对"关爱女孩行动"基层执行者社会性别意识的调查与分析

"关爱女孩行动"旨在标本兼治出生性别比失衡问题,基层执行者是否具有性别平等意识,关系到该政策的制定、实施及结果是否维护了性别平等原则.对出生性别比失衡特别严重的某省180位市县"关爱女孩行动"执行者的调查显示,不少被调查者对中国的社会性别发展形势缺乏了解,对现实生活中两性不平等的现状缺乏辨析、对社会政策及其实施中的性别问题缺乏社会性别敏感等.由此建议增强政策执行者的社会性别平等意识,提高政策执行者的社会性别分析能力,壮大社会性别平等的倡导队伍等.     

河南漯河市郾城区对农村女孩家庭的“七保”政策

为确保国家“关爱女孩行动”试点及社会政策协调与社会性别平等促进项目实验工作顺利推进，经区委、区政府研究，决定对全区农村计划生育女孩家庭实施关爱行动，落实有关社会政策。     

促进人权与性别平等——官方发展援助的基本原则和重要内容

我们都不会忘记，1994年国际人口与发展大会上通过的《行动纲领》中一条重要原则就是促进人权与性别平等。《行动纲领》明确指出，妇女和女孩的权利是人权中不可分割的重要部分。使妇女能在国家、区域和国际各级充分、平等地参与公民、文化、经济、政治和社会生活，消除基于性别的一切形式的歧视，是国际社会的优先目标。在1995年召开的联合国第四次世界妇女大会上，联合国和各有关国家的政府不仅承诺在国家、区域及国际各级的社会性别主流化，并且强调指出，促进平等权利、平等责任和平等机会需要在国家和国际两级调集足够的资源，包括多边、双边和私人资源；促进性别平等和提高妇女地位应该成为援助的优先领域。上述观点和原则经历了十年实践的检验，在全球化的今天变得更加重要了。     

将社会牲别平等意识纳入覆盖女孩家庭社会政策体系

河南省漯河市郾城区委、区政府在巩固“关爱女孩行动”成果的基础上，2006年以来，紧紧抓住郾城区成为全国“社会政策协调与社会性别平等促进项目”试验区的大好机遇，改革创新，完善机制，构建了惠及女孩家庭的政策体系，开创了人口计生工作崭新局面。     

丹江口市关爱女孩重“行动”

湖北省丹江口市把“关爱女孩行动”作为人口计生工作的重点．制定并落实了独女户和双女户家庭的各项优惠措施，形成了有利于女孩成长、有利于女孩家庭发展的良好的社会环境。     

认识儿童的性别

作为一个媒介与儿童、媒介与性别的研究者．我参加过许多有关妇女发展、儿童发展的研讨会。我观察到，对大多数妇女研究者来说．妇女或女性不包括女童。在讨论妇女问题的时候．我们有社会性别角度，研究了很多性别平等问题，     

论独生子女家庭人力资本投资的性别偏好

家庭是孩子人力资本投资的主要单位,人力资本理论存在性别盲点,忽略了人力资本投资的社会性别因素。本文从社会性别视角研究独生子女家庭人力资本投资行为,分析了影响独生子女家庭人力资本投资的人口因素、经济因素和社会性别文化因素。研究发现,独生子女家庭中女孩人力资本投资得到了积极的改善,但社会性别仍然影响着家庭人力资本投资的性别偏好,独生子女家庭通过人力资本投资“表现社会性别”。     

推动妇女发展和性别平等 加强女干部选拔培养工作

妇女发展和性别平等作为全球经济和社会发展的重要组成部分,受到国际社会的普遍重视。联合国千年发展目标(MDG)中将“促进性别平等和妇女赋权”作为重要目标之一提出；1995年第四次世界妇女大会制定的《行动纲领》提出：在政府机构和公共行政部门以及司法部门应制定性别均衡的目标,以实现在政府和公共行政职位方面的人数均等。此后,妇女参政、参与国家和社会事务管理的程度已成为衡量一个国家发展水平的标准之一。     

试论我国已婚妇女在两性生活中的地位

试论我国已婚妇女在两性生活中的地位崔凤垣妇女问题的核心是妇女地位问题。由于妇女是以＂性别＂划分的社会群体，因此，妇女地位是以男子的地位为参照物的。所谓平等发展，就是妇女与男子的平等发展；所谓妇女社会地位，就是妇女在政治、法律、经济、社会、教育、婚姻家...     

关爱女孩行动应做到“四个到位”

关爱女孩行动是一项社会系统工程,具有长期性、艰巨性和复杂性等特点,应做到四个到位。1.宣传教育工作到位。各级各部门要坚持宣传引路,把专题宣传教育活动抓好抓实。要把“关爱女孩行动”纳入社会主义精神文明建设和公民道德建设,在以往开展“婚育新风进万家”活动的基础上,通过多种形式的宣传教育活动,在全社会树立性别平等意识,保护妇女、关爱女孩的法律意识和妇女特别是女孩重视自身价值、自我保护意识,形成全社会都来关爱女孩的舆论环境、政策环境、法制环境和工作氛围。2.依法行政到位。各级各部门要坚持依法行政,各地区要组织协调相…     

对人口和生殖健康领域的社会性别意识调查与思考

社会性别平等是实现人口与发展的有效途径,相关政府部门管理者的社会性别意识对于推进人口与生殖健康领域的性别平等具有重要意义。对30个省、市、自治区人口和计划生育委员会与卫生厅项目管理者的调查显示,大多数项目管理者能够正视传统性别文化对妇女的影响,从不平等的性别关系分析人口与生殖健康领域的突出问题,对于推进性别平等具有一定的社会责任感。但同时也反映出:一部分项目管理者对中国的性别平等发展形势缺乏了解,对现实生活中两性不平等的权责关系缺乏辨析,对女性参与项目决策的必要性认识不足,这容易造成公共政策与项目管理中的性别缺失。为此,应提升项目管理者的社会性别分析能力,建立性别平等咨询机制和监督机制,以促进人口与生殖健康领域的社会性别主流化。     

The Impact of Social and Economic Indicators on Maternal and Child Health

As early as 1985, Rosenfield and Maine began to look at what is called the maternal child field (MCH). More than two decades later, maternal and infant mortality is still among the worst performing health indicator in resource-poor countries and regions, and it has barely changed since 1990. Although three of the eight United Nations Millennium Development Goals aim at reducing child mortality, maternal mortality, and promoting gender equality, most literature in the field is either clinical or exclusively deals with women’s health problems. In this study, I proposed an empirical model that tests the impact of gender equality, women’s human rights, and maternity care on MCH with economic and political development as background factors. The proposed model was tested by using structural equation analysis. Data were obtained from 137 developing countries. The proposed model is partially supported by the data. Empirical findings demonstrate that gender equality has a pivotal role to play in the promotion of MCH. The relationship between MCH and maternity care is found to be strong and statistically significant. This finding may permit a probable verification given the current social conditions in some developing countries, particularly the neglect of many of women’s health needs and the assignment of their primary responsibilities in childrearing. The women’s human rights hypothesis is not supported by the data. It is perhaps that human rights instruments provide a legal discourse for political functions and social welfare issues, but that the legal approach alone does not necessarily provide a moral and social foundation to ensure the implementation of social welfare and human well-being, particularly maternal and child health in developing countries. The findings also indicate the importance of economic development in predicting maternity care. Finally, a positive and statistically significant relationship is found between economic development and gender equality. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.     

Work–Family Conflict and Well-Being Across Europe: The Role of Gender Context

This study analysed whether gender context is important to differences in the relationship between work–family conflict (WFC) and well-being across Europe. We hypothesised that in countries that support equality in work life and where norms support women’s employment, the relationship between WFC and low well-being is weaker than in countries with less support for gender equality. Cohabiting men and women aged 18–65 years from 25 European countries were selected from the European Social Survey. A multilevel analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between well-being and WFC, and two measurements were used to represent gender context: gender equality in work life and norms regarding women’s employment. Contrary to the hypothesis, the results showed that the negative relationship was stronger in countries with high levels of gender equality in work life and support for women’s employment than in countries with a relatively low level of gender equality in work life and support for traditional gender relations. The context in which gender is constructed may be important when studying the relationship between WFC and well-being. In addition, emphasis should be placed on policies that equalise both the labour market and the work performed at home.     

中国计划生育政策三十年的回顾与评论

在过去的30年间,计划生育、环境保护、耕地保护、科教兴国、男女平等与改革开放几大基本国策相伴而行,互相促进,使中国经济高速增长,社会快速进步,综合国力不断增强。中国在20世纪70年代初期开始在全国范围实行计划生育政策,并取得了预期的效果,为稳定本国和世界人口发展,促进人类发展和进步,做出了贡献。随着中国人口、社会、经济的变化,计划生育政策的背景、目标、内容、方法都发生了很大的变化。面向未来,     

欧洲生育支持政策效果的评估及启示——基于模糊集定性比较的分析

采用组态比较方法中的模糊集定性比较分析,系统性检验了2000—2018年29个欧洲典型国家社会情境和现行生育支持政策的条件组合与生育率变化的关系,试图为我国借鉴欧洲国家生育支持政策提供新的研究思路。通过欧洲各国三类生育支持政策(育儿津贴、生育假期和儿童照料设施供给)与三类社会情境的条件(经济发展水平、性别平等及家庭重视文化)进行必要条件检验,得到五类影响生育率的组态方案。通过将不同社会情境下各国生育支持政策的实施效果与我国国情的比较和讨论,本研究提出,我国生育支持政策的出台要充分考虑地区差异:对于性别较为平等的经济发达地区,大力发展儿童照料设施和有针对性的育儿津贴可以稳定生育率;对于性别平等较差的西部欠发达地区,育儿津贴更能提高生育率;在性别差距较大、重视后代的经济发达地区,较慷慨的生育假期和提供儿童照料设施双管齐下会有助于提升生育水平。     

The One‐Child Policy in Shanghai: Acceptance and Internalization

China's one‐child policy is a major example of social engineering and the subject of human rights concerns. Given the significance of the policy, it is important to ascertain the attitudes of Chinese citizens. We conducted interviews in 2003 with residents of Shanghai who were of childbearing age either at the policy's inception or at the time of the interview. Our respondents, who were generally well educated, did not perceive the policy as extraordinary when it was introduced; resignation to one more intrusive government regulation was mixed with understanding and even approval of the policy. People talked about the political and social context, demographic concerns, family economic strategy, and the results of government‐engineered gender equality. Among the young interviewees, the context has changed from a population striving to get by under tight government control to a much richer population that is upwardly mobile and perceives their local government to be basically beneficial. The one‐child family is considered normal; few are still concerned with the policy per se, while others see it as unnecessary. The one‐child policy seems to reflect Shanghainese current preferences; its status as a legal requirement may be largely irrelevant.     

Does Trust Always Help Gender Role Attitudes? The Role of Individualism and Collectivism

Social trust has a complex interrelationship with attitudes toward gender equality. Social trust has its origins in exchange relationships in preindustrial societies, lowering uncertainty in transactions and easing interpersonal exchanges. The degree to which this trust was extended to opportunities for women in commercial and societal roles, however, differed across cultures. Prior literature finds attitudes toward individualism and collectivism have significant implications for gender equality and patriarchal attitudes. We combine these ideas arguing that the degree to which social trust fosters gender equality depends upon the degrees of individualism and collectivism. Employing World Values Survey data across countries over time, we find that with low levels of individualism, and high degrees of collectivism, higher levels of trust are not effective in reducing the prevalence of gendered patriarchal attitudes—in fact it entrenches them further, worsening gender equality. However, as individualism rises, and collectivism falls, higher levels of trust become effective in reducing the prevalence of patriarchal beliefs. Thus, collectivistic beliefs stand as a barrier to future improvements in women’s equality and economic rights in many societies; preventing social trust from being extended beyond traditional gendered roles.

     

对流动人口就业中男女平等的思考

本文就流动人口就业中的男女平等问题,通过对669名居住上海四区流动人口的问卷调查和45名在上海三家医院妇产科生产和看病流动妇女的访谈,以及企业和各层次外来劳力管理人员的访谈和调查资料的分析,从促进流动人口就业中男女平等出发,探寻有益于流动妇女发展和流入城市发展双赢的途径。     

社会性别视角下的流动人口社会保障状况研究

本研究通过利用2009年中国流动人口问题调查资料,在社会性别视角下展示了男女两性流动人口社会保障的状况与差异,探究了社会保险参保率性别差异的主要原因,提出了提高女性流动人口社会保障程度、缩小两性差距、促进男女公平享有社会保障权益的政策建议。     

结婚、生育对工资的影响研究 ——基于性别工资差距角度

随着技术进步和女性人力资本水平的提高,男性和女性的劳动生产率差异逐渐缩小,但性别工资差距在我国是否缩小?全面开放的"二胎政策"又是否加深了女性就业困境?本文使用CGSS 2015数据,从结婚、生育角度出发,运用工具变量法、分位数回归、Oaxaca-blinder分解等方法考察婚育事件对劳动力工资的影响及其作用机制,探讨婚育视角下的性别工资差距问题,提出相应对策建议以促进性别公平。研究首先通过对城镇劳动力的婚姻状态和生育情况与工资性收入进行实证分析,发现在控制了个人特征、人力资本、职业性质和地区等因素后,性别工资差距仍显著存在且婚育事件拉大了该差距。其中结婚使男女劳动力的工资水平均有所提高,但由于原始工资水平的差异和溢价大小的不同,性别工资差距被拉大;生育使男性工资增长,女性工资缩水,这同样加大了性别工资差距。其次基于分位数回归结果进行Oaxaca-blinder平均工资差异分解,结果显示随着收入的增加,性别工资差距在缩小,但婚姻和生育对此差距的解释力度却越来越大且相对稳定。即低收入群体的工资差距较大,但婚育对该差距的解释力度较小,相反高收入群体的性别工资差距较小,但婚育对该差距的贡献却很大。因此,缩小婚姻和生育造成的性别工资差距、消除性别歧视、保障女性职业的可持续发展是亟待解决的问题。