社会资本和公司企业家精神与绩效的关系:组织学习的中介作用——江苏与广东新兴企业的实证研究

近年来,社会资本和企业家精神被认为是新兴企业取得竞争优势的关键因素。虽然很多学者认为组织学习在社会资本和公司企业家精神与组织绩效之间起了中介作用,但了解“如何发生作用”的知识要远远难于“是什么”,并且极少有研究给出实证结果。在转型经济中类似的研究更是缺乏。本文以中国江苏和广东两省的676家新兴企业为被试对象,对社会资本和公司企业家精神是否以及如何通过组织学习影响组织的绩效进行实证研究。结果表明组织学习在社会资本和公司企业家精神—组织学习—组织绩效链中起到了至关重要的作用,是通过社会资本和公司企业家精神提升组织绩效的瓶颈。     

社会资本、吸收能力对创新绩效影响的实证研究

以企业知识理论为基础,从吸收能力这一视角出发,剖析企业外部社会资本和内部社会资本与企业创新绩效之间的关系;依据经典文献,对外部社会互动、基于认知的信任、共同语言、内部社会互动、基于情感的信任和共同愿景与知识识别、知识获取、知识共享和知识应用的关系进行重新梳理,并对知识应用与企业创新绩效的关系进行阐述;构建概念模型,并采用469个样本进行实证。研究结果表明,基于认知的信任、共同语言促进知识识别,外部社会互动、共同语言促进知识获取,内部社会互动抑制知识共享,基于情感的信任、共同愿景促进知识共享,基于情感的信任促进知识应用,知识识别促进知识获取,知识获取促进知识共享和知识应用,知识共享促进知识应用,知识应用促进企业创新绩效。从整体上看,吸收能力在企业社会资本对企业创新绩效的影响中起中介作用。     

内部社会资本对知识能量与组织创新的影响——华南地区企业的实证研究

以华南地区的145家企业为对象,对企业内部社会资本、知识能量、组织创新与组织绩效之间的相互关系进行了实证研究。证实了内部社会资本对组织知识能量的蕴蓄有正向的影响;内部社会资本对组织创新有正向的影响;知识能量影响组织创新并进而影响组织的绩效;组织创新可分为管理创新和技术创新,技术创新对管理创新有显著的正向影响;技术创新和管理创新都对组织绩效有直接影响的正向。     

社会资本、组织学习与组织创新的关系研究

近年来,学者对社会资本是否以及如何提升企业的竞争力问题进行了大量的研究,但社会资本对组织学习以及组织创新的影响却鲜有学者关注.本文以我国珠三角地区企业为调查对象,对社会资本、组织学习与组织创新之间的关系进行实证研究.结果表明,组织的内部社会资本对组织学习有显著的直接影响,外部社会对技术创新也有显著的直接影响.组织学习对组织技术创新和管理创新都有显著的直接影响.而且技术创新对管理创新也有直接的正向影响,本文的结果进一步拓展了组织学习与组织创新的相关理论,对企业知识管理与创新管理实践也有重要的指导意义.     

外来者劣势与国际并购绩效研究

基于外来者劣势和组织学习理论,从外来者劣势的固有来源合法性缺失和信息不对称两个维度出发,分析外来者劣势对跨国企业国际并购绩效的影响,探索种群密度、文化交流、股权比例和企业年龄4个情境因素的调节作用,构建外来者劣势与国际并购绩效关系的概念模型,选取2004年至2010年中国企业国际并购事件为样本,利用SPSS软件进行大样本实证检验。研究结果表明,合法性缺失和信息不对称导致的外来者劣势对国际并购绩效产生显著的负向影响,种群密度、文化交流和企业年龄皆能显著弱化信息不对称对国际并购绩效的负向影响,股权比例越大则越强化信息不对称对国际并购绩效的负向影响。从提高目标国选取的合理性、考量东道国环境、采取内部股权治理战略和平衡组织学习模式等角度给出降低外来者劣势进而提高国际并购绩效的管理启示。     

The role of internal social capital in organisational innovation. An empirical study of family firms

Using a sample of 172 Spanish family firms and two responders per firm, consisting of a family member and a non-family member (344 returned questionnaires), we examine the effects of internal social capital on organisational innovation. Building on the relational, cognitive, and structural view, and on social capital theory, we propose that internal networking relationships between family members (family social capital) and between non-family members (non-family social capital) in family firms facilitates innovation. Moreover, its benefits flow from the relationships among the firm's internal groups. The results of structural equation models indicate that the social capital of both family members and non-family members has a direct and positive effect on innovation. Further, our findings provide evidence that non-family social capital is just as effective as family social capital for family firm innovation, establishing a new line of research from an empirical perspective. The findings also test whether social factors are key assets of family firm innovation.     

高层管理团队内部社会资本、团队冲突和决策效果的关系——研究综述与理论分析框架

反映在结构因素、关系因素和认知因素三个维度上的高管团队内部社会资本为决策信息的交换和共享提供了机会、意愿和能力,有利于团队内部形成建设性的冲突模式,促进决策效果的提高.本文以团队冲突为中介变量,建立了高管团队内部社会资本与决策效果的关系的理论框架,提出了研究命题,并对企业高管团队内部社会资本的培育提出建议.     

Casting a Wide Net for Innovation: Mediating Effect of R&D Human and Social Capital to Unlock the Value from Alliance Portfolio Diversity

This paper examines the performance effects associated with different alliance portfolio configurations in terms of geographical location and partner type. Based on these distinctions, the authors hypothesize that more diverse alliance portfolios enable firms to gain and exploit innovation opportunities. Additionally, the mediating effects of R&D human and social capital on the R&D alliance portfolio diversity–innovation performance relationship are explored. The authors reason that the absorptive capacity of R&D intellectual capital determines a firm's potential gains from highly diverse alliance portfolios. From panel data of manufacturing firms in Spain for the period 2008–2013, the results confirm the inverted U‐shaped relationship between alliance portfolio diversity and firm innovation performance, implying that both insufficient and excessive alliance portfolio diversity may be detrimental to firm innovativeness. Additionally, R&D human and social capital partially mediates the R&D alliance diversity–innovation performance relationship, emphasizing the importance of internal capabilities to leverage the benefits of highly diverse alliance portfolios. These findings add a dynamic dimension to the conceptualization of alliance portfolios and how firms create value by balancing explorative and exploitative alliances.     

团队社会资本与知识转移关系的实证研究:交互记忆系统的中介作用

团队社会资本被认为是促进团队知识转移的关键因素,但已有研究对社会资本如何影响团队知识转移的作用机理还缺乏系统的理论分析和实证研究。本文引入交互记忆系统作为中介变量,对社会资本是否通过交互记忆系统对团队知识转移产生影响进行实证研究。基于对23家软件外包承接企业的93个项目团队的问卷调查数据,通过结构方程模型方法发现,交互记忆系统在社会资本与团队知识转移的关系中发挥显著的完全中介作用,团队通过社会资本促进交互记忆系统的形成,是提高知识转移绩效的有效途径。     

Expatriate contact with a local host: an intervention to increase social support

Social capital is a crucial factor for expatriates to employ as they cope with the demands of an international assignment. This longitudinal study used a mixed method approach to examine the social support benefits of expatriate contact with a local host. Western expatriates in the Netherlands were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (n = 33), that had contact with a Dutch host during 9 months, and a control group (n = 32) with no host. Qualitative methods such as interviews and diaries were included to shed light on the various types of social support that occurred. Results show that local hosts offered all four types of social support: social companionship, informational support, emotional support, and instrumental support. Furthermore, expatriates with a host increased their social capital; they received significantly more social support from host nationals than did those without a host. This study shows that HRD professionals may develop the social capital of expatriates by bringing them into contact with a local host, which can produce more social support from host nationals. Increased social capital may lead to a higher performance at both the individual and organisational levels.     

Knowledge Management and Balanced Scorecard Outcomes: Exploring the Importance of Interpretation,Learning and Internationality

The topics of shared interpretation, organizational learning and firm internationalization have been studied extensively. Though considered important factors that shape the international competitive landscape, research synthesizing these interrelated areas has been limited to date. We use the balanced scorecard as a framework for assessing how organizational learning and sensemaking influence actions relating to a global marketing strategy and subsequent financial performance. Using data from 169 multinational corporations, findings indicate that a specific set of knowledge activities is related to balanced scorecard outcomes (e.g. customer performance, innovation and learning performance, and internal process performance). The hypothesized importance of customer performance is confirmed as the only balanced scorecard outcome significantly related to financial performance. A post hoc analysis revealed further insights for future research opportunities. Overall, these results suggest that firms can improve their competitive position by emphasizing shared interpretation within the organization and including balanced scorecard elements when assessing performance.     

Exploring the Career Capital Impact of International Assignments within Distinct Organizational Contexts

The existing expatriation literature concentrates on what individuals need to perform in an international assignment (IA) but neglects what they gain from their foreign work experience. Using a dual‐dependency perspective this study presents results from 26 in‐depth interviews with international secondees within two UK‐based organizational contexts. The paper explores the perceived impact of an IA on the career capital of individuals, showing that the outcomes of IAs can be equivocal for expatriates. Each firm concentrated their human resource mechanisms on developing different types of career capital and this focused individual behaviour on diverse career capital activities. In one of the organizations there was an internal misalignment between organizational and individual assignee focus. Based on the research a number of propositions were developed. This study provided an exploratory insight into points of departure rather than complementarity in individuals' international careers in organizations, which has been at the core of much recent research and writing. A more complex, contextualized picture of the effects of IAs on the careers of individuals emerged.     

管理专业大学生决策能力影响因素的实证研究

论文以某高校管理专业大学四年级7个班的240名学生为研究对象,通过自我调整学习、学习过程、周围环境和社会资本四个构面建立结构方程模型,对大学生决策能力形成过程中的影响因素进行了探讨。对收集到的203份有效问卷,通过SPSS15.0进行信度分析,并利用AMOS7.0软件对结构方程模型进行了检验。研究结果表明,自我调整学习、学习过程、社会资本对管理类大学生决策能力的形成影响显著,周围环境对其直接影响不显著,但会通过学习过程对管理类大学生决策能力的形成产生间接影响。     

社会资本与女性创业——基于GEM数据的跨国(地区)比较研究

从女性的社会地位和社会角色分工切入,探讨在不同经济发展水平和制度背景下社会资本对其创业选择的影响,并采用全球创业观察(global entrepreneurship monitor)和全球政府治理指标(worldwide governance index)两个大型国际数据库进行跨国(地区)比较研究,发现女性创业者社会资本与其创业选择呈倒U型关系,在一定阈值下社会资本能增加女性的创业选择,而超过该阈值社会资本的增加反而会降低女性的创业选择.同时,女性个人的人力资本和国家(地区)的经济发展水平会削弱社会资本的上述作用,制度环境则会增强社会资本的上述作用.这一研究揭示了社会地位、社会角色期望对女性参与创业活动的束缚,是将女性的社会角色纳入创业分析的一次有益探索.     

创新支点还是保守枷锁：绿色供应链管理实践如何撬动企业绩效？

现有研究表明,绿色供应链管理实践和绿色创新均对企业绩效产生显著影响,但缺乏对上述三者内部关系的深入阐释。本文基于知识基础观,从动态开放视角分别引入双元知识搜索和绿色社会资本两个变量,构建三阶调节中介效应模型,探究企业绿色供应链管理实践对绿色创新和企业绩效之间深层次的作用机制。研究结果显示：绿色供应链管理实践撬动企业绩效增长的关键在于绿色创新在两者之间发挥中介作用;同时依赖于双元知识搜索对该中介作用的调节效应,且上述双元知识搜索的调节效应受绿色社会资本的再次正向调节。本文从理论上延伸了绿色供应链管理研究范畴;从实践上为企业从绿色供应链管理实践中获益提供借鉴和指导。     

国外公司创业投资中组织间学习研究述评

公司创业投资中,组织间学习的研究打开了公司创业投资价值创造机制的"黑箱"。不同类型的学习及社会互动是公司创业投资中组织间学习的关键机制,而知识产权保护、吸收能力、相关度、社会网络和社会资本是公司创业投资中组织间学习的重要影响因素。基于此,对未来的研究方向进行了探讨。     

Directors’ human capital,firm strategy,and firm performance

Ideally, corporations are directed by boards whose directors provide valuable human capital that match the firms’ strategy. We investigate how directors’ human capital (international experience, industrial know-how, CEO experience, and financial know-how) affects firm performance including the firm’s strategy (diversification and internationalization) and how human capital is related to acquisition strategies (non-diversifying and international acquisitions). Our sample consists of 560 firm-year observations in Switzerland. We find empirical evidence that directors’ human capital affects firm performance and that this relationship depends on the firm’s strategy. Furthermore, human capital is also correlated with acquisition strategy. The study shows that focusing on board independence and compliance issues may be unrewarding in board research and practice.     

关系成员企业管理者社会资本水平其机会主义行为间关系的实证研究——以中外合资企业为例

本文以中外合资企业为主要研究对象,就关系成员企业管理者社会资本水平与其在特定关系中的机会主义行为水平的联系及其对关系绩效的影响进行了实证研究。研究结果首次证实了企业管理者社会资本会提高其在特定关系中的机会主义倾向这一潜在关系的存在,但这种机会主义行为主要体现在对关系程序控制权的获取上,并不会降低社会资本在提升关系收益水平方面的价值,同时也不会影响关系成果分配的公平性。本研究的相关结论对于进一步的研究与企业管理实践均有一定价值。     

A Social Capital Perspective of Innovation from Individuals to Nations: Where is Empirical Literature Directing Us?

Social capital is regarded as the bedrock of innovation. However, inadequate efforts have been made to synthesize the way in which different components of social capital dynamically influence innovation. This paper reviews existing empirical studies on the relationship between social capital and innovation of the individual, team, organization, city and nation. Analyses were carried out to identify consensus, discordances and gaps in the social capital–innovation connection. The findings suggested that the structural components of social capital, including ego network size, structural holes, tie strength and centrality have a significant impact on innovation. Their impact, however, tends to be moderated by contextual and intellectual factors, such as the nature and type of innovation, internal vs external ties, costs of maintaining the ties and existing intellectual capital. The relational components of social capital, trust and cognitive norms, demonstrated a consistently positive relationship with innovation across contexts. The cognitive components of social capital have not sufficiently established their contribution to innovation apart from the other two dimensions. Several insights regarding the general literature on social capital and innovation were identified, including the conceptualization of social capital, measurement of innovation, and the causal relationship between social capital and innovation. Suggestions are offered for future research agenda. Implications for managerial practices based on the study findings are also drawn.     

内部资本市场存在性、有效性及其公平性的理论演绎

文章构建了大股东控制下的企业集团内部资金借贷优化模型,推导并演绎了内部资本市场的存在性、有效性和公平性。研究发现,理想型内部资本市场实现了资本配置的最优化,形成参与博弈各方"共赢"的局面;附加冲突成本的效率型内部资本市场在一定条件下存在和有效,可以持续维持参与博弈各方的持续合作,实现社会福利的增加;利益输送型内部资本市场资本配置扭曲,有损效率性和公平性,并且不可持续。本文的结论可以为实证研究提供理论依据。