民国时期基督教在甘肃藏区的传播及其文化教育活动述评

一、基督教来华、入甘的历史概况 基督教起源于公元1世纪的巴勒斯坦，创始人为耶稣（耶和华），并以耶稣为“基督”（救世主），故通称为基督教或耶稣教。公元4世纪传至欧洲，并定为罗马帝国的国教。11世纪，随着罗马帝国的分裂，基督教分裂为东、西两部，东部教会以罗马帝国新都君士坦丁堡的宗主教为中心，自认为是基督教的“正统”，     

省农科院与麻阳县政府正式启动院县科技合作工程

近日，省农科院与麻阳苗族自治县人民政府在省农科院正式签订了《科技合作协议》，标志着省农科院与麻阳院县科技合作工程正式启动。按协议规定，未来5年内，双方将本着“优势互补、注重实效、实现双赢、共同发展”的原则，紧紧围绕麻阳的主导产业和优势产品，以保护生态环境、发展现代农业为重点，以培育和壮大农业农头企业为依托，以优化产业布局和推进农业技术攻关为突破口，为将麻阳建成省农科院新品种、新技术、新成果和集实验、示范与推广为一体的农业科技成果转化示范基地而进行广泛科技合作。     

甘南旅游文化述论

高原观光旅游 甘南藏族自治州地处祖国的腹地，青藏高原的东部边缘，甘肃省的西南面，其地势地貌属青藏高原与黄土高原的接壤地带，特殊的地理位置造就了多姿秀美的山河。境内纵横交错的阿尼玛卿山、西倾山、岷山，均属昆仑山脉的余脉，其主峰高度为3500——4500米之间，最高峰为岷山山脉的迭山主峰措美，为4920米，永久积雪覆盖，     

落实“三个坚持”做好民族工作

对于民族工作部门来说，深入开展党的群众路线教育实践活动，就是要坚持以群众期盼为目标、以群众意见为镜子、以群众评价为标尺，做到一切为了各族群众、一切依靠各族群众，扎扎实实做好新形势下的民族工作。     

夏特古道中国最美的古道

到新疆旅游，不去看昭苏大草原是一大遗憾，而不去游览夏特古道更是最大缺憾。到了昭苏，的确有许多值得游览的地方，峻山名河，雪映碧天，原始森林，奇花异草，鬼斧洞天，瀑布冰川，天池温泉，不胜枚举。就在今年10月，国家林业部门正式发布为夏特古道是中国最美的古道。说古道堪称世界级景观，是集冰川、森林、草原、湖泊、河流、温泉等为一体的唯一古道，也是探险、考古、疗养、休闲、观光等为一体的世界上少有的综合旅游圣地，更是中外摄影家们和诸多影视导演竟相瞩目的一块“塞外宝地”。     

中央民族大学图书馆业务志

中央民族大学图书馆成立于1951年，是一所以民族学科为特色兼有外语、艺术、理科等学科的综合性高等院校图书馆，经过50年的积累，现有藏书111万册。该馆成立50年来，为解放少数民族地区、解决我国的边界冲突、勘定国界，为识别我国少数民族、制定民族政策、发展边疆和少数民族地区经济提供了大量资料，为国家的统一和民族团结进步发展事业做出过巨大贡献。因此，介绍该馆业务工作的历史，有利于互通信息、提高馆藏图书的利用率和图书馆的知明度，达到资源共享的目的。     

《中国民族史概要》评介

中国民族史一直是史学界和民族学界长期为之奋斗不息的重要课题。2004年5月此领域的一部新成果：《中国民族史概要》，（以下简称《概要》）由山西教育出版社出版发行了。该书由王钟翰主编，汇集了刘小萌、达力扎布、萧之兴、陈楠、胡绍华、胡起望等多位知名专家教授为撰稿人。全书以马列主义、毛泽东思想及邓小平理论为指导，立论高远，史料丰富，线索清晰，言简意赅。纵观全书，具有如下特色。     

浅谈“花儿”中的回族民俗

一、“花儿”发展的渊源 《诗经》之后，历朝历代多有搜民风之尚，一为反映底层民生、疾苦，二为通主事者视路，察情知变，三为养士子悯民之情、壮报国之志，意义深远，不言而喻。早在明代诗人高洪④就有“轻鞭一挥芳径去，漫闻花儿断续长”之旬。在清朝时临洮诗人吴镇在他的组诗《我忆临洮好》中有“花儿饶比兴，番女亦风流”之句，番女，即今日藏族女子。可见花儿当时在民问族际、区域范围已广为流传，古之文人骚客亦知其声动人，但终因其词句太过生活化、方言化、登不得殿堂，专为此著书立说者，至今未见。目前流传下来的花儿早期段子，多为长者口述言传。     

民族地区小康建设的机制与途径

所谓资源转换，就是以市场为导向，以效益为中心，以国家发展重点向农业、能源、原材料等产业倾斜以及经济结构战略调整为契机，充分利用区域生产要素比较优势和后发优势，大力培植和强化优势资源产业，高起点利用新技术，提高加工附加值，促进产品更新和换代，形成优势产业和优势产品，从而使资源优势变成经济优势。民族地区产业发展的重点是；     

莫言 高密“东北乡”蕴育出来的诺贝尔文学奖得主

随着我国改革开放和现代化建设的迅猛发展，中国文学进发出巨大的创造活力，广大中国作家植根于人民生活和民族传统的深厚土壤，创作出一大批具有中国特色、中国风格、中国气派的优秀作品。莫言就是其中的杰出代表。莫言获得诺贝尔文学奖，既是中国文学繁荣进步的体现，也是我国综合国力和国际影响力不断提升的体现。希望广大作家坚持以人民为中心的创作导向，贴近实际、贴近生活、贴近群众，创作出更多无愧于历史、无愧于时代、无愧于人民的优秀作品，为中华文化繁荣发展，为人类文明进步作出新的更大贡献。     

百越民族的水稻、浮稻与“鸟田”传说新解

《越绝书》、《吴越春秋》等古籍中记载的“鸟田” ,有的学者诠释为“以鸟助耕” ,这纯属误解。本文通过对百越民族谷物起源神话的分析 ,得出”鸟田”、“雒田”研究的新结论 :它们来源于古代百越民族的鸟、狗取稻种神话 ,原意是指水稻、浮稻和水田。     

稻作文化与梯田景观生态探析——以广西龙脊梯田为例

稻作文化塑造了独特的梯田景观,本文以龙脊梯田为例,从生态的视角探析稻作文化与梯田景观之间的内在关联。一方面,稻作活动在遵循生态规律的基础上,再造了真善美相统一的梯田人文自然景观,形成具有高度鉴赏价值的景观生态艺术;稻作文化衍生出与梯田生态环境相契合的人文景观,主要表现为别具一格的干栏建筑以及民俗节庆活动。另一方面,传统稻作文化的式微和梯田景观的观光产业化,引发梯田生态承载力的压力以及生态异变,由此埋下的生态隐忧值得关注。     

从汉文文献看历史上百夷的经济生活

百夷是元、明时期汉文文献对今日之傣族的称谓,主要分布在云南的西南部,在西南民族发展史上具有相当重要的位置。地理与气候决定了稻作农业生产是百夷最主要的生产活动,也是其最基本的生活资料———稻米获得的主要途径。作为农耕经济的重要补充,畜牧业和家庭副业生产在百夷的经济生活中也起着重要的作用。本文将从百夷的生产方式、生产技术以及经济交往等三个方面对其经济生活进行论述。     

哲里木盟4种主要农作物气候生产潜力变化及对比分析

分析了哲里木盟玉米、水稻、高梁、大豆４ 种主要作物近４５ 年光能、光温、气候生产潜力的变化,结果表明：生长季内（５ ～９ 月） 光能生产潜力在波动中有减小的趋势;温度升高,对４ 种作物光温生产潜力有不同程度的提高,其中对玉米、水稻、高粱的影响明显大于对大豆的影响;降水变化对生产潜力的影响远大于温度变化的影响,其中降水对玉米气候生产潜力的影响高于对高粱、大豆的影响。从生产潜力的大小及其变化来看,玉米和水稻是适应当地气候变化的优势作物,降水量不足是影响生产潜力发挥的主要限制因子     

不同水稻品种过氧化物酶同工酶分析

利用聚丙烯酰胺垂直平板凝胶电泳法 ,对 4个不同品种的水稻根、叶的过氧化物酶同工酶进行了系统研究 ,并且采用排序分析法 ,对其亲缘关系进行了比较分析。结果表明 ,不同品种的水稻根、叶具有不同的酶谱 ,从酶谱分析中看出通 35与农大 7号、农大 3号亲缘关系较近而与8811的亲缘关系比较远 ,进而从酶带数量及酶活性的变化及亲缘关系的远近可发现各品种在抗性、适应性方面有较明显的差异。认为农大 3号、农大 7号品种在很大程度上优于 8811及通 35,且此结果与苗期观察记录的结果相一致。     

12个国外水稻品种引种试验Ⅰ生育期、农艺性状及产量表现观测

对12个国外水稻品种的生育期、部分农艺性状和产量进行了观测，结果表明：12个国外稻种基本适应哲里木盟地区的自然条件，其中73377、64364、64721三个品种表现出较好的农艺性状，其产量分别为853.8kg／666.7_2，1200．6kg／666．7米2和1147．2kg／666．7米2，明显高于对照，可望成为哲里木盟地区优良种质资源。     

韩国全罗南道岁时风俗研究

Seasonal customs, also called“performances that take place within a one year cycle”, refer to a series of customs, patterns or norms practiced periodically and habitually on spe-cific days within the regular cycle of the four sea-sons. Seasonal customs are found in every month, such as the Spring Festival in the first month, Laborers’ Day in the second month, The 3rd day in the third month, the birthday of Sakyamuni in the fourth month, the Dano Festival in the fifth month, etc. ( all dates mentioned in this paper are in the lunar calendar) . As the years go by, the seasonal customs change constantly. Many of them have been faded as society has changed, and they have been replaced by National Holidays or other legal holidays which regulate people’s lives. In addition, as western and other cultures filter in, holidays like Valentine’s Day, and Christmas have stepped into people’s lives. Because these festivals are no longer linked with traditional religious meanings found in the old customs, and place more emphasis on entertainment, they have been accepted almost instantly, taking up social space, and changing people’s activities and behaviors. Apart from these, festivals in some particular areas became popular and spread nationwide as the result of na-tional policies. As an important constituent, seasonal customs can reveal the cultural state and spiritual world of a country or region. Jeollanam-do in South Korea, known as the treasure house of customs, possesses rich customs and heritage and various annual cus-toms can be seen here. This paper, by making a general investigation of the customs in Jeollanam-do, can help us further understand the state of this region’s history and ideology, and the cultural im-plications hidden within it. In the first month of the lunar calendar, the primary festivals are the Spring Festival, the First Day of the First Lunar Month, and the Fifteenth Day of the First Lunar Month. 1 ) In the Spring Festival, the most important activities are offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors, sweeping tombs, and paying New Year’s visits. People also believe that this is the proper time to avoid the“three dis-asters”, keep away night ghosts, burn hair, and go to fortune tellers, etc. There are also games played in this period, such as the see-saw and board-turning. 2) the First Day of the First Lunar Month cannot be counted as a traditional festival. However, a day’s rest is taken in the countryside when every house sticks spring couplets on their doors or pillars. These are pairs of long strips of paper on which auspicious words or sayings are written. 3 ) In traditional society, when farming dominated, people observed the Fifteenth Day of the First Lunar Month with grand ceremony, main-ly through engaging in entertaining activities. In Jeollanam-do, the festival atmosphere is warmly created by playing folk or peasant music, flying kites, playing tug-of-war games, or Gohssaum, and so on. In addition to the group activities, indi-vidual families might offer sacrifices in their hou-ses. Each village also offers sacrifices together, known as the Tangshan Sacrifice and Dragon King Sacrifice. There are various superstitions related to this day. For example, many people will buy a strainer and hang it at home, believing that it will bring blessings. Or, on the eve of this day people might set fires on field ridges, believing that this will bring a good harvest. People might also set up Changsheng or Changganzi, along the borders or milestones separating villages from each other, which are known as the patron gods protecting their territory. On this day the staple food is supposed to be“Wugufan”, literally“Rice with Five Grains”, which actually includes more than five kinds of va-rious grains. It is so-called because all the main grains are collectively called “five grains”. In ad-dition, people also cook the“Eight Treasures Rice Soup” which contains glutinous rice, Chinese dates, chestnut, honey, pine nuts, an beans, etc. In the second lunar month, there are the Laborers’ Day and the Yongdung Festival. On the 1st of the second month, Laborers’ Day, laborers used to be given a day’s rest when people made a kind of dessert known as “Agecake”. However, because no one hires laborers nowadays, this cus-tom has actually disappeared. It is said that on 1st day of the second month, Yongdung Halmoni de-scends from the sky, and returns there on the 15th or 20th day. Yongdung Halmoni is said to be the goddess in charge of wind, so, in fishing areas where wind matters a lot, people will offer sacri-fices to her. It is said that if Yongdung Halmoni descends with her daughter-in-law, the wind throughout the whole year will be too strong to guarantee a good harvest, but good sailings can be counted on if she descends with her daughter. On the 3rd day of the third month, women in Jeollanam-do bring simple cooking equipment to the riverside, and pass a pleasant day there. They mix glutinous rice powder with rhododendron petals to make pancakes which they call “flower pan-cakes”. While they eat, they sing songs about flower pancakes or other folk songs. Around 3 rd day of the third month, butterflies start to appear and “dance”. It is believed that if yellow butter-flies are seen first, the coming year will be smooth, but if white butterflies are seen first, there will be many funerals or other inauspicious things. On the 8 th day of the fourth month the birthday of Sakyamuni, many people go to the temples and hang Buddhist lanterns. The display of lanterns on that day is truly grand. It is attended mainly by women who pray for happiness, safety, good health, success and prosperity for their family members. In the temples, people perform the ritu-al of“circumambulating the stupas”, spending the entire night sleepless walking around the stupas, praising gods’ merits and credits, and repeating their wishes in their hearts. While circling the stu-pas, people usually listen to Buddhist chants,some places may play the traditional music with tradi-fional instrument. On the 5th day of the fifth month, on the Dano Festival, the following activities are found in Jeol-lanam-do. 1 ) wrestling, a competitive game played mainly by males; 2 ) swinging, played mainly by females; 3 ) washing hair with acorus calamus. It is believed that hair becomes smooth and shiny if washed with water boiled with acorus calamus. Therefore, many women wash their hair in this way on the 5th day of the fifth month. 4) imbibing herbal medicine. During the Dano Festi-val, all things on the earth are said to be suitable for medicine. There are drinkable herbal juices made from Leonurus heterophyllus, or Ay Tsao. People pluck all kinds of herbs and dry them for future use. The 15 th day of the sixth lunar month is Yudu Day. It is believed that if you wash your hair with clear stream water on this day, bad luck is kept a-way and you will not suffer heatstroke in summer. According to local folklore, the Dragon God and God of the field ditches check on the crops on this day, so no fieldwork is allowed, and a day’s rest is required. If people insist on going to work, it is said they will not have a good harvest. Rice cakes are also prepared on this day and placed in the crop fields as simple offerings to the Dragon God for a good harvest. In June, which has the hottest days in the year, the month is divided into the ini-tial, middle and final hottest days. In order to build up their health, people cook delicious gin-seng chicken soup by putting ginseng, jujubes and glutinous rice into the chicken’s abdomen. Or, for the sake of vitality, some men may drink a body-protecting soup, the so-called dog meat soup. The 7 th day of the seventh month is the Chilseok Festival. Since Chilseok is closely con-nected with the Chilseok God, every family will pray to the Chilseok God for blessings, or go to temples to offer sacrifices. In this festival some families may offer sacrifices to Chengzhu God as in other festivals, but not many offerings are required except for some rice and vegetable dishes. On the 15th day, the Baekjung Day, all kinds of fortune-telling activities prevail. All fieldwork stops and a day’s rest is taken. On this day people also prepare food to offer to the ancestors. The 15th day of the eight month, the Mid-Au-tumn Festival, is characterized by harvest and thanks-giving. Various activities can be seen in Je-ollanam-do, among which offering sacrifices and sweeping tombs are given priority, even more than during the Spring Festival. During the mid-autumn days everyone, rich or poor, makes Songbing, which is very much like a Chinese moon cake, and it is still the most representative festival food for the Mid-Autumn Festival Day. After finishing mak-ing the Songbing with newly harvested rice, people will carry them together with many fruits to offer sacrifices in the early morning and sweep tombs. Some people may go to the cemetery to pull weeds before sweeping tombs. At night, during the full moon, in order to liven up atmosphere, women will perform traditional dance . There is also a custom observed on the Mid-autumn day—married daugh-ters will meet with their own parents and relatives in a place located mid-way between the two homes. Sometimes, female neighbors may agree to meet with each other at a certain appointed place and bring food along to spend a pleasant day to-gether. The 9 th day of the ninth month is the Jungu Festival. It is no longer regarded as a particular festival, but it is still considered a lucky day. In the past, on this day, people would make wine, rice cakes and even medicine, out of chrysanthe-mums. Moreover, literati would appreciate poems as well as maple leaves, which were quite scenic. There are no special festivals during the 10 th lunar month, though this is considered a lucky month because many things forbidden in other months are permissible during this month. The 15th day is a day for some families to offer sacrifices to ancestors or drive away disasters. In rural areas, one of the family customs is for women to bathe and change their clothes before replacing the old rice in ancestor pot with newly harvested rice. This is re-garded as a recommended ritual to domestic gods of new rice. In the 11th lunar month, at the winter sol-stice, it is customary to have red bean soup, which is cooked with glutinous rice powder and red beans mixed together. Its red color is believed to protect people against evil spirits. People offer the red bean soup to their ancestors, and, splash it in front of doors, on walls, around the kitchen, and in their yards. This is all done in order to keep ghosts outside. The 30th day of the 12th month, New Year’s Eve, is the time to stay up late to see in the New Year. So, every house has lights on overnight. It is customary to visit elderly people and inquire a-bout their physical condition and to show care on this eve. This is called “paying an old year’s call”. In olden times, snow which fell in the 12 th month was put into bottles, and when the snow melted the water was believed to be a good medi-cine for curing heatstroke in summer. To sum up, seasonal customs in Jeollanam-do are multi-functional, including the following five aspects:1 ) worshipping the ancestors;2 ) praying for a good harvest and good fishing;3 ) keeping a-way bad luck and calling for blessings;4 ) sharing happiness and improving harmony;5 ) hygiene and health care. Folk customs in Jeollanam-do are diversified. While taken as the concrete outward representa-tions of seasonal customs, these folk scenarios car-ry distinctive features of local customs: 1 ) rural music is the most important factor constituting these seasonal customs by enriching the functions and connotations; 2 ) With its keen local charac-teristics, distinctive quality of including spells, and carrying a religious sensibility, games are part and parcel to seasonal customs; 3 ) Different cul-tural circles are accompanied by different customs and habits. So there are differences between inland and coastal or island areas, and even within the coastal area, differences can occur among particu-lar sea areas.     

邛崃异地安置区羌族民众饮食文化变迁研究

＂5.12＂汶川地震后,龙溪乡部分羌族居民因地震中生存空间遭受巨大破坏而搬迁至邛崃市南宝山安置区,面对震前与震后迥异生存空间所引起的居民生活的改变,笔者试图以羌民社会生活中饮食的变化为研究对象来解释饮食文化背后社会互动因子的改变,揭示羌族异地安置区身为＂小传统＂社会在现代化、工业化、全球化的时代背景下,作为社会有机体的一部分如何去适应社会改变,同时实现民族传统文化的传承与民族认同。     

20个国外水稻品种(系)引种试验

20个国外水稻品种(系)在通辽地区引种试验发现:除64721不能成熟外,其它19个品种(系)均可正常成熟,其中2个属极早熟品种(系),二个特大粒品种(系),10个黑、红、绿粒特种米品种(系)     

通辽市水稻生产资源分析及前景预测

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