数据初始值对DF类IPS检验势的影响研究

 本文研究了DF类面板数据单位根IPS检验势受时序数据初始值的影响,推导了DF类面板单位根IPS检验统计量在局部备择假设下的极限分布和局部渐近势函数,发现了DF类面板数据单位根IPS检验统计量局部渐近势在异质性局部备择假设下是初始条件的单调递增函数;小样本Monte Carlo模拟分析结果表明,若假设初始条件为零,DF类IPS统计量的检验势将被低估。     

面板数据模型中随机效应存在性检验的理论研究及其实证分析

 由于能体现异质性等一系列优良性质,面板数据模型正被广泛应用到经济学各个领域中。然而,在反映异质性的个体效应和时间效应的设定上,经常存在人为的主观性和随意性,因此容易导致错误指定事件的发生。本文提出了一个稳健的方法分别检验面板数据模型中随机个体效应和随机时间效应的存在性。具体而言,通过对残差进行正交化变换消去可能存在的时间效应,并建立人工自回归模型,然后基于该模型自回归系数的最小二乘估计构造检验统计量检验个体效应。构造的检验是单边的,零假设下渐近服从标准正态分布。在检验时间效应时,可类似得到统计量及其渐近性质。功效研究表明这些检验敏感性较强,能检测到以参数速度（最快的速度）收敛到零假设的备择假设。通过模拟试验研究了检验统计量的小样本性质,并进行了实际数据分析。     

基于Johansen程序的协整参数自举分析

 考虑静态和动态两类数据生成过程,利用蒙特卡罗模拟方法,从估计偏差、实际检验水平和检验功效三个方面对基于Johansen程序的长期参数渐近分析和自举分析进行全面比较。结果表明,与渐近分析相比,自举分析可以减小实际检验水平对名义水平的偏差,但要以检验功效的降低为代价。严格意义上,自举分析是降低了“拒真”错误出现的概率,如果VAR（Vector Autoregression）模型能够很好地拟合数据,自举分析可能导致实际检验水平低于名义水平,此时应该慎用。使用Johansen程序估计协整参数时,容易出现异常估计值,因而不宜通过自举法修正估计偏差。     

非平稳面板数据离散选择模型的Wald统计量研究

随着大数据时代的来临和统计制度的完善,宏观金融领域越来越倾向于使用大维面板数据进行经验性研究,而大维面板数据模型理论研究已成为现代计量经济学理论研究的一个热点.本文主要进行非平稳大维面板数据离散选择模型的渐近理论研究.主要研究发现,在真实回归参数值为0假设前提下,极大似然估计量具有一致性并且渐近服从正态分布;传统显著性检验Wald统计量渐近服从卡方分布.     

略谈假设检验中零假设的确定

假设检验是统计推断的重要内容,而假设检验问题首先便面临零假设的确定。本文中笔者试图通过对假设检验的统计逻辑分析,认识零假设与被择假设的非对称性,探索针对具体统计问题零假设的确定方法,并尝试以双向检验的办法解决零假设与被择假设地位有争议情况下的假设检验问题。     

EXCEL在假设检验中的应用

一、基本原理假设检验是推断统计中的一项重要内容 ,它先对研究总体的参数作出某种假设 ,然后从所研究总体中抽取样本进行观察 ,用样本所提供的信息对假设的正确性进行判断 ,从而决定假设是否成立。若观察结果与理论不符 ,则须放弃假设 ;否则 ,认为无充分证据表明假设错误。假设检验的一般步骤是 :提出零假设和备择假设 ;确定适当的检验统计量并计算其值 ;根据显著性水平α定出拒绝区 ;作出最终结论。二、单个样本的假设检验对单个样本的假设检验 ,我们可以根据抽样推断的思路 ,用相应函数计算临界值 ,来判断是接受还是拒绝零假设。以检验均…     

Median-of-Means方法在偏度系数中的应用

传统偏度系数的定义涉及样本均值和三阶矩,使其对离群值十分敏感。本文在偏度系数的估计中引入Median-of-Means方法,提出偏度系数的新估计量,并证明其相合性和渐近正态性。此外,基于经验似然方法提出一种新的偏度系数检验统计量,证明其渐近性质并进行数值模拟。结果表明,本文提出的估计量具有一定稳健性,检验统计量表现也优于传统方法。最后将所提出的估计与检验方法应用于实际数据分析发现,估计结果比较稳健,进一步表明原有的偏度系数估计方法并不适用。     

检验统计量的选择

对于拟合优度检验而言,不同的检验统计量构造的检验在不同的假设下其检验的势往往是不同的.即使在相同的原假设下,不同的备择假设下不同的检验的势也是有差异的.在统计理论上,利用检验的势的大小进行检验的选择是重要的标准.然而在实际中,实际工作者可能会遇到统计本身的问题不便于使用此方法,同时理论工作者也很难给出实际中所需要的所有的假设下统计量的检验势的比较结果.基于众数,文章对统计量的密度函数是单峰的情形,通过引入概率流失速度概念.构造了两个选择检验统计量的标准;并用Monte Carlo数值模拟验证了标准的可用性.     

具有部分缺失数据的两个几何分布总体参数的估计与检验

文章研究了具有部分缺失数据的两个几何分布总体中的参数估计问题以及两总体参数相等的假设检验问题,证明了估计的强相合性以及渐近正态性;给出了检验两总体参数相等的检验统计量以及检验统计量的极限分布。     

面板数据双因素误差回归模型序列相关和随机效应的联合LM检验

对面板数据双因素误差回归模型构造了检验序列相关和随机效应的一种联合LM检验,发现该LM统计量也是检验联合假设H0：σμ^2=λ=0的Baltagi-Li LM统计量和检验假设H0：σv^2=λ=0的Breusch-Pagan-LM统计量之和。当面板数据的个体数N充分大时,该联合LM统计量的渐近分布是χ^2（3）分布;无论双因素误差面板数据回归模型的剩余误差项是AR（1）过程还是MA（1）过程,联合LM检验是相同的,即对随机效应和一阶序列相关的联合LM检验是独立于序列相关的形式。     

Bootstrapping Noncausal Autoregressions: With Applications to Explosive Bubble Modeling

In this article, we develop new bootstrap-based inference for noncausal autoregressions with heavy-tailed innovations. This class of models is widely used for modeling bubbles and explosive dynamics in economic and financial time series. In the noncausal, heavy-tail framework, a major drawback of asymptotic inference is that it is not feasible in practice as the relevant limiting distributions depend crucially on the (unknown) decay rate of the tails of the distribution of the innovations. In addition, even in the unrealistic case where the tail behavior is known, asymptotic inference may suffer from small-sample issues. To overcome these difficulties, we propose bootstrap inference procedures using parameter estimates obtained with the null hypothesis imposed (the so-called restricted bootstrap). We discuss three different choices of bootstrap innovations: wild bootstrap, based on Rademacher errors; permutation bootstrap; a combination of the two (“permutation wild bootstrap”). Crucially, implementation of these bootstraps do not require any a priori knowledge about the distribution of the innovations, such as the tail index or the convergence rates of the estimators. We establish sufficient conditions ensuring that, under the null hypothesis, the bootstrap statistics estimate consistently particular conditionaldistributions of the original statistics. In particular, we show that validity of the permutation bootstrap holds without any restrictions on the distribution of the innovations, while the permutation wild and the standard wild bootstraps require further assumptions such as symmetry of the innovation distribution. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations show that the finite sample performance of the proposed bootstrap tests is exceptionally good, both in terms of size and of empirical rejection probabilities under the alternative hypothesis. We conclude by applying the proposed bootstrap inference to Bitcoin/USD exchange rates and to crude oil price data. We find that indeed noncausal models with heavy-tailed innovations are able to fit the data, also in periods of bubble dynamics. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

Empirical characteristic function tests for GARCH innovation distribution using multipliers

Goodness-of-fit tests for the innovation distribution in GARCH models based on measuring deviations between the empirical characteristic function of the residuals and the characteristic function under the null hypothesis have been proposed in the literature. The asymptotic distributions of these test statistics depend on unknown quantities, so their null distributions are usually estimated through parametric bootstrap (PB). Although easy to implement, the PB can become very computationally expensive for large sample sizes, which is typically the case in applications of these models. This work proposes to approximate the null distribution through a weighted bootstrap. The procedure is studied both theoretically and numerically. Its asymptotic properties are similar to those of the PB, but, from a computational point of view, it is more efficient.     

Empirical phi-divergence test statistics for testing simple and composite null hypotheses

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce first a new family of empirical test statistics for testing a simple null hypothesis when the vector of parameters of interest is defined through a specific set of unbiased estimating functions. This family of test statistics is based on a distance between two probability vectors, with the first probability vector obtained by maximizing the empirical likelihood (EL) on the vector of parameters, and the second vector defined from the fixed vector of parameters under the simple null hypothesis. The distance considered for this purpose is the phi-divergence measure. The asymptotic distribution is then derived for this family of test statistics. The proposed methodology is illustrated through the well-known data of Newcomb's measurements on the passage time for light. A simulation study is carried out to compare its performance with that of the EL ratio test when confidence intervals are constructed based on the respective statistics for small sample sizes. The results suggest that the ‘empirical modified likelihood ratio test statistic’ provides a competitive alternative to the EL ratio test statistic, and is also more robust than the EL ratio test statistic in the presence of contamination in the data. Finally, we propose empirical phi-divergence test statistics for testing a composite null hypothesis and present some asymptotic as well as simulation results for evaluating the performance of these test procedures.     

The local fractional bootstrap

We introduce a bootstrap procedure for high‐frequency statistics of Brownian semistationary processes. More specifically, we focus on a hypothesis test on the roughness of sample paths of Brownian semistationary processes, which uses an estimator based on a ratio of realized power variations. Our new resampling method, the local fractional bootstrap, relies on simulating an auxiliary fractional Brownian motion that mimics the fine properties of high‐frequency differences of the Brownian semistationary process under the null hypothesis. We prove the first‐order validity of the bootstrap method, and in simulations, we observe that the bootstrap‐based hypothesis test provides considerable finite‐sample improvements over an existing test that is based on a central limit theorem. This is important when studying the roughness properties of time series data. We illustrate this by applying the bootstrap method to two empirical data sets: We assess the roughness of a time series of high‐frequency asset prices and we test the validity of Kolmogorov's scaling law in atmospheric turbulence data.     

On testing the number of components in finite mixture models with known relevant component distributions

The limiting distribution of the log-likelihood-ratio statistic for testing the number of components in finite mixture models can be very complex. We propose two alternative methods. One method is generalized from a locally most powerful test. The test statistic is asymptotically normal, but its asymptotic variance depends on the true null distribution. Another method is to use a bootstrap log-likelihood-ratio statistic which has a uniform limiting distribution in [0,1]. When tested against local alternatives, both methods have the same power asymptotically. Simulation results indicate that the asymptotic results become applicable when the sample size reaches 200 for the bootstrap log-likelihood-ratio test, but the generalized locally most powerful test needs larger sample sizes. In addition, the asymptotic variance of the locally most powerful test statistic must be estimated from the data. The bootstrap method avoids this problem, but needs more computational effort. The user may choose the bootstrap method and let the computer do the extra work, or choose the locally most powerful test and spend quite some time to derive the asymptotic variance for the given model.     

Two classes of divergence statistics for testing uniform association

The problem of testing uniform association in cross-classifications having ordered categories is considered. Two families of test statistics, both based on divergences between certain functions of the observed data, are studied and compared. Our theoretical study is based on asymptotic properties. For each family, two consistent approximations to the null distribution of the test statistic are studied: the asymptotic null distribution and a bootstrap estimator; all the tests considered are consistent against fixed alternatives; finally, we do a local power study. Surprisingly, both families detect the same local alternatives. The finite sample performance of the tests in these two classes is numerically investigated through some simulation experiments. In the light of the obtained results, some practical recommendations are given.     

Using the Bootstrap to Test for Symmetry Under Unknown Dependence

This article considers tests for symmetry of the one-dimensional marginal distribution of fractionally integrated processes. The tests are implemented by using an autoregressive sieve bootstrap approximation to the null sampling distribution of the relevant test statistics. The sieve bootstrap allows inference on symmetry to be carried out without knowledge of either the memory parameter of the data or of the appropriate norming factor for the test statistic and its asymptotic distribution. The small-sample properties of the proposed method are examined by means of Monte Carlo experiments, and applications to real-world data are also presented.     

A resampling‐based test for two crossing survival curves

The area between two survival curves is an intuitive test statistic for the classical two‐sample testing problem. We propose a bootstrap version of it for assessing the overall homogeneity of these curves. Our approach allows ties in the data as well as independent right censoring, which may differ between the groups. The asymptotic distribution of the test statistic as well as of its bootstrap counterpart are derived under the null hypothesis, and their consistency is proven for general alternatives. We demonstrate the finite sample superiority of the proposed test over some existing methods in a simulation study and illustrate its application by a real‐data example.     

Change-Point Tests for the Error Distribution in Non-parametric Regression

Abstract.  Several testing procedures are proposed that can detect change-points in the error distribution of non-parametric regression models. Different settings are considered where the change-point either occurs at some time point or at some value of the covariate. Fixed as well as random covariates are considered. Weak convergence of the suggested difference of sequential empirical processes based on non-parametrically estimated residuals to a Gaussian process is proved under the null hypothesis of no change-point. In the case of testing for a change in the error distribution that occurs with increasing time in a model with random covariates the test statistic is asymptotically distribution free and the asymptotic quantiles can be used for the test. This special test statistic can also detect a change in the regression function. In all other cases the asymptotic distribution depends on unknown features of the data-generating process and a bootstrap procedure is proposed in these cases. The small sample performances of the proposed tests are investigated by means of a simulation study and the tests are applied to a data example.     

Consistent Nonparametric Tests for Lorenz Dominance

This article proposes consistent nonparametric methods for testing the null hypothesis of Lorenz dominance. The methods are based on a class of statistical functionals defined over the difference between the Lorenz curves for two samples of welfare-related variables. We present two specific test statistics belonging to the general class and derive their asymptotic properties. As the limiting distributions of the test statistics are nonstandard, we propose and justify bootstrap methods of inference. We provide methods appropriate for case where the two samples are independent as well as the case where the two samples represent different measures of welfare for one set of individuals. The small sample performance of the two tests is examined and compared in the context of a Monte Carlo study and an empirical analysis of income and consumption inequality.