逆向主导型供应链期权定价优化的绩效影响因素分析

在包含市场利率、现货价格波动率和期权期限三个重要期权定价影响因素的逆向主导型供应链期权协作模型基础上,通过对模型决策优化机制的分析和灵敏度分析的方法,借助Matlab软件工具,研究市场利率和现货价格波动率对期权定价和供应链绩效的影响.通过数值仿真分析,进一步计算市场利率和现货价格波动率对期权定价和供应链绩效影响的规律和临界值.获得对企业制定供应链期权契约具有指导意义的研究结论.     

期权动态套期保值双相机决策模型及实证研究

金融市场具有多变性,投资者一般需要根据市场情况动态地改变套期保值策略,使套期保值组合价格波动的风险被对冲掉。因此,有必要建立期权动态套期保值模型,得到动态的最优期权头寸,这意味着投资者需要按照模型所得到的头寸动态调仓才能达到风险最小的目的。然而,买入期权进行套期保值需要支付期权金成本,也就是投资者为了达到风险最小化的目的需要付出成本代价。那么,付出的代价是否“划算”是投资者面临的一个问题。此外,买入欧式看跌期权可以规避现货价格下跌的风险,但欧式期权只有到到期日时才能被执行,而投资者不一定要持有期权直到到期日。于是,投资者在投资期间选择何时退出是期权动态套期保值的另一个问题。 针对传统的期权套期保值策略存在错失退出良机和调仓过于频繁的问题,提出退出和调仓双相机决策准则,进一步优化传统套期保值策略。在满足预算、预期收益、头寸约束条件下,建立基于在险价值的最优期权动态套期保值模型,得到传统动态套期保值策略。在此基础上,基于经济价值视角将风险和成本代价统一化度量,利用期末绩效评价提出退出和调仓双相机决策准则,进一步修正期权套期保值策略。利用上证50ETF及以上证50ETF为标的的期权开展实证研究。 研究结果表明,运用退出相机准则提供了提前退出投资的参考时间点,运用调仓相机准则通过减少不必要的调仓降低调仓成本。通过对比发现传统的期权动态套期保值策略存在缺陷,运用双相机抉择的期权套期保值策略能够获得更有效率的套期保值结果。利用退出相机提供7个参考退出交易日,若在这些交易日选择退出,投资者将获得比较大的利润,利用调仓相机后增加了收益。 考虑双相机决策的期权最优套期保值模型改进了传统模型的单一决策,提出了更有效的风险控制策略,为投资者提供决策参考具有实际意义。     

应用混合神经网络和遗传算法的期权价格预测模型

隐含波动率是指在市场中观察的期权价格所蕴涵的波动率.提出了一种加权的隐含波动率作为混合神经网络的输入变量,建立了混合神经网络和遗传算法相结合的期权价格预测模型,通过遗传算法来优化神经网络的结构和获得隐含波动率的权重.在对香港金融衍生品市场的实证中表明,本文模型在预测结果上要优于传统的Black-Scholes模型.     

基于单因素交换期权模型的可转债定价

可转债是一种既含债券性质又含期权性质的金融衍生产品,可转债的转换权实质是以转债发行公司股票和转债的普通债券部分为标的资产的交换期权,利用单因素B-S期权定价模型与单因素交换期权模型的实证对比分析,证明了单因素交换期权模型的适用性,也发现用单因素交换期权模型为可转债定价,市场价格仍被低估。     

隐含波动率与实际波动率的关系：中美比较

  上证50ETF期权上市至今,中国期权市场表现出很多与美国市场显著不同的特征,由此引申出关于美国的经验是否适用于中国、中国期权市场定价是否有效的争论。         基于2015年4月16日至2017年12月29日的中国上证50ETF期权数据和美国S&P500期权数据,以股指收益率与波动率的相关系数以及股指收益率的历史分布为工具,从整体特征和横截面特征两个维度,研究隐含波动率与实际波动率的理论关系;以使用期权市场数据计算得到的隐含波动率数据、波动率微笑和实际波动率数据、0Delta组合的超额收益为工具,研究隐含波动率与实际波动率的实际关系;针对上述理论关系和实际关系进行中美比较。由于理论关系研究中未使用期权数据,因此通过比较上述两个维度下的理论关系与实际关系的差异,可以对中国期权市场的绝对定价效率和相对定价效率进行探究。         研究结果表明,在整体特征上,美国期权市场中隐含波动率与实际波动率的理论关系与实际关系相符,美国期权市场在绝对定价效率维度上有效;中国市场,尤其是牛市样本中,隐含波动率与实际波动率的理论关系与实际关系不相符,中国期权市场在绝对定价效率维度上被高估。在横截面特征上,美国期权市场中隐含波动率与实际波动率的理论关系与实际关系相符,美国期权市场在相对定价效率维度上有效;中国市场,尤其是牛市样本中,隐含波动率与实际波动率的理论关系与实际关系不相符,中国期权市场在相对定价效率维度上无效,低行权价的期权被低估、高行权价的期权被高估。在上述两个特征的研究中,相应构造的0Delta组合(策略)同样支持上述结论。         通过中美两国隐含波动率与实际波动率的理论关系与实际关系的研究,发现中美两国的市场状况存在差异,在中国期权市场上的研究和交易不能简单照搬美国经验,要仔细研究和利用中国市场的当前特征。监管层也应完善中国股票和期权市场制度,降低期权交易成本,实行股票现货交易(t+0)制度,完善股票现货做空机制,以使套利机制可以正常发挥作用,改善当前上证50ETF期权市场被高估的现象,使期权的保险功能正常发挥作用。     

一类高新技术企业专利权价值的实物期权评估方法——基于跳扩散过程和随机波动率的美式期权的建模与模拟

由于经典的Black-Scholes期权定价模型的假设忽略了突发事件对资产价格的影响和"波动率微笑"对期权价值的影响而与实际情形往往存在偏差,因此学者们对Black-Scholes模型的改进则主要分别集中在带跳扩散过程的期权定价模型与具随机波动率的期权定价模型等两个方面,然而却少见将这两种模型结合起来的研究。本文首先在带跳扩散过程的期权定价模型与具随机波动率的期权定价模型的研究工作的基础上,建立了一种同时带跳扩散过程和具随机波动率的美式期权定价模型,并通过伊藤引理推导出了资产价格、随机波动率和期权满足的偏微分方程;然后,利用特征函数法和傅里叶变换导出了资产价格的随机分布,进而通过马尔科夫链方法给出了基于跳扩散过程和随机波动率的美式期权的数值解;最后,运用已建立的带跳扩散过程和随机波动率的美式期权定价模型对高新技术企业项目投资的专利权价值进行实物期权定价评估的案例研究,并对跳扩散强度参数和随机波动率参数进行敏感性分析,研究结果表明:将项目收益跳扩散过程和市场环境随机波动率加入到专利权实物期权定价模型中,可以有效避免专利权的期权价值被高估。     

基于时变波动率与混合对数正态分布的50ETF期权定价

经典B-S期权定价模型经历了从常数波动率、正态分布到时变波动率、非正态分布的发展历程。 对已有针对时变波动率期权定价模型效果的研究进行扩展,以时变波动率模型SSP对经典B-S期权定价公式的常数波动率进行修正,该随机条件波动率的构建充分反映了未来标的资产收益对其波动率的影响;运用广义学生t分布构建时变波动率调整后的B-S期权定价公式,并研究其风险中性概率分布形状,引入混合对数正态模型捕捉实际收益率分布相对于正态收益率分布的偏离;采用2015年2月9日、2月16日和2月25日的50ETF期权高频数据,应用严谨的参数显著性检验、样本内定价偏差和样本外预测偏差的模型选择比较标准,对提出的具有时变波动率的混合对数正态期权定价模型的定价精度进行分析。 研究结果表明,中国50ETF期权的标的资产高频收益率呈现出较为明显的有偏和尖峰厚尾分布,收益波动具有明显的聚集特征和长记忆性;采用时变波动率修正后的B-S模型能够显著提高对中国50ETF期权的定价精度;在综合考虑模型对标的资产价格变化动力学的刻画效果以及对期权的定价精确性后,具有时变波动性特征的混合对数正态模型是一个相对更为合理的期权定价模型。 研究结果不仅为投资者和监管机构提供了更为准确的期权定价方法,同时也丰富了有关中国50ETF期权典型统计特征的研究。     

基于人工智能的隐含波动率的敏感度的研究

隐含波动率是指在市场中观察的期权价格所蕴涵的波动率。不同种类的期权价格对波动率的敏感度不同,本文建立了小波神经网络和遗传算法相结合的模型,将期权按钱性进行分类,提出了加权的隐含波动率作为神经网络的输入变量,通过遗传算法来求取不同种类期权的隐含波动率的最优权重。在香港衍生品市场的实证中表明,本文所提出的模型要优于传统的Black-Scholes模型和其它在本文中提到的神经网络模型。     

自刺激跳跃与随机波动率交叉反馈下的期权定价

构建合理的资产价格模型一直都是期权定价研究的核心问题之一,其中波动率和跳跃又是资产价格模型中的重要研究对象。已有实证研究发现资产价格存在跳跃聚集现象,该现象在金融危机期间尤为明显;同时,资产价格的波动率也存在跳跃,且资产价格的跳跃与波动率之间还存在非对称的交叉反馈作用。因此,将上述特征纳入期权定价模型中,有助于提高模型的期权定价性能,且能使模型更准确地估计隐含波动率。为了刻画资产价格的跳跃聚集、波动率跳跃以及跳跃与波动率之间的非对称交叉反馈特征,在仿射跳扩散框架下,构建用于期权定价的自刺激跳跃与随机波动率交叉反馈模型,并利用风险中性定价、广义傅里叶变换和条件特征函数,求出欧式期权价格的半解析表达式。采用上证50ETF期权数据对模型进行校准,并对比分析模型对期权价格以及隐含波动率的拟合和预测能力。研究结果表明,上证50ETF的价格与其波动率呈负相关,呈现杠杆效应和负向的波动率反馈效应,价格存在上跳和下跳聚集,价格的波动率与跳跃之间存在非对称的交叉反馈作用,下跳对波动率的影响大于上跳对波动率的影响,而波动率对下跳强度的影响大于其对上跳强度的影响,该特征能很好地解释股灾期间股价崩盘现象。无论...     

在随机非线性价格冲击下的最优变现策略研究

在实践中,大规模交易者往往面临着价格冲击的内生流动性风险,因此交易者往往将其头寸进行分割、选择最优策略进行交易。我们对价格冲击模型作了一般性拓展,在交易对价格的影响为更接近于市场一般情况的随机、非线性价格冲击,建立了随机非线性价格冲击模型;以投资者的头寸变化作为交易策略的反映,结果表明在随机条件下考虑非线性价格冲击(二次价格冲击函数)时,投资者的变现速度明显地受到限制,在变现期的绝大部分时间内以恒定速度变现,同时对最优策略进行了参数的敏感性分析:价格波动系数σ、风险厌恶系数α越大,则前期变现速度越大、资产头寸减少越快;价格冲击系数γ、β及瞬时价格冲击波动率θ的增加,变现头寸的减少越接近于直线的形式。另外我们强调在决定最优变现时间时既要考虑内生最优变现时间而且也要考虑外在条件的要求,最终最优变现时间应是内外因素综合考虑的结果。     

Educational Landscapes and Urban Development. Contextual and Spatial Interfaces and Linkages

In the broad sociopolitical discussion on education quality within the last decade, it has become apparent that education is gaining importance for urban development, as well as space and the urban context are important dimensions of education. This becomes particularly evident in concepts for local educational landscapes (Ger. Bildungslandschaften). The young field of research on educational landscapes is currently lacking empirical research from spatial and planning sciences. In the paper, the current state of scientific research on educational landscapes in Germany and Europe and first insights to contextual and spatial interfaces and linkages between education and urban development in general are presented.     

Inventory Models with Continuous and Poisson Demands and Discounted and Average Costs

We develop a new, unified approach to treating continuous‐time stochastic inventory problems with both the average and discounted cost criteria. The approach involves the development of an adjusted discounted cycle cost formula, which has an appealing intuitive interpretation. We show for the first time that an (s, S) policy is optimal in the case of demand having a compound Poisson component as well as a constant rate component. Our demand structure simultaneously generalizes the classical EOQ model and the inventory models with Poisson demand, and we indicate the reasons why this task has been a difficult one. We do not require the surplus cost function to be convex or quasi‐convex as has been assumed in the literature. Finally, we show that the optimal s is unique, but we do not know if optimal S is unique.     

E-governance and Corruption-developments and Issues in Ethiopia

This paper reports the results of a survey of 400 respondents in Ethiopia about factors generating corruption and the potential of e-Governance to mitigate corruption. It is suggested that e-Governance can help not only in weeding out corruption but also in the establishment of sounder government citizen relationships in Ethiopia. While e-Governance cannot cure all the structural factors that breed corruption in the society, strategic implementation of e-Governance can help improve the critical variable in combating corruption-government citizen relationships. It is argued that while e-Governance initiatives can make important contributions to improving public services they can best do so by helping improve overall relationships between governments and citizens.

CEO and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance

This paper focuses on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Chairperson characteristics and firm performance. Specifically, the study examines the association between the characteristics of the CEO and the Chairperson of the board and firm performance. Using a sample of S&P 500 firms, the evidence found suggests that demographic and experience-related characteristics may be associated with the market valuation and financial performance of the firm. In particular, the reported results indicate a positive relationship between the presence of female CEOs or Chairs and firm performance, thus suggesting that gender-based differences may affect the CEO’s/Chairperson’s success. Moreover, the findings concerning the age of the CEO or Chair are mixed, while their experience and quality appear positively related to firm performance. Interestingly, a CEO or Chairperson holding multiple board seats is negatively associated with firm performance, whereas CEO duality has a positive relationship with Tobin’s Q and the return on assets (ROA) of the firm.     

David and Goliath: causes and effects of coopetition between start-ups and corporates

Coopetition (collaboration between competitors) among young firms (i.e. start-ups) and larger, more established firms (i.e. corporates) may be beneficial for both partners as each party typically has something to offer that is missing in the other. Start-ups often develop innovative ideas, are flexible and agile, willing to take risks, and aspire to achieve high growth, but they tend to lack the required resources, capabilities, and knowledge due to their newness and smallness. Corporates have resources, routines, and experience that enable them to work efficiently but lack a certain innovation capability. Research has suggested that coopetition represents an opportunity for start-ups facing restrictions in resources, while corporates benefit from start-ups’ innovative ideas. However, it is yet unknown whether start-ups and corporates engage in coopetition with each other and, if so, how and why they do this. This study seeks to fill this void by exploring the motives of coopeting start-ups and corporates, how they manage their coopetitive relationship, and what implications occur including potential benefits and risks. We present a multiple case study based on qualitative data collected through 70 interviews with Austrian-based start-ups and corporates representing 35 coopetitive partnerships. Discussing the findings based on our data, we propose relationships concerning coopetition and its role to enlarge resource- and technology-bases as well as its role in the development of dynamic capabilities.     

Career orientations and career success among research,and development and engineering professionals

Managing the careers of research, development and engineering (RD&E) professionals is important to the strategic use of RD&E in the economy. Appropriate mechanisms for motivating RD&E professionals will probably emerge as a critical success factor for organizations that want to compete in world markets. This study examines dimensions and levels of career orientation and their correlations with individual and work-related outcome variables among 78 RD&E professionals. The findings reveal a rich diversity of career orientation in RD&E professionals. The data strongly suggest that RD&E professionals are service, lifestyle and security oriented. However, they scored low on technical orientation and entrepreneurship. This paper suggests that the dual career ladder is not an effective device for managing RD&E professionals. Organizations must be careful to provide career paths that retain and motivate workers and, more importantly, find matches between organizational needs and individuals' needs, and restructure jobs accordingly. The authors offer suggestions for future research and identify implications for management.     

The Challenge of Political and Economic Change in Poland and Central and Eastern Europe

This article discusses political and economic changes in Poland, Central and Eastern Europe emerging since the demise of the ‘closed system’ in 1989. The presentation explores the range of change, the method and the sequence of change. General lessons in economic transition as identified by Polish Finance Minister Lezak Balcerowicz are discussed. The challenges involved in macroeconomic stabilization, radical liberalization, currency convertibility, subsidy reduction and conversion of state-owned enterprises are reviewed. Despite their complexity, economic and political reforms proved necessary and inevitable. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Review and reappraisal of modelling and predicting mental workload in single- and multi-task environments

The concept of mental workload has long been recognized as an important factor in individual performance within complex systems. It is documented that either overload or underload may degrade performance, and further affect the efficiency of the whole system. Therefore, systems designers need some explicit models to predict the mental workload imposed on individuals by the system at an early design phase so that alternative system designs can be evaluated. In examining mental-workload literature, it is found that few predictive mental-workload models have considered factors specific to individuals. This research aims to develop a practical framework for predicting mental workload in both single- and multi-task environments considering such individual factors. In order to describe mental workload more precisely and more completely, a framework for mentalworkload definitions, which contains instantaneous workload, average workload, accumulated workload, peak workload and overall workload, is proposed. In order to model individual factors, two new variables, i.e. effective workload and ineffective workload, are introduced to model the taskgenerated workload and individual-generated workload. The extension of the model to multi-task environments is also discussed. The proposed conceptual models are domain-independent and could be used to guide the development of operational models for different specific tasks.