种族主义与暴力恐怖活动

本文从生物学有关人类种族的研究入手 ,对种族主义的起源、发展及危害进行了分析 ,重点论列了以种族主义为背景的暴力恐怖活动。文章认为 ,西方列强在全球殖民主义扩张进程中对所谓“新大陆”进行残暴征服的实践 ,是当代恐怖主义的原型 ,甚至现代细菌战这样的恐怖主义武器也可以从殖民主义时期的生态扩张中找到其来源 ,而以希特勒掌控下的第三帝国为代表的法西斯主义政权则是国家恐怖主义的典型。同时 ,文章认为 ,种族主义既是分裂人类统一性的罪恶之源 ,也是造成种族冲突及暴力恐怖活动的根源 ,而且种族主义的历史遗产在全球化时代仍旧污染着人类社会 ,并借助现代科学技术的进步不断以新的方式表现出来 ,人类社会消除种族主义的斗争依然任重道远     

论阿玛蒂亚·森关于单一身份与暴力的思想及其意义

阿玛蒂亚·森关于单一身份与暴力的思想认为,民族、宗教冲突与将人们身份单一化密切相关,单一身份孕育着冲突和暴力。社群主义、文明冲突论、亚洲价值观和多元文化主义都存在将人们身份单一化的问题。要解决因单一身份带来的冲突,需要从破解单一身份本身做起,基于自由和理性的原则建构人们的多元身份归属。阿玛蒂亚·森关于单一身份与暴力的思想对于理解和分析中国民族问题有重要的启发意义。     

Beyond Residential Segregation: Mobility-Based Connectedness and Rates of Violence in Large Cities

A longstanding finding is that neighborhood racial segregation is linked to violence. In this paper, we look beyond neighborhoods of residence to consider the everyday mobility of urbanites in their daily rounds. Analyzing estimates of neighborhood mobility from largescale social media data in the 50 largest American cities, we find that residential segregation by race is not only associated with higher violence but also lower equitability of travel across neighborhoods and a lower concentration of visits to common hubs. Further, the interaction of equitable and concentrated mobility is significantly associated with rates of violence, controlling for both racial and income segregation, education, city size, and density. There is little evidence, however, that patterns of everyday mobility mediate the influence of residential racial segregation. Both dimensions of the structural connectedness of cities—one rooted in place of residence, and the other encompassing interneighborhood exposure based on travel throughout the metropolis—are implicated in violence.     

Exposure to Violence and Achievement Motivation Beliefs: Moderating Roles of Cultural-Ecological Factors

This study conceptualized individual-level cultural-ecological factors (racial identity and religious coping) as adolescent assets that would promote achievement motivation and reduce negative associations between community violence exposure and motivation. Our examination of African American adolescents (N = 380) from urban contexts indicated a negative association between community violence exposure and motivation beliefs (academic self-efficacy and academic importance). Accounting for socioeconomic factors and parental support, higher racial pride (private regard), and higher use of religion to cope with difficult times predicted higher motivation beliefs. Religious coping reduced the negative association of violence exposure with motivation beliefs. Among boys, however, there was a stronger, negative relationship between community violence and academic self-efficacy for those higher in private regard. Boys reporting higher private regard had more positive motivation beliefs when experiencing lower community violence. Results suggest cultural-ecological factors can support academic motivation but also may not fully protect youth exposed to high ecological risk.     

Writing After the Genocide: Lessons from Srebrenica and the Meaning of Community After Violence

Abstract

This essay explores four themes that run as a thread through recent writings about the genocide in Srebrenica and its aftermath: systemic and premeditated character of violence used by the Bosnian Serb forces during the war, which still echoes in politics of Republic Srpska; delicate politics of witnessing and identification which draws Srebrenica's survivors into the courts but also into the past; layered yet often self-serving interests circling around Srebrenica and annual commemorations in Poto?ari; and changing, multiple and, at times, conflicting understandings of “community” since the war. The essay draws on four books—Sarah Wagner's To Know Where He Lies, Hariz Halilovich's Places of Pain, Robert Donia's Radovan Karad?i?: Architect of the Bosnian Genocide, and Lara Nettelfield and Sarah Wagner's Srebrenica in the Aftermath of Genocide.     

Phenotypic Variations in Violence Involvement: Results from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health

Numerous studies suggest that our society is stratified not only by race and class, but also by phenotypic characteristics. The main objective of the present investigation was, using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, to elucidate the link between phenotype and violence involvement. Two outcomes were examined: being a perpetrator of violence and criminal justice system contact. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted on Asian, black and Hispanic respondents and as well as on the subsample of siblings. Independent variables included phenotype, socioeconomic status, other family, peer and neighborhood effects. Notwithstanding a certain degree of heterogeneity of outcomes across race–ethnicity, the results indicate a negative relationship between proximity to the European phenotype and the likelihood of violence involvement. In other words, the darker one’s complexion, eye and hair color, the higher the likelihood of violence involvement.     

The Repetition of Violence: Dialogue,the Exchange of Memory,and the Question of Convivial Socialities

This paper addresses the theoretical issues underlying the repetition of violence in situations where antagonisms between communities have become endemic. It examines the extent to which concepts of narrative identity, translation and the exchange of memories provide analysis with a language for understanding the obstacles to dialogue in these situations. It seeks to establish some of the linkages connecting the mechanisms of formation of identity and subjectivity and the effectivity of history in this process in the form of memories of belonging and community, and of trauma; it highlights the philosophical issues that arise when one considers the ontological and ethical grounds for dialogical exchange and a politics that imagines alternative forms of sociality.     

State Power,Violence, Crime and Everyday Life: A Case Study of Soweto in Post-Apartheid South Africa

This article was subsequently retracted from publication for the reasons outlined in Social Identities 10.1: Retraction     

The Everyday Struggle: Social Capital, Youth Violence and Parenting Strategies for Urban, Low-Income Black Male Youth

Drawing on 3 years of longitudinal ethnographic participant observations and interviews with parents of early adolescent black males (ages 12–15) living in a high-risk inner-city neighborhood, this paper examines the practices and implications of black parenting strategies on the social and health outcomes of black male youth. Little is known about the relationship between social capital, parenting strategies, adolescent development and violence among urban, low-income black male youth. This paper addresses the following questions: (1) in what ways do low-income black parents mobilize, deploy and manage social capital to reduce adolescent risk behaviors associated with violence among black male youth living in high-risk neighborhoods? (2) Does the ability to generate social capital and interpersonal trust within and outside the family shape parenting strategies for black male youth? (3) What are the unique challenges parents encounter as they raise black male youth in distressed neighborhoods? I found that parents’ ability to generate and manage social capital, particularly within kinship and local community networks, significantly influences whether black youth male resist, desist or persist in engaging in adolescent risk behaviors associated with youth violence over the adolescent life course.     

逃离性暴力:一个变迁中的难民体制的"创伤政治"--荷兰庇护程序对强暴幸存者的医疗处理

那些在最近的武装冲突中经历过并逃离有系统的强暴(及其他形式的性暴力)并向荷兰政府申请庇护的妇女与女孩在提出其庇护请求后并没有获得任何必要的医疗与心理救助.一般而言,难民们并没有被充分地告知庇护程序的内容.裁定难民身份的面谈("详尽倾听",Further hearings)的重要性尤其没有被明确告知.很少有难民知道这一面谈是他们能够解释其逃离理由的唯一时间和地点.此外,那些执行"详尽倾听"的移民与归化署的面试官往往是如此的执著于辨别"伪"难民以至于他们将妇女们的悲痛视为怀疑其可信性的良好理由.因此,在涉及强暴的难民身份面谈中,女性难民常常受到苛刻的对待.那些严重人权侵害的幸存者们在求助于荷兰的"创伤政策"时则遇到了更大的困难.这一法律工具所用的创伤概念使得它不足以对政治暴力幸存者提供保护.     

Multilevel Risk and Protective Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Among African,Asian, and Latina Immigrant and Refugee Women: Perceptions of Effective Safety Planning Interventions

Immigrant and refugee women are at high risk for intimate partner violence (IPV) and intimate partner homicide (IPH). Given the growing number of immigrants and refugees in the US and the concerns about IPV and IPH among immigrant and refugee groups, this paper aims to identify survivors and practitioners’ perceptions of (a) common and culturally specific risk and protective factors for IPV and IPH for immigrant and refugee women and (b) areas of safety planning interventions for survivors who are at risk for severe or lethal violence by an intimate partner. Qualitative data for this multi-site study were collected from women and practitioners residing in seven geographically diverse US locations. Eighty-three in-depth interviews were conducted with adult immigrant and refugee survivors of IPV, who identified as Asian (n?=?30), Latina (n?=?30), and African (n?=?23). Additionally, nine focus groups and five key informant interviews were conducted with practitioners (n?=?62) who serve immigrant and refugee survivors of IPV. Results revealed multilevel risk and protective factors for IPV/IPH found at the societal level (e.g., patriarchal cultural norms), relationship level (e.g., partner abusive behaviors), and individual level (e.g., acculturation in the US). These findings can inform the development of culturally responsive risk assessment and safety planning interventions across legal, social service, and healthcare settings.