多方博弈情景下我国自主品牌轿车价值重构问题研究

通过构建政府、企业和消费者之间的演化博弈模型，分析了我国自主品牌轿车在价值重构过程中各方博弈主体的损益关系及其行为策略趋于渐进稳定性的条件，并运用MATLAB模拟仿真三方交互行为的演化过程。研究结果表明，影响自主品牌轿车价值重构的主要因素有政府激励、产业增值收益、企业的附加成本与机会损失等；基于三方主体间的策略互动，可考虑从实施自主品牌轿车振兴计划、汽车消费端的政府干预计划以及自主品牌轿车形象重塑计划等方面着手，重构我国自主品牌轿车价值体系。     

CONSUMPTION OCCASION INFLUENCE ON CONSUMER BRAND CHOICE *

The effects of consumer brand attitudes and consumption situations on behavioral intentions and reported behavior are analyzed for 172 adult beer drinkers. The inclusion of situational variables in the multiple regression equations substantially increased the levels of explained variances for behavioral intentions and reported behavior. The inclusion of an interaction term of attitude-toward-the-object and a consumption situation did not increase the level of explained variance of behavioral intention; substantial improvement in the levels of explained variance of reported behavior was found with an interaction term in the equations. Thus, behavioral intention toward a particular brand is likely to be modified by situational influences.     

营销伦理对品牌重生影响的实证研究

本文构建了非营销伦理行为、品脾资产衰减和品牌重生难度三个变量之间的结构方程模型,利用来自教育培训业的数据进行了实证研究。结果发现,非利他主义营销行为和非社会公正营销行为直接影响品牌重生难度;利己主义营销行为对品牌衰减影响显著,并对品牌重生难度产生间接影响;非经典效用营销行为对品牌资产衰减和品牌重生难度都产生了直接影响,并对品牌重生难度产生间接效应;品牌资产衰减对品牌重生难度存在显著的直接影响。消费者从不同视角感知到的企业非营销伦理行为越严重,企业品牌重生的可能性就越小。     

新创企业品牌联合伙伴选择的计算实验研究

品牌联合是新创企业克服其成长劣势的有效策略之一。为提高新创企业选择品牌联合伙伴的成功率，基于复杂适应系统理论构建了新创企业品牌联合企业主体行为活动的基本模型和主体之间、主体与环境之间的交互模型；研究了外部竞争环境、合伙企业的企业类型、品牌资产、关系承诺和联合匹配性等特征对联合形成的影响。结果表明：在外部环境动态变化时，越来越多的新创企业会选择品牌联合策略，而其选择成熟企业还是新创企业作为联合伙伴，并不受外部环境变化的影响。在品牌联合系统中，作为核心的新创企业选择合伙企业时，其自身特征并不影响其是否采取联合策略；不管核心企业自身特征如何，均优先选择成熟企业作为联合伙伴；同时，合伙企业的关系承诺对联合伙伴选择的影响最显著，品牌资产次之，而联合匹配性影响不显著。候选企业在回应核心企业的联合请求时，其接受/拒绝联合的决策主要取决于核心企业对其评价的结果，其次是核心企业的品牌资产。研究结果对新创企业的管理实践具有重要的参考价值。     

Demand Growth in Services: A Discrete Choice Analysis of Customer Preferences and Online Selling

The selling of perishable services (e.g., hotel rooms, airline seats, and rental cars) online is increasingly popular with both retailers and consumers. Among the innovative approaches to online sales is opaque selling. First popularized by Priceline.com's name‐your‐own‐price model, opaque selling hides some attributes of the service (notably, brand and specific location) until after the purchase decision, in exchange for a discounted price. This means that a branded “product” is being sold as somewhat of a commodity, but the brand “name” is protected by the opaque model. The attraction of this model for retailers is that they are presumably able to increase their revenue stream, albeit at a lower rate, by selling rooms that otherwise would remain in inventory. In this article, we outline the development and analysis of an online choice survey to understand consumer preferences among three types of online distribution channels: regular full information sales channels, and opaque sales channels with or without consumer bidding. A Multinomial Logit model is employed to analyze the data and measure the consumer trade‐offs between price and other attributes of the product. We use the estimated model to calculate the incremental demand and revenue created by using an opaque channel simultaneously with regular full information channels. On balance, we find that correctly priced opaque channels can add to hotels revenue streams without undue cannibalization of regular room sales.     

考虑三维装箱约束的车辆路径问题研究

针对实际物流配送问题的特点,建立考虑三维装箱约束的车辆路径问题模型,提出求解该问题的引导式局部搜索算法。采用改进的模糊遗传算法求解车辆路径问题,提出一种新的模糊逻辑控制器,并采用引导式局部搜索算法求解三维装箱问题。通过计算标准算例检验算法性能,试验结果表明引导式局部搜索算法能够在较短时间内得到质量较高的近似最优解。     

虚拟品牌社群认同对品牌忠诚的影响

通过对来自电子消费产品虚拟品牌社群的324个社群成员样本进行基于结构方程模型的数据分析,探讨了社群成员对虚拟品牌社群的认同(包含品牌认同和群体认同)影响品牌忠诚的作用机理,并考察了社群成员的参与程度的调节作用。研究结果显示,社群成员对虚拟品牌社群的认同通过社群意识和品牌承诺这两个变量,对品牌忠诚存在不同程度的影响,其中品牌认同通过品牌承诺对品牌忠诚产生间接影响,品牌认同对品牌忠诚的影响程度要大于群体认同对品牌忠诚的影响程度。另外社群成员的参与程度作为调节变量在品牌认同和社群意识之间以及群体认同和社群意识之间有调节效应。     

Masstige model and measure for brand management

The purpose of this article is to reconceptualize the term “masstige” (Mass Prestige) marketing, develop a masstige model for brand management, and extend the use of the Masstige Mean Scale (MMS). The study was conducted based on the data from 600 individuals living in the United States, France, and India using a structured questionnaire consisting of different factors/sources of brand equity, such as mass prestige, brand knowledge, and perceived quality. On the basis of the findings, we establish that the greater the brand's Masstige Mean Index (MMI) value (“MMIV”), the higher the potential customers' top-of-mind brand awareness. Low MMIVs imply that firms have a long way to go to build their brands. We argue that MMI may allow firms to measure brand equity in different regions, within a country or in foreign countries, to derive insights into the popularity of their brands. We posit three theoretical propositions and develop two theoretical models (i) a hexagon model and (ii) a three-stage model for masstige marketing to define, reconceptualize, and explain the phenomenon.     

产品涉入度、消费者从众与品牌承诺:品牌敏感的中介作用——以轿车消费市场为例

在高度竞争的市场环境下,提高消费者品牌承诺是企业获得长期竞争优势的有效方法。本文提出了产品涉入度、消费者从众及品牌敏感对品牌承诺的影响机制模型,并以轿车消费市场为例运用结构方程模型进行了实证研究。结果表明,产品涉入度和消费者从众对品牌承诺有正向显著影响,品牌敏感在产品涉入度、消费者从众和品牌承诺间起部分中介作用。     

Resolving conflict over salespeople’s brand adoption in franchised channels of distribution

Many franchise-based retail outlets offer both the franchisor-owned brand and brands of competitors or independent suppliers. As salespeople may influence customers’ brand choices considerably, an important concern for franchisors is how to raise salespeople’s selling preferences for the franchisor-owned brand. However, the channel administration literature suggests that salespeople may not automatically favor the franchisor’s brand over other brand lines. While a large body of research examines franchise–channel relationships, previous investigations have conspicuously overlooked this channel conflict. In proposing a conceptual model grounded in the behavioral sciences, this study analyzes how franchisors can induce salespeople to advocate their brand by fostering the intention to promote the franchisor-owned brand (IFOB) in customer interaction. The results of an empirical field study show that individual brand promotion depends on factors such as salespeople’s identification with the franchisor and their tenure with the organization, as well as on the franchisor’s prestige and administration of the franchise. Moreover, we find that franchisees’ IFOB transfers to salespeople, but only if franchisees display a charismatic leadership style. We discuss these findings in light of extant theory and empirical evidence and derive several managerially relevant implications for the administration of franchised retail channels.     

民族品牌跨国并购后的品牌战略研究——弱势品牌视角

2009年,中国民族品牌借全球金融危机之机,为加快其全球化的步伐,花费重金并购国外强势品牌。然而,"蛇吞象"式的跨国并购背后却是消费者的认知失调。同时,国内外现有研究针对改善该认知失调的品牌战略研究十分有限。因此,本文基于认知一致性和顾客品牌资产(CBBE)理论,从弱势品牌视角出发,围绕如何有效减轻"蛇吞象"后消费者的认知失调,运用焦点小组、个人访谈、实验和LME模型,最终得到了一些重要的发现:品牌要素战略(名称变化)、营销支持战略(价格维持或降低)以及次级联想杠杆战略(原产地保留或去除)都对并后品牌绩效产生显著影响。此外,本研究还揭示了消费者认知失调的改善机制,即品牌契合度在减轻消费者失调的并后品牌战略交互效应对品牌绩效的影响中起着重要的中介作用。这些成果既可以丰富现有品牌战略管理理论,也为民族品牌国际化提供实践指导。     

消费者对不同排量汽车购买行为的演化研究

汽车行业是我国能源消耗和污染物排放"大户",是节能减排工作的重点。政府出台了针对性的汽车消费政策以鼓励和引导汽车消费者购买行为。本文根据我国汽车消费市场消费者对不同排量汽车购买行为及政府消费政策之间的博弈情况,构建消费者和政府的演化博弈模型,分析混合均匀情形下的消费者群体考虑单一汽车品牌情况下选取不同排量汽车行为的演化问题,研究表明:在油价、消费效用、消费政策及购车成本的共同作用下,消费者购买行为存在向小排量演化、随机演化和向大排量演化三种具体情况。以大众迈腾汽车为案例分析了目前消费者购买行为的演化特征,当汽油价格较低所带来的运营变动成本不足以成为阻碍汽车消费者购买大排量汽车行为因素,或者消费效用之差较高的情况下,政府要加大实施消费政策力度以引导消费者购买小排量汽车;当汽油价格位于较高水平下,政府可以逐步放松实施与汽车排量相关的消费政策。为政府科学合理引导汽车消费者节能购车行为提供理论借鉴。     

运动鞋品牌形象对感知-满意-忠诚关系的影响研究

本文采用文献回顾和定性研究相结合的方法,提出了运动鞋品牌形象4维度测量模型,它包括:产品功能、产品外观、公司形象、品牌个性;并以此建立了品牌形象各维度对感知-满意-忠诚关系的影响机制模型;对该模型进行了实证检验。数据研究表明:品牌个性对质量、价值、满意和忠诚均没有显著影响;产品外观对质量和价值没有显著影响,而其对满意和忠诚有显著影响;产品功能和公司形象直接影响质量;产品功能对价值、满意均有直接和间接影响,而其对忠诚有间接影响;公司形象对价值、满意和忠诚均有直接和间接影响。     

Strategic Supply Chain Structure Design for a Proprietary Component Manufacturer

This paper examines the choice of supply chain structure for a proprietary component manufacturer (PCM). The PCM, who is the sole supply source of a critical component used to assemble an end product, can either provide its component to an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) in the end‐product market (component supplier structure), develop the end product exclusively under its own brand (monopoly structure), or provide the component to the OEM as well as develop the end product under its own brand (dual distributor structure). Typically, the end products of the PCM and the OEM will be differentiated, and the OEM tends to have a capability advantage (compared with the PCM) in producing the end product. Our paper studies the impact of this degree of differentiation and capability advantage on the optimal choice of distribution structure. We then investigate how investing in component branding, enhancing the value of the end product, using alternative supply contracts, and product valuation uncertainty influence the PCM's optimal choice of distribution structure.     

供应链中断下顾客缺货反应对牛鞭效应的影响研究

传统的关于供应链牛鞭效应的研究,仅关注供应链上游成员间（供应商、制造商或零售商）的协调运作,而忽略缺货发生后顾客缺货反应对供应链动态性的影响。本文利用高层级Petri-net对包含两个制造商、两个零售商的供应链系统进行建模与仿真,定量地研究不同的缺货强度下顾客缺货反应对两条相互竞争的供应链牛鞭效应的影响。研究结果表明,顾客缺货反应对缺货品牌及其竞争品牌的牛鞭效应均存在显著影响,但各种缺货反应对牛鞭效应的影响程度有所差异,且供应链中断强度（主要体现为发生缺货的品牌市场份额以及缺货持续时间）亦对牛鞭效应产生显著影响。我们建议不同产品类型（对应不同的顾客反应组合）的管理者根据品牌的市场占有率、缺货持续时间等因素对不同类型的顾客进行购买行为的引导,以缓解牛鞭效应并保持市场份额。     

Social media and luxury: A systematic literature review

Luxury, historically an exclusive, rare and elitist phenomenon, is changing. This is predominantly driven by technological developments, particularly social media, and the rising level of consumer empowerment in the marketplace. A maturing stream of research has emerged assessing the effects of social media platforms on luxury brands, offerings and consumers. However, there has been no comprehensive analysis of this extant literature synthesizing the current state of knowledge and postulating future research directions. This paper addresses this gap by utilizing a systematic literature review approach. A total of 115 articles were collected and analysed and five core themes were identified, examining (1) luxury brand strategy, (2) luxury brand social media communications, (3) luxury consumer attitudes and perceptions, (4) engagement and (5) social media's influence on brand performance-related outcomes. These themes are comprehensively explored to understand the myriad impacts of social media on luxury businesses before conceptualizing the themes as a holistic framework explaining social media's role within luxury. The framework developed highlights the fragmented yet progressive nature of research on the confluence of social media and luxury, and signals fruitful avenues for further inquiry. It is proposed that scholarly attention is directed towards multiple lines of inquiry, including social media's role in luxury brand construction online, social media's role in facilitating ‘moments of luxury’, younger consumers’ luxury consumption, as well as the integration of both future innovative technological developments and novel social media platforms within luxury branding.     

品牌个性维度的本土化研究

品牌个性维度一直是营销理论研究和营销实践领域中的一个热点课题。Jenniffer Aaker于1997年首次系统地发展了基于美国的品牌个性维度及量表,日本和西班牙的品牌个性维度及量表也相继诞生。然而,中国的本土化品牌个性维度及量表却仍然是一个空白。本文首先采用了西方的词汇法、因子分析和特质论作为方法论基础,以来自中文语言、中国的品牌为内容,经中国消费者的实证研究发展出中国的品牌个性维度及量表,并从中国传统文化角度阐释了中国的品牌个性维度——“仁、智、勇、乐、雅”。然后本文对中国的品牌个性维度与美国、日本的品牌个性维度进行了跨文化比较研究。     

消费者品牌忠诚对品牌商再制造市场策略的影响

独立再制造商IR的市场进入给品牌商带来了显著的竞争压力。品牌忠诚源于消费者对某个产品品牌的信任和特殊情感,在产品选择中具有明显的倾向性和排他性,进一步增加了品牌商市场策略的复杂性。针对这一现象,本文采用博弈论结合数值仿真研究了消费者具有品牌忠诚特性下的品牌商再制造市场策略问题。建立并求解了IR不进入且品牌商不再制造（n）、IR不进入且品牌商再制造（nR）、IR进入且品牌商不再制造（nr）、IR进入且品牌商再制造（nrR）四种市场模式,对模型结果进行了灵敏度分析,并探讨了各成员的模式偏好。研究表明：新产品价格、品牌再制品价格、一般再制品价格均与品牌忠诚度正相关;品牌忠诚度的提高一定增大品牌商的利润,但不一定会降低IR利润;当新产品制造成本较高时,品牌商的模式偏好始终为nR$\succ$nrR$\succ$n$\succ$nr,较低时模式偏好受到消费者品牌忠诚度的大小的影响;nr和nrR模式下,品牌忠诚度仅可能提高品牌消费者剩余,但会降低普通消费者剩余、总消费者剩余和社会总福利。     

中国本土品牌形象对感知质量-顾客满意-品牌忠诚影响机制的实证研究——基于消费者视角

为探求品牌形象对消费行为的影响机制,在中国背景下构建品牌形象的理论架构,将品牌形象分为3个维度:品牌表现、品牌个性和公司形象;在此基础上,建立了品牌形象与感知质量、顾客满意和品牌忠诚的影响机制模型;对该模型进行了实证检验。分析结果表明品牌表现、品牌个性和公司形象对品牌感知质量有直接影响;品牌表现对顾客满意产生直接影响,品牌个性和公司形象对顾客满意产生间接影响;品牌表现、品牌个性对品牌忠诚有直接影响;公司形象与品牌忠诚无相关关系。     

Exposure Assessment for Pesticide Intake from Multiple Food Products: A Bayesian Latent‐Variable Approach

Pesticide risk assessment for food products involves combining information from consumption and concentration data sets to estimate a distribution for the pesticide intake in a human population. Using this distribution one can obtain probabilities of individuals exceeding specified levels of pesticide intake. In this article, we present a probabilistic, Bayesian approach to modeling the daily consumptions of the pesticide Iprodione though multiple food products. Modeling data on food consumption and pesticide concentration poses a variety of problems, such as the large proportions of consumptions and concentrations that are recorded as zero, and correlation between the consumptions of different foods. We consider daily food consumption data from the Netherlands National Food Consumption Survey and concentration data collected by the Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture. We develop a multivariate latent‐Gaussian model for the consumption data that allows for correlated intakes between products. For the concentration data, we propose a univariate latent‐t model. We then combine predicted consumptions and concentrations from these models to obtain a distribution for individual daily Iprodione exposure. The latent‐variable models allow for both skewness and large numbers of zeros in the consumption and concentration data. The use of a probabilistic approach is intended to yield more robust estimates of high percentiles of the exposure distribution than an empirical approach. Bayesian inference is used to facilitate the treatment of data with a complex structure.