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1.
Jenkins Robert M. 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1995,6(2):183-201
One of the important developments in post-Communist Hungary has been the growth of the voluntary or non-profit sector. Under
the Communist regime, voluntary associations were controlled and independent organisations were largely suppressed. During
the 1980s, advocacy groups and independent associations emerged to challenge the Communist monopoly on organisation. These
challenges were instrumental in laying the foundation for the post-Communist non-profit sector, providing models of organisation
and experienced activists. After the creation of a new legal framework in 1989 and 1990, the growth of the non-profit sector
was dramatic. Two types of non-profit organisations have developed in democratic Hungary: associations predominate in membership
activities, while foundations are active in fields requiring fund-raising. Attempts by the Hungarian Democratic Forum-led
government to shape the non-profit sector to meet its goals were met with political pressure from professionals in the non-profit
sector. The result was the beginnings of a contract-for-service regime and increased organisation of a contract-for-service
regime and increased organisation of interests within the non-profit sector itself.
This is a revised version of a paper presented at the 1994 Annual Conference of the Association for Research on Nonprofit
Organizations and Voluntary Action (ARNOVA), Berkeley, California, October 1994. The author gratefully acknowledges support
from the Program on Nonprofit Organizations (PONPO), Yale University. Helpful comments were provided by David Bronkema, éva
Kuti, Debra Minkoff, Suzanne Morrah and members of the PONPO Colloquium. 相似文献
2.
Mark Sidel 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(3):283-302
A significant number and wide range of Vietnamese non-profit and voluntary organisations have developed since Vietnam embarked
on a programme of economic reform in late 1986. Philanthropy has begun to grow as well, albeit more slowly. The non-profit
and voluntary sector and the state, each face important challenges as development of the sector accelerates. The state has
sought both to encourage growth of non-profit, voluntary and philanthropic institutions, but also to control the pace and
directions of that growth. Those dual aims are reflected in the state's regulation of the sector since the mid-1980s. This
article provides detailed information on the development of the non-profit sector in Vietnam. It examines some common problems
many of the new non-profits and voluntary organisations face and discusses the rapidly changing environment for philanthropy
in Vietnam. The article also reviews the developing legal environment for non-profits and philanthropy, compares the situation
in Vietnam to other countries in transition, and situates the functions of the non-profit sector in Vietnam in the context
of the emerging scholarly literature on functions and models of the non-profit sector and government/non-profit relations.
formerly Program Officer for Vietnam, The Ford Foundation (1992–1995)
The author is grateful to John Ambler, Nguyen Thi Van Anh, Mayusaki Ayuzame, Mary Jane Ballou, Barnett Baron, Christopher
Bruton, Emmett Carson, Kathy Charlton, Le Trong Cuc, Ray Eaton, Mary Etherton, Virginia Foote, Peter Geithner, Neil Jamieson,
Lisa Jones, Tim Kerr, Minh Kauffman, Viet Huong Kurtz, Borje Ljunggren, Toichi Makita, David Marr, John McAuliff, Noriko Ogawa,
James Rockwell, John Rogers, Vo Quy, Tony Salzman, Yasuhiro Tanaka, Nguyen Van Thanh, Ngo Ba Thanh, David Thomas, Phan Toan,
Mike Yeldham and Mary Zurbuchen, and representatives of the many Vietnamese groups interviewed for this article. This article
represents the author's views and not those of the Ford Foundation nor any other organisation or individual. All translations
from the Vietnamese, except as indicated, are by the author. 相似文献
3.
Michael Krashinsky 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(2):149-161
This article examines and organises the economic literature dealing with non-profit institutions using the concept of ‘stakeholders’.
In general, the literature identifies conflicts between various groups of stakeholders and then proceeds in two very different
directions. The first is supportive of the non-profit sector, suggesting that non-profit organisations resolve those conflicts
more effectively than other types of institutions. This provides a positive theory of the non-profit sector, explaining that
non-profit institutions evolve when they are more effective in providing a particular good or service than other possible
institutional arrangements. The second direction is more critical of the non-profit sector, suggesting that those conflicts
will persist in non-profit institutions and will require some kind of resolution, including perhaps government intervention.
Of course, a stakeholder approach to non-profit theory focuses on conflict and ignores some other views of the sector. 相似文献
4.
Daniel F. Skelly 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1994,4(4):555-568
Tax-exempt, non-profit organisations represent a significant and growing sector within the US economy. Between 1975 and 1990, assets of tax-exempt organisations increased in real terms by over 150 per cent while the revenue increased by over 227 per cent. This compares to a growth in real GDP of 52 per cent over the same period. A variety of tax policy issues on tax-exempt organisations and the non-profit sector can be addressed using several sources of data collected by the IRS from federal information and tax returns of exempt organisations. The Statistics of Income (SOI) Division, using sample data, conducts studies of many of the different components of the tax-exempt sector, including non-profit charitable organisations, organisations exempt under sections 501(c)(4)-(c)(9), private foundations and 4947(a) charitable trusts, and the unrelated business income of tax-exempt organisations. Income statement, balance sheet and other financial data, as well as a great amount of non-financial information, are collected in these SOI studies. The primary purposes of this article are: first, to document the role of the non-profit sector in the US economy and the evolving growth and change within the sector from the mid-1970s through to the present; and, second, to describe the ongoing SOI studies of tax-exempt organisations, the products and services available through SOI, and the future statistical plans at SOI for data collection and analysis of tax-exempt organisations and the non-profit sector. 相似文献
5.
Deborah Burnham Albert M. Teplin 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1994,4(4):502-518
The benefits of providing a separate accounting for non-profit organisations in the financial accounts of the United States are discussed. At present, national economic accounts in the US include non-profit organisations with individuals in the household sector; separate information on the financial activity of non-profit institutions until now has not been available. In this paper, aggregate statistics from federal government tax-exempt filings for non-profit institutions are put into a US flow-of-funds framework. The data for the 1982–1988 period indicate that non-profit institutions accounted for a significant and growing proportion of assets of the household sector in the United States. Their liabilities were also a surprisingly large share of the household sector total. Moreover, funds supplied by the non-profit sector for investment were in some years comparable to funds made available by several important groups of non-depository financial intermediaries. Separate accounting for non-profit organisations within national economic accounts would be likely to reveal an important channel for investment financing in the United States and would significantly improve our ability to measure and analyse the financial activity of individuals by allowing for a purer household sector.The analysis and conclusions set forth are those of the authors and do not necessarily indicate concurrence by Salomon Brothers, the Board of Governors, Federal Reserve Banks or other members of their staffs. 相似文献
6.
Virginia A. Hodgkinson 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1990,1(2):6-32
The need for a national typology of the US non-profit sector has long been recognised. A typology which could better define and describe the variety and diversity of non-profit organisations by type or major function will serve numerous research and public policy uses. This article describes the essential elements of the National Taxonomy of Exempt Entities (NTEE), developed over almost a decade after extensive consultation with agencies in the non-profit sector and the United States government. The article reports an initial analysis of the classification of nearly one million non-profit organisations in the US, and comparisons are made with earlier estimates inDimensions of the Independent Sector. Based on these findings, changes are proposed to this biennial statistical profile of the US non-profit sector. The importance of developing national typologies of non-profit organisations is discussed as a basis for comparative international research. 相似文献
7.
Siddhartha Sen 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1992,3(2):175-193
The article documents the history of the Indian voluntary or non-profit sector involved in socio-economic development of the country. Specifically, three questions are addressed. What type of voluntary organisations existed at what periods of history, and what were their primary activities? Who were the founders, and what were their motives? Can we detect common themes or underlying patterns in the way in which the Indian voluntary sector has developed? Or in other words: what is the institutional genesis of the non-profit or voluntary sector in India? The findings are based on multiple sources — literature review, interviews and observation, and information requested through the mail. The article differs from most historical studies on Indian non-profit organisations because it takes an analytical approach by drawing from contemporary literature on such organisations. 相似文献
8.
Henry R. Luce Professor of Law Political Science Susan Rose-Ackerman 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(2):120-134
Ideology and altruism are central to understanding the non-profit charitable sector. This paper addresses three questions. Why do people make charitable gifts? Why do they usually give to non-profit organisations? When can non-profits run by committed ideologues compete with profit-oriented entrepreneurs in the provision of services? the altruistic motives of individuals and the ideological commitments of entrepreneurs come together to support charitable organisations. The non-profit form provides a weak guarantee that gifts are not being syphoned off as profits. Furthermore, independent non-profits can often better reflect donors' desires than public agencies constrained by majoritarian claims, and ideological entrepreneurs can use the non-profit form to reify their beliefs without being accountable to profit-seeking investors. A non-profit organisation can only survive, however, if it can attract money and customers. Sometimes its ideological character will facilitate both tasks. Non-ideological customers may, nevertheless, patronise an ideological non-profit if the entrepreneur's commitment helps to guarantee high quality. 相似文献
9.
Alice K. Johnson Dennis R. Young 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(3):303-322
With the revolution of December 1989, citizens of Romania gained the right to form non-profit organisations for the first
time in 40 years. Since then, Romania has begun to explore the frontiers of private initiative through the introduction of
non-profit, non-governmental organisations as well as profit-making businesses. In this article we review the historical development
and legal framework of Romania's emerging non-profit sector. We also provide the first empirical snapshot of that sector by
applying the International Classification of Nonprofit Organizations (ICNPO) developed by Salamon and Anheier to 499 organisations
identified in theSoros Catalogue of Nongovernmental Organizations in Romania: 1991–92. Finally, we speculate on the future development of the Romanian non-profit sector by considering alternative scenarios involving
the relationships between indigenous nonprofits, international NGOs and the Romanian government. 相似文献
10.
Leilah Landim Andrés Thompson 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(4):337-350
This article provides an overview of the emerging non-profit or voluntary sector in Latin America. Specifically, the article
addresses the differences and communalities these non-profit organisations have across the region. It concludes by emphasising
the huge variety of roles and functions performed by non-profit organisations within and across countries, and their often
ambigious position between the private and public realms. 相似文献
11.
Bruce R. Kingma 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(2):135-148
Burton Weisbrod's 1975 article, Toward a theory of the voluntary non-profit sector in a three-sector economy, models non-profit
organisations as suppliers of public goods which are undersupplied by government to heterogeneous populations. This article
examines the implications, extensions and empirical tests of the Weisbrod theory. It also examines the theories of pure and
impure altruism, the heterogeneity hypothesis, and the various ‘publicness’ indexes of non-profit output. The commonalities
between the public good model and the trustworthiness model of non-profit organisations are also explored.
He is also a Research Associate of the Mandel Center for Nonprofit Organizations at Case Western Reserve University. 相似文献
12.
Jack B. Moody 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1994,4(4):569-580
This paper describes how the Bureau of the Census collects and publishes data on non-profit organisations in its economic censuses programme. The paper provides a brief history of the economic censuses and describes in more detail the census of service industries component. The progressive expansion of the industry coverage of the census is explained and related to the non-profit sector. The paper further describes concepts and methodologies that are used in collecting and publishing data for non-profit organisations. Definitions, methods of enumeration, and basic data measures are explained and contrasted to concepts used in covering the for-profit sector. Finally, the paper describes how census data can be used to better understand the non-profit sector and identifies some possibilities for improving information from the economic censuses and other statistical programmes which cover non-profit organisations. 相似文献
13.
Entrepreneurship theories of the non-profit sector 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Christoph Badelt 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(2):162-178
This article summarises the main results of entrepreneurship theories of the non-profit sector and discusses the impact they
may have on theory development and on the real world non-profit sector. It is pointed out that the entrepreneurship approach
advances our knowledge of the non-profit sector, especially by stressing the supply-side aspect and by focusing on the preferences
individuals must have in order to engage in non-profit activities. There is empirical evidence consistent with entrepreneurship
theories. Yet most observations do not exclusively support entrepreneurship theories but also provide evidence consistent
with other economic theories of the non-profit sector. This illustrates that the various economic theories of the non-profit
sector are more complements than substitutes. Furthermore, entrepreneurship theories indirectly help to improve the image
non-profit organisations have in the real world; therefore they play a prominent role in teaching programmes which have been
established to train non-profit managers.
The author gratefully acknowledges the comments of the participants of theVoluntas Symposium at Yale University, especially the comments made by Estelle James, James Ferris and Dennis Young. 相似文献
14.
Richard Steinberg 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1997,8(2):179-204
This article evaluates economic theories of the non-profit sector by their ability to enlighten our understanding of the scope
of inquiry, the determinants of the size and scope of the non-profit sector, and the behavioural responses of donors, volunteers,
paid staff and non-profit organisations to changes in their external environment. Adherence to a non-distribution constraint
has proven to be a useful way of delimiting economic analysis of non-profit organisations, but more attention should be paid
to alternatives. Economists have been less successful at developing usable distinctions between voluntary action and exchange.
The size and scope of the sector appear to be determined by entrepreneurial supply factors, donations (which in turn are influenced
by tax policy, governmental spending, fund-raising, and the quality and mixture of organisational outputs, commercial or charitable),
commercial activities, capital supply, the supply of labour (paid and volunteered), the marketability of outputs, and the
distribution of consumer characteristics. Variations of James's (1983) model have proven useful to predict the reaction of
non-profits to exogenous changes.
I thank Symposium participants, especially Mark Schlesinger, Paul DiMaggio, Anne Preston, Avner Ben-Ner and Helmut Anheier
for helpful suggestions. 相似文献
15.
Simone Baglioni Benedetta De Pieri Tatiana Tallarico 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2017,28(5):2032-2052
Food security and food waste are unanimously recognised as relevant issues affecting the whole society and should be therefore acknowledged as a priority on the public agenda. Nonetheless, in many countries the third sector stands in for public actors and operates to tackle both these issues. This paper explores the role of public and third sector in tackling food poverty and food waste, particularly analysing the role of the non-profit organisations involved in the food recovery and redistribution processes in two European regions: Lombardy (Italy) and Baden-Württemberg (Germany). By comparing the two different policy framework and the organisations’ actions, the study recognises the ability of the non-profit sector to create new relationships among different actors (private for-profit, private non-profit as well as public actors) while answering various unmet needs. The paper draws on a mix of secondary and primary data including observations and interviews in the two regions carried out in 2014 and focuses on two relevant case studies (the “Associazione Banco Alimentare” and the “Tafel”). 相似文献
16.
Helmut K. Anheier Eckhard Priller 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1991,2(1):78-94
The paper describes how the non-profit sector in East Germany has passed through several distinct phases in recent years. It shows how the role of the non-profit sector under the system of party dominance and centralised economic and social planning signified a major contradiction of East German society: the artificial under-development of civic society in eastern Europe's most successful economy. During the first phase of the transition period in late 1989, the expression and manifestation of political views was predominant. With the disintegration of the socialist party-state, the needs for social service provision increased. West German organisations have increasingly become the dominant factor in East German non-profit sector affairs. The paper argues that the East German non-profit sector will emerge as a slightly poorer and more secular version of its West German counterpart. 相似文献
17.
The pre-war Hungarian voluntary sector was relatively weak as a service-provider, but played major social and political roles, and was an important vehicle of the self-organisation of society. That is why state socialist governments could develop the nationalised system of social services quite easily, but could not completely destroy citizens' autonomy, solidarity and private initiatives. Both the pre-war traditions and the social and economic forces brought about by state socialism are of crucial importance in shaping the newly emerging Hungarian non-profit sector. The traditional government/non-profit partnership may be the basis for contracting out state-financed public services. At the same time, voluntary organisations are expected to plug the gaps present in the state socialist service system. Large government-funded non-profit organisations may play an important role in the denationalisation process, some of them can be appropriate means of assuring that the grant making procedure remain free from politicisation. 相似文献
18.
Krystyna Kietlinska 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1992,3(3):365-374
Both the pre-war tradition and the real socialist system have influenced the form of the non-profit sector emerging in Poland. In as much as the pre-war traditions are continued by the church charities, lay institutions are established on the basis of state structures in the form of specific non-profit organisations subsidised to a large extent by the state (the so-called non-profit social institutions). Perhaps in this way partnership relations will develop between the government and nonprofit organisations which will continue to expand. The stage through which Poland is currently passing means that a coherent system of non-profit organisations has not yet developed and, what is more, it is seldom called a voluntary or third sector. The only formalised institutions are foundations and associations. It is evidently necessary to fill the gap in social service provision caused by government and market failures, and we may cherish a hope that such a system of non-profit organisations providing services to those in most need will soon be created in Poland. 相似文献
19.
A common feature of most non-profit theories is their concentration on the service-providing role of non-profit organisations, and the neglect of their redistributional role. At the cost of some simplification, there are two possible public policy responses to social inequalities: (1) the welfare state model with welfare redistribution under government control; and (2) the non-profit-based model — a large network of private organisations heavily supported by the government and complemented by government delivery of services. After 40 years of state socialism, Hungary now faces some important questions. What will be the role of the new voluntary sector? What are the possibilities of following the Western European route — a version of the welfare state model — or the American way — a non-profit-based model bolstered by ‘third-party government’? The present Hungarian situation is ambiguous; we can find arguments for and against both. It is also argued that a mixed solution, some cooperation between the public and private sectors, is needed. The Western European, American and Hungarian experiences indicate that only a strong for-profit sector and a developed, harmonious government/non-profit partnership can ensure healthy social and economic development. The present Hungarian situation is far too complex and difficult to promise a fast and conflict-free establishment of this partnership. But both public institutions and government are acting in a way that may result in the development of a government-supported non-profit sector. There may be an opportunity for developing a ‘Hungarian welfare state model’. 相似文献
20.
Stephen M. Wunker 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》1991,2(2):89-107
The non-profit sector arising in Poland and Hungary bears little resemblance to its pre-war ancestors. The new non-profits are shaped by social and economic forces brought about by the state socialists. State socialist service policies have left the non-profits with substantial need for their services, but the organisations face several major constraints in meeting that demand. Current government policies towards services and non-profits are discussed. Government and foreign funders can play a significant role in fostering the new non-profits, but a careful prioritisation of objectives is necessary. The present situation shows that many theories about non-profit organisations are not internationally cross-applicable, although several hypotheses have partial relevance.The author recently submitted a longer version of this paper to the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University. He is currently studying in the School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York. 相似文献