基于空间自回归模型的中国能源利用效率区域特征分析

一、引言目前,有关中国能源利用效率的研究取得了丰硕的成果,获得了一些非常有价值的结论。但是,大多数研究采用的是时间序列分析方法[1—4],较少进行截面的空间分析,涉及的主要是产业结构、技术创新等传统变量,较少涉及空间分布格局的描述或统计分析,而对区域经济增长和能源利用效率的空间相似性或差异的研究更少。中国幅员辽阔,地区间的空间差异非常明显,传统上利用全国能源利用效率时间序列数据进行分析,往往会掩盖这种十分显著的区域空间差异。因为存有空间差异,时间序列回归方法不再适合于解释能源利用效率与经济发展间的复杂关系,难以…     

基于ESDA的“新丝绸之路经济带”物流竞争力空间格局演化及溢出效应研究

运用熵权—TOPSIS法对2005—2015年"新丝绸之路经济带"省域物流竞争力进行动态分析与评价,在使用ESDA法分析物流竞争力空间格局演化和空间集聚的基础上,定量分析不同类型集聚区物流竞争力的空间溢出效应。结果表明:2005—2015年"新丝绸之路经济带"省域物流竞争力空间集聚在整体上有提高的趋势;不同类型集聚区的物流竞争力具有明显的空间溢出效应,高水平集聚区的空间溢出效应高于其他类型集聚区。基于以上研究,从构建西北综合交通运输大通道、大力培育物流产业增长极、发挥物流产业集聚效应与空间溢出效应等方面提出物流产业竞争力提升对策。     

消费结构对产业结构与经济增长的空间效应——基于空间面板模型的研究

基于1997-2012年中国省域面板数据,采用空间自相关方法和空间计量模型,探讨了城乡居民消费结构对中国产业结构以及经济增长的空间效应。结果显示:中国省域城乡居民消费结构、产业结构和人均GDP的空间分布具有显著的空间集聚特征。城乡居民消费结构优化对本地区产业结构升级和经济增长具有积极的推动作用,城镇居民消费结构的空间溢出效应为显著负效应,农村居民消费结构的空间溢出效应则不显著。最后,根据城乡居民消费结构显示的不同空间效应,提出政策建议。     

To move or not to move to find a new job: spatial duration time model with dynamic covariate effects

The aim of this paper is to show the flexibility and capacity of penalized spline smoothing as estimation routine for modelling duration time data. We analyse the unemployment behaviour in Germany between 2000 and 2004 using a massive database from the German Federal Employment Agency. To investigate dynamic covariate effects and differences between competing job markets depending on the distance between former and recent working place, a functional duration time model with competing risks is used. It is build upon a competing hazard function where some of the smooth covariate effects are allowed to vary with unemployment duration. The focus of our analysis is on contrasting the spatial, economic and individual covariate effects of the competing job markets and on analysing their general influence on the unemployed's re-employment probabilities. As a result of our analyses, we reveal differences concerning gender, age and education. We also discover an effect between the newly formed and the old West German states. Moreover, the spatial pattern between the considered job markets differs.     

城市化的经济发展效应——基于经济增长效应和空间溢出效应的分解分析视角

基于城市化经济运行理论,创新性地将城市化划分为"城"、"市"、"城市化"三个层次,并分别构建这三个层次的城市化的经济增长效应测度模型和空间溢出效应测度模型;借助于面板数据和空间面板数据的经济计量学分析方法,分别测度2001—2010年期间,中国35座副省级以上城市的城市化经济增长效应和空间溢出效应。结果表明:每个层次下各指标的这两种经济发展效应各不相同,城市化空间溢出效应多为"被动传导型",故应充分认识各城市化层次的经济增长效应和空间溢出效应的差异性,从中把握城市化经济发展效应的真实发挥状况,找到提升城市化效率的针对性途径,促进增长效应和空间溢出效应的发挥,带动城市协同发展。     

基于行政大数据的失业率估计:以某四百万人口城市为例

我国城镇登记失业率指标稳定在4%左右,难以较为准确反映就业动态;而劳动力调查样本量有限,城镇调查失业率对省以下各级行政区域代表性不足。本文将针对大数据的机器学习算法与针对传统统计数据的核算思想结合起来,基于某四百万人口城市2016—2018年的全样本行政大数据,利用机器学习算法,对每个城镇居民每个月的就业状态进行预测,再利用统计核算方法,估计出该城市的失业率。在个人层面,本文的模型在样本外测试集上的准确率达到96.7%。经过统计核算加总,本文估计的当地失业率在合理区间范围内,并表现出明显的周期性特征,对就业形势动态变化的刻画明显优于当地一年发布一次的登记失业率数据。本文基于个人层面的预测结果,进一步探讨了当地失业人口 的性别与文化程度特征,以及再就业的时间规律。本文针对如何使用行政大数据辅助经济决策提出了新的范式,对大数据时代如何理解经济与制定政策具有参考意义。     

中国省际经济差距来源分析

在利用索洛模型对中国省区1985—2009年经济增长进行分解的基础上,结合空间标准差指标并采用基于VAR模型的脉冲响应函数分析了中国省际经济差距状况及来源。研究发现:总的来看,中国省区劳均产出与要素投入均呈现空间σ趋异倾向,而全要素生产率则在呈现空间σ收敛后趋于稳定。进一步利用VAR模型及脉冲响应函数分析发现,在较长时期内,要素投入总体上扩大了中国省际经济差距,而全要素生产率则有助于缩小省际经济差距,这主要是由要素投入的经济拉动滞后效应和技术的扩散效应所致。     

劳动力流动对中国地区经济差距影响的空间计量经济模型分析

学术界对劳动力流动对地区经济发展产生的影响有两种不同观点：一种观点认为劳动力流动能够缩小地区差距;另一种观点则认为劳动力流动会扩大地区发展差距。考虑各地区经济发展的空间依赖性,通过构建空间计量经济模型,并利用中国各省区经济的面板数据进行研究与实证分析。结果表明：劳动力流动对中国不同地区经济发展的作用方向和强度表现不同,对地区差距的影响是劳动力流入与劳动力流出综合作用产生的结果。     

Monte Carlo integration: An application to labour market states and transitions

This paper is concerned with the application of simulation estimation methods to micro-econometric labour market models. Based on a multi-period probit model for direct job changes and unemployment, estimators for the likelihood of individual employment histories are obtained by Monte Carlo integration and employed in a standard ML-procedure. The results for West German panel data suggest that dynamic effects are largely prevalent on labour markets and that in particular, past unemployment has drastic negative effects on future employment chances. Further, there are no indications that foreigners have a different labour market performance, nor that they are crowding natives out into unemployment.     

Adapting the optimal job search model for active labour market policy

Summary.  The structural theoretical framework for the analysis of duration of unemployment has been the optimal job search model. Recent advances in computational techniques in Bayesian inference now facilitate the analysis of incomplete data sets and the recovery of structural model parameters. The paper uses these methods on a UK data set of the long-term unemployed to illustrate how the optimal job search model can be adapted to model the effects of an active labour market policy. Without such an adaptation our conclusion is that the simple optimal job search model may not fit empirical unemployment data and could thus lead to a misspecified econometric model and incorrect parameter estimates.     

THE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE WHEN THE LABOUR MARKET IS MODELLED BY A MARKOV CHAIN

Assuming a Markov chain model for the labour market flow, we study it in its equilibrium state, We compare the observed and the theoretical unemployment rates. It is found that the observed unemployment rate approximates very closely the theoretical one. The mean and variance of the observed unemployment rate are computed. It is shown that its asymptotic distribution is normal.     

各省区季度GDP数据质量评估

  国内外学者对我国GDP数据质量的质疑重点已从年度数据转到季度数据,从全国数据转向地方数据。本文通过设计一套较为系统且可操作性强的季度GDP评估指标体系,运用空间面板数据模型对各省区的季度GDP数据质量进行了实证检验。结果表明,整体来看,中国各省区季度GDP同各经济指标的匹配性较好,数据质量较高,并不存在明显的失真现象;从时间上来看,每年一、二季度的GDP存在一定程度的高估,而每年三、四季度的GDP则存在一定程度的低估,但是这种偏差在统计上不显著;分地区来看,尽管一半省区的季度GDP存在一定程度的高估,另一半省区存在一定程度的低估,但大部分省区高估或低估的程度在统计上不显著。文章进一步分析了其中的原因。     

The effects of vocational training programmes on the duration of unemployment in Eastern Germany

Summary Vocational training programmes have been the most important active labour market policy instrument in Germany in the last years. However, the still unsatisfying situation of the labour market has raised doubt on the efficiency of these programmes. In this paper, we analyse the effects of the participation in vocational training programmes on the duration of unemployment in Eastern Germany. Based on administrative data for the time between the October 1999 and December 2002 of the Federal Employment Administration¹, we apply a bivariate mixed proportional hazards model. By doing so, we are able to use the information of the timing of treatment as well as observable and unobservable influences to identify the treatment effects. The results show that a participation in vocational training prolongates the unemployment duration in Eastern Germany. Furthermore, the results suggest that locking-in effects are a serious problem of vocational training programmes. The authors thank Heinz Galler and an anonymous referee for valuable comments. The paper has also benefited from fruitful discussion at the annual meeting of the German Statistical Society in 2004, Frankfurt, and in IZA seminar, Bonn. All remaining errors are on our own. Financial support of the IAB, Nuremberg, is gratefully acknowledged.     

Dynamic Asymmetries in U.S. Unemployment

We examine dynamic asymmetries in U.S. unemployment using nonlinear time series models and Bayesian methods. We find strong statistical evidence in favor of a two-regime threshold auto-regressive model. Empirical results indicate that, once we take into account both parameter and model uncertainty, there are economically interesting asymmetries in the unemployment rate. One finding of particular interest is that shocks that lower the unemployment rate tend to have a smaller effect than shocks that raise the unemployment rate. This finding is consistent with unemployment rises being sudden and falls gradual.     

内生初始假定下动态空间固定效应模型的拟极大似然估计

 本文提出了基于初始值为内生确定下的动态空间固定效应模型,综合考虑了可直接观测和不可直接观测或无法观测的空间效应;推导了模型参数拟极大似然估计量具有的渐近性质及其渐近分布。对参数估计量性质的模拟检验结果表明,似然估计量的渐近性质随着样本容量的增加而改善,且其改善程度对时间维度变化较对空间维度变化更为敏感,在空间单元限定情形下有效增加时间维度可以显著改善估计量性质。中国省域经济收敛性的实证案例分析结果显示,本文构建的综合考虑双重空间结构的空间计量模型具有适用性和合理性。     

中国省域保险业发展影响因素的空间计量分析

运用空间常系数空间滞后模型、空间误差模型和空间变系数的地理加权回归模型,对中国省域的保险业发展进行空间计量分析。研究结果表明：中国31个省域的保险业发展在空间分布上具有明显的空间正自相关关系,各省域保险业的发展主要受到地区经济发展水平、产业结构、人口抚养状况、教育水平和社会保障水平的影响,并且这些因素对保险业的发展都有着显著的正向作用。     

基于绿色增长核算方法的中国省际经济差距来源分析

通过构建绿色经济增长核算模型,测算中国省区经济增长的源泉,并利用虚拟增长分布法和状态空间模型分析要素投入和绿色全要素生产率及构成对中国省际经济差距的影响。研究认为:绿色技术效率对中国省际经济差距影响最大,其次为资本深化和绿色技术进步的作用,而人力资本对中国省际经济差距的影响最小;围绕加快绿色技术进步和提升绿色技术效率,提出改善绿色全要素生产率以缩小中国省际经济差距的对策建议。     

区域差异导致经济块状发展的空间机理研究

 本文运用空间计量经济学模型以及修正绝对β收敛回归模型,对中国2003—2007年省域经济发展的集聚性与差异性进行研究发现：中国31个省域之间存在着较强的空间集聚和空间依赖性,虽受到地域限制,但集聚辐射区域有逐步扩大的趋势;固定资产投入、人均实际工资以及城镇化率对于区域经济集聚的发展起到稳健的推动作用,FDI对集聚区域发展的促进作用也越加显著,但是财政投入却在一定层度上遏制了块状经济的发展。另外,修正和传统收敛模型均显示,2003-2007年我国经济整体发展呈现明显的不收敛特性。     

中国城市入境旅游的经济增长效应及空间溢出性

基于2004—2013年中国285个城市面板数据,运用空间杜宾模型和地理加权回归模型,以金融危机发生时间为断点,对比分析金融危机发生前后入境旅游的经济增长效应和空间溢出效应,探究入境旅游经济增长效应的时空演变趋势。研究发现:入境旅游存在空间交互作用,表现为正向交互性,城市经济增长的空间集聚过程并不是孤立的系统;金融危机发生后,入境旅游对经济增长的促进作用强度及空间溢出效应不仅没有下降,反而有所增加。空间局部分析还发现,从整体上看,城市入境旅游对经济增长的促进作用有所提高;空间分布上,城市入境旅游对经济增长产生抑制作用和无显著作用的地区在空间上不断缩小,而产生促进作用的地区呈现集聚发展,并不断向邻近地区扩散。     

Statistical inference and visualization in scale-space for spatially dependent images

SiZer (SIgnificant ZERo crossing of the derivatives) is a graphical scale-space visualization tool that allows for statistical inferences. In this paper we develop a spatial SiZer for finding significant features and conducting goodness-of-fit tests for spatially dependent images. The spatial SiZer utilizes a family of kernel estimates of the image and provides not only exploratory data analysis but also statistical inference with spatial correlation taken into account. It is also capable of comparing the observed image with a specific null model being tested by adjusting the statistical inference using an assumed covariance structure. Pixel locations having statistically significant differences between the image and a given null model are highlighted by arrows. The spatial SiZer is compared with the existing independent SiZer via the analysis of simulated data with and without signal on both planar and spherical domains. We apply the spatial SiZer method to the decadal temperature change over some regions of the Earth.