绩效关系的调节作用

当前,团队断裂带理论已成为学术界研究团队多样性构成和效能的一个重要基础。相关研究成果表明,高管团队多样化程度越高,团队断裂问题越容易出现。实证结果显示:变革型领导对提升企业绩效具有显著的正向影响;同时,社会分类断裂带对变革型领导与企业绩效关系具有显著的负向调节作用,而信息认知断裂带对变革型领导与企业绩效关系具有显著的正向调节作用。因此,企业要注重实施变革型领导,在组建和优化高管团队时,要努力降低高管团队社会分类断裂带水平,努力提升高管团队信息认知断裂带水平,这有利于更加显著地发挥变革型领导对提升企业绩效的积极作用。     

政治关联、国际化战略与企业价值——来自中国民营上市公司面板数据的分析

本文以中国2006-2010年期间上市的所有民营公司为样本,探讨民营企业在母国的政治关联对其国际化成长的促进作用与机制,并通过细分国际化的维度,考察了在母国具有政治关联与不具有政治关联的民营企业在国际化战略层面提升企业价值的具体路径差异。本文主要结论如下:第一,企业国际化对企业价值总体上具有正向影响,其中国际化深度对企业绩效具有正向的促进作用,国际化广度对企业绩效具有一定程度的负向影响;第二,民营企业在母国的政治关联对其国际化程度总体上不具有显著的正向作用。但进一步发现,民营企业的母国政治关联对国际化深度具有显著的正向促进作用,但却显著地负向影响国际化广度;第三,母国的制度环境对民营企业政治关联与国际化之间关系具有显著的调节作用。进一步研究发现,制度环境对民营企业政治关联与国际化深度之间的关系具有显著的正向调节作用,而对于政治关联与国际化广度之间关系具有显著的负向调节作用;第四,总体上,相对于不具有政治关联的民营企业而言,在母国已构建了政治关联的民营企业所实施的国际化战略更有可能带来公司绩效的提升。我们进一步发现,政治关联型民营企业的国际化深度对企业短期经营状况的改善具有明显的作用;但长期而言,政治关联型民营企业的国际化深度对公司的市场价值却并没有显著的提高。而在母国无政治关联型民营企业的业绩受到国际化广度显著的正面影响,但国际化深度对企业绩效却不存在显著的正向影响。进一步验证了民营企业在母国的政治关联对其国际化路径或模式选择具有显著的调节影响。     

并购后控制与并购绩效的关系研究:基于合法性的调节效应

主并企业对被并企业的控制会影响并购绩效,而企业的各种利益相关者对于企业并购的态度即并购合法性会对并购后控制与并购绩效之间的关系产生影响。基于123个样本实证分析得到如下结论:主并企业对被并企业的非正式控制程度对主并企业的并购绩效具有显著积极作用,而正式控制程度与并购绩效之间没有显著相关性;并购的外部合法性对并购后正式控制与并购绩效之间的关系具有显著的正向调节作用,而并购的内部合法性对并购后非正式控制与并购绩效之间的关系具有显著的负向调节作用。研究结论对于中国企业的并购后决策以及如何实现并购目标具有理论指导价值。     

研发投资、政策激励与企业高质量发展北大核心

研发投资是推动科技进步和提升创新能力的关键,而企业高质量发展需要高效的研发投资.本文以2010-2020年我国A股上市公司数据为研究样本,探索研发投资对企业高质量发展的影响,以及税收优惠和财政补贴两类政策激励的调节机制.研究发现:(1)研发投资显著促进了企业高质量发展.(2)税收优惠在研发投资与企业高质量发展之间起显著的正向调节作用,而财政补贴的调节作用不显著.(3)基于异质性考虑,从高质量发展战略前后、区域和研发强度三个视角进行分类研究发现,研发投资对国有企业高质量发展的促进作用在高质量发展战略前后均显著,而研发投资对非国有企业高质量发展的促进作用仅在高质量发展战略后显著.研发投资对企业高质量发展的促进作用和税收优惠的正向调节作用在高研发强度企业和东部以及中西部地区企业显著.财政补贴的正向调节作用在东部地区企业显著,负向调节作用在中西部地区显著.研究结论为深入理解研发投资对企业高质量发展的影响,提高研发效率、提升企业高质量发展水平提供经验证据和参考建议.     

高管团队职能背景对企业绩效的影响:以中国信息技术行业上市公司为例

本文以2004-2010年我国信息技术行业上市公司为研究样本,加入企业绩效的动态性和多样性,基于社会类化理论和信息决策理论,较为全面地探讨了高管团队职能背景对企业绩效的影响.研究结果表明,社会类化理论更能解释高管团队对企业绩效产生的影响.高管团队职能背景异质性不利于企业绩效的提升,尤其对短期绩效和创新绩效有显著的负向影响.在三种基本职能背景中,“生产型”职能背景为主的高管团队对短期绩效、长期绩效、创新绩效和海外绩效均有正向影响,且影响最大.“多职能背景”为主的高管团队有助于企业海外绩效的提升,但对企业创新绩效有显著的负向影响.从三种特殊职业经历来看,具有海外背景的高管对企业短期绩效、长期绩效、创新绩效和海外绩效均有显著的正向影响;而外部空降的高管,会严重阻碍企业的创新发展;有政府背景的高管则会提高企业的海外绩效.     

Stress, the press, the baby and the bathwater

The most important service rendered by the press is that of educating people to approach printed matter with distrust.

Samuel Butler, 1835-1902 English novelist and satirist     

Trust, the Asymmetry Principle, and the Role of Prior Beliefs

Within the risk literature there is an ongoing debate on whether trust is vulnerable or enduring. Previous research on nuclear energy by Slovic in 1993 has shown that negative events have much greater impact on self-reported trust than do positive events. Slovic attributes this to the asymmetry principle: specifically, that trust is much easier to destroy than to create. In a questionnaire survey concerning genetically modified (GM) food in Britain (n= 396) we similarly find that negative events have a greater impact on trust than positive events. Because public opinion in Britain is skewed in the direction of opposition toward GM food, the pattern of results could either be caused by the fact that negative information is more informative than positive information (a negativity bias) or reflect the influence of people's prior attitudes toward the issue (a confirmatory bias). The results were largely in line with the confirmatory bias hypothesis: participants with clear positive or negative beliefs interpreted events in line with their existing attitude position. However, for participants with intermediate attitudes, negative items still had greater impact than the positive. This latter finding suggests that, congruent with the negativity bias hypothesis, negative information may still be more informative than positive information for undecided people. The study also identified the labeling of GM products, consulting the public, making biotechnology companies liable for any damage, and making a test available to detect GM produce as being particularly important preconditions for maintaining trust in the regulation of agricultural biotechnology.     

Equity, Efficiency, Uncertainty, and the Mitigation of Global Climate Change

Policies to mitigate potential damages from global climate change impose costs on the current generation to provide benefits to future generations. This article examines how comparisons among three stylized policies-business-as-usual, mitigation of climate change, and compensation for climate damages-depend on social preferences with respect to risk and intertemporal equity. Also examined is the opportunity-cost criterion, which asserts that mitigation should not be chosen if its net present value is smaller than that of business-as-usual. Analysis reveals that the discount factor used to evaluate whether mitigation satisfies this criterion depends on preferences regarding risk and intertemporal inequality of consumption, and on the risk of the compensation policy. Risk aversion favors mitigation over business-as-usual. If society is neutral to inequality, risk aversion disfavors compensation, but if society is inequality averse, the effect of risk aversion on preferences between compensation and business-as-usual is ambiguous. Inequality aversion tends to favor business-as-usual over both alternative policies provided that, roughly speaking, the anticipated future improvements in welfare exceed the anticipated climate damages.     

HRD,the science of the artificial

Innovation is the bedrock of organizational and national competitiveness across the globe. Leaders of research and development (R&D) teams have an especially important role to play given their direct influence on leading, organizing, rallying, and managing the operations of innovative tasks. However, when it comes to how leaders influence R&D innovation in different contexts, researchers' opinions diverge. This study explores leadership characteristics and their contextual contingencies, using the approach of a multiple case study. This paper is situated in the stream of research focusing on the interactions of leadership and contextual factors in innovation. We collected qualitative data from four highly innovative teams residing in two national laboratories in the US. The results suggest that while leadership demonstrates similarities across the four teams – a simultaneous focus on the internal and external domains, it also displays different characteristics in teams that differ on three contextual factors: funding model, nature of tasks, and team structure. Theoretical and practical implications are drawn.     

Place, Culture, and the Social Amplification of Risk

This article investigates the role of culture in the social production of risks and risk communication surrounding industrial development in a region located at a rural-urban interface. A case study examined a public consultation that was undertaken to inform local residents about an eco-industrial development proposal being planned near Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. The research employed the social amplification of risk framework (SARF) to examine the relationships among culture, place, and socially constructed risk. A total of 44 in-depth, semi-structured interviews were carried out with 33 landowners (farmers, acreage owners), public officials (municipal politicians, administrators), journalists, and industry representatives. Analysis revealed that risk communication occurred in relation to situated experiences of place that were based on conflicting cultural worldviews. The research shows that place is a useful component of the SARF, providing a spatial explanation for why some people amplify, and others attenuate, risks in locally contentious environmental debates.     

Education,Matching, and the Allocative Value of Romance

Societies are characterized by customs governing the allocation of non‐market goods such as marital partnerships. We explore how such customs affect the educational investment decisions of young singles and the subsequent joint labor supply decisions of partnered couples. We consider two separate matching paradigms—one where partners marry for money and the other where partners marry for romantic reasons orthogonal to productivity or debt. Whereas marrying for money generates greater investment efficiency, romantic matching, by increasing the number of educated and talented women who participate in the labour market, increases aggregate productivity. (JEL: I21, J12, J16, J41)