Importing Trachoma: The Introduction into Britain of American Ideas of an ‘Immigrant Disease’, 1892–1906

This article examines how the American perception of trachoma as a disease prevalent among East European Jewish migrants was adopted in Britain in the years immediately preceding the passing of the 1905 Aliens Act. Increasingly rigorous immigration law in the United States meant that a proportion of migrants who arrived were refused entry and were subsequently forced to return to Europe. Steamship companies' interests, however, meant that a number of those migrants debarred from America were returned not to European frontiers but to the United Kingdom. One of the most potent ramifications of this was that trachoma, the reason why 87 per cent of migrants were rejected from America on health grounds, was considered in Britain to embody Britain's role as the destination for those migrants not fit for settlement in America. The disease was picked up by the growing anti-immigration lobby, who used it as symbol of the ‘undesirability’ of the immigrant in Britain.     

Sociology in the women’s annex: Inequality and integration at Harvard and Radcliffe, 1879–1947

This article examines gender stratification in sociology by analyzing how the subject was presented to undergraduates at Harvard and Radcliffe from the late nineteenth century to the mid-1940s. Data for relevant courses in economics and social ethics, as well as sociology, demonstrate that women were disadvantaged throughout the period. The analysis also shows, however, that women gradually attained relative equality, and argues that gender integration was always a covert goal of Harvard's policy of "coordinate education." The article explains the process of equalization in terms of cooperative relationships in informal work groups. Ironically, however, integration disempowered Harvard faculty and Radcliffe administrators while augmenting the power of Harvard's centralizing administration. Lawrence T. Nichols has published in the areas of criminology and deviance, social problems, sociological theory, business ethics, and the historical sociology of social science.     

1906年,慈禧垂帘时代的宪政萌芽

100年前,清王朝风雨飘摇,为了挽救其颓败的命运,慈禧下决心改革政治。五大臣被派遣悄悄出国,重点考察君主立宪制成功的英、德、日等国。1906年9月1日,清廷正式发表“仿行宪政”上谕。这道破天荒的宪政上谕,让朝野上下一派欢欣鼓舞,民间立宪团体也风起云涌。时代风气在悄悄转换,中国开始从古代向近代悄悄转型。     

Days in Pursuit of Glory

IN pursuit of he strength of itswhole nation.China nas called fortalent since the founding of NewChina in 1949.During he GenevaConference in 1954,Chinese PremierZhon Enlai signed an agreement onbehalf of China with the United Stateswhich allowed Chinese scientists livingin the United States to return to China.Like a magnetic stone,the agreementattracted countless patriotic Chinesescientists to return to their homeland.By the end of 1956,this group hadgrown to more than 1,800,many of     

1906年,慈禧垂帘时代的宪政萌芽

1898年秋天,慈禧太后的屠刀在北京菜市口齐刷刷地砍下了谭嗣同等"戊戌六君子"的头颅,血花四溅,老迈帝国在一片肃杀之气中,徐徐落下了19世纪阴沉的帷幕.     

International Gathering of Artisans in Beijing

攀磷笋South Afrlean wire一细isting alsoProved to be a erowd一PleaserForeign guests visiting Wu Peirong’s(Rfront)home admired her collection ot Fllane—knitted figurinesMaking Jiaoai,a delicious Chinese staple,is also a kind of handicraft Foreign arti-sans had the chance to try their hand atcrafting the dumplings It was chillv outside the China Central TelevisionStation but inside the hall of the TransmissionTower.the scene was warm with bustle andexcitement Craftsmen from across the gl…     

The Sound of Music in China

FOR several years, Cheng Fangyuan has harbored a plan for introducing American musicals to the Chinese stage. In 1995, she went to the United States to study the art form; every day for half a year, she got her artistic "nourishment" from attending shows which were playing on and off-Broadway. In the end, she     

Paragons of Education in Ancient Times

MOTHERS contributed greatly to children's education in ancient China long before schools took shape. Behind many prominent figures lay greatmothers whose personal example and verbal instruction benefited their children throughout life. There is an old sayingabout the "stern father and compassionate mother."However, you will always     

A Ballade in Praise of Peace

SINGING the praise of peace and fighting against wars of aggression is the common desire of mankind. It is also part of the theme of the UN Fourth World Conference on Women, which is "equality, development and     

Rudiments of Sexual Equality in China

CHINESE people's earliest awakening to sexual equality occurred in the middle- and latestages of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Although still a feudal society, China had seen the relation of production with capitalist economic systems at that time. Capitalist ideology also found a space in some people's thinking. Feudal ideology, especially ethical codes discriminating against women, were being attacked then. One outstanding figure who attacked the     

Feelings of Love in Mountainous Villages

When March comes with its spring breezes, it is the time for many minority nationalities that inhabit southwestern China to hold their traditional festivities. There are two aims for these activities: to pray for a good harvest, to increase vigor fot production before the spring sowing and to develop commercial trade to improve life. These activities are usually occassions for young people to date and enjoy themselves.     

Successful Performance of Turandot in China

THH performance of the Chinese version of the Italian opera Turandotbefore the imperial Ancestral Temple in the Palace of the WorkingPeople in the capital of China, Beijing, caused a great sensation. Alarge number of opera lovers came from all over the world to see thisopera, which is based on a story supposed to have taken place in China.     

The Pleasures of Travelling in Retirement

ONE of the most outstanding membersof the first women's team to navigatethe Changjiang River from its glacialsource was known affectionately as "Granny" byher teammates. A septuagenarian retired doctor,and ardent adventure-seeker, Liu Sha has criss-crossed the country by foot, bike and now boatsince her retirement from Sichuan's MianyangCenter Hospital in 1986.     

Changes in health-related quality of life in elderly men after 12 weeks of strength training

Background

Muscular strength is associated with functional ability in elderly, and older adults are recommended to perform muscle-strengthening exercise. Understanding how improved muscle strength and -mass influence general and specific domains of quality of life is important when planning health promotion efforts targeting older adults. The aims of the present study were to describe changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in older men participating in 12 weeks of systematic strength training, and to investigate whether improvements in muscle strength and muscle mass are associated with enhancements in HRQOL.

Methods

We recruited 49 men aged 60–81 years to participate in an intervention study with pre-post assessment. The participants completed a 12-week strength training program consisting of three sessions per week. Tests and measurements aimed at assessing change in HRQOL, and changes in physical performance (maximal strength) and physiological characteristics. HRQOL was measured using the 12-item short-form survey (SF-12). Muscle mass was assessed based on changes in lean mass (leg, trunk, arm, and total), and strength was measured as one-repetition maximum in leg extension, leg press, and biceps curl.

Results

Two of the eight HRQOL SF-12 scores, role physical and general health, and the physical component summary scores, increased significantly during the intervention period. Small significant positive correlations were identified between improvements in muscle strength, and better physical and social function. Moreover, a significant increase in total muscle mass was seen during the intervention period.

Conclusions

The positive, findings from this study would suggest that systematic strength training seems to be a beneficial intervention to improve HRQOL, muscle strength and muscle mass in older men.

     

The Role of Women in Social Development

WOMEN, a powerful force accounting for some 50 percent of world's total population, are deeply involved in social development and are actively joining their male counterparts in promoting the progress of mankind. Nonetheless, people seem to be paying increasingly less attention to the aforementioned facts. Therefore, the following question is meant to call people's attention to the matter. What would happen if women withdraw from economic, political, cultural and family activities? In terms of the economy, it would mean that about one billion people would go on strike due to the fact that some 897 million women across the world are engaged in paid economic activities. The worldwide grain output     

The Influence of Living in Two Places on Conjugal Relations: “Instrumental” Characteristic of Norm of Love in China

This research focuses on dual residences (living in two places) on Chinese married couples, a phenomenon with a unique Chinese social background, based on the analysis of 15 cases sampled in the form of interviews, exploring the influence of having dual residences on husband-wife relations and then further exploring its influence of the norm of love and how it works in China. There are three main conclusions. First, compulsory dual residence is closely connected to the rigorous systems of household registration and job allocation during the planned economy period. Voluntary dual residence is related to utilitarian values, including the pursuit of social status and income, against the background of the market economy. Second, at a time when to be working was the first and foremost goal for both men and women, compulsory dual residence was influenced by mainstream social norms that gave priority to work over relationships. Such recognition weakens the influence of dual residences on husband-wife relations. The influence of voluntarily having dual residences on husband-wife relations is mainly connected with how this situation comes to an end. Third, in China, the norm of love in coexistence with multiple values has not been shown to have a decisive influence no matter how the spouses were selected selection or how husband-wife relations are maintained.     

The Development of Women's Education in China

Ⅰ THE long-standing Chinese traditionalculture embodies numerous excellencieswhich have survived the test of time andbeen carried on generation by generation.However, there is no need for reticence inobserving that some obsolete elements have alsosurvived which fetter people's mind and hindersocial progress. For a long time, distorted gendervalues such as "Man is superior to woman","Three-obedience and four virtues" and"Husband sets the guide for wife", hadcontributed to the weakness and inferioritycomplex in local women's mentality. Not untilthe democratic movement of contemporaryChina was the progress of women's liberationwitnessed. The values fettering women's mindswere shaken and the spiritual shackles shattered.Women's roles in China's social developmenthave become prominent.     

Bonnie Seyfer in the Hutongs of Beijing

哭翔g孟‘乍召湖奋月翩百等刃翻召瑙种象泳挤纂题鳞深甲掌润登拮恙并r朴淤者沙黔努侧听嗯彝盈衬件范奄巍)洛鹜藻蒙蒸纂蕉肇节救擎象嘴绘季耸菜轰留衬灌慈芬之敏轰珊珍黔畏了J七脸蹿an唧djellfingied粥删caIc幸s b砷n{tJ呻s~acics:sugary deep-fried ● , 踟ma删rke讪t.柏uen‘脚州lflebf耐 lShoppingforfolk crafts in the old lanesBonnie Seyfer in the Hutongs of Beijing     

Dulong Women in the Embrace of Nature

The Dulong people, with a population of 5,816, live along the Dulong River in Gongshan Dulong Nationality Autonomous County of northwest Yunnan Province. The Dulong nationality has its own unwritten language. Since ancient times. the ancestors of the Dulong nationality have settled in the "mysterious valley" by the Dulong River. The Dulong nationality is called "Qiu People" in history books published in the Han language. After the founding of New China in 1949, it formally received its present name based on what they had called themselves. Believing that every creature has a soul, the Dulong people worship natural objects. The Dulong nationality still maintains the old social tradition "not to pick up things on the road and to close the door at night", When they go on a long journey. they hang their necessities in trees along the way until they return. No one takes the things away. During the day, even when the entire family goes out, their doors are kept unlocked. The Dulong people are good at weaving. The