以德治国与学校德育

切实加强和改进学校德育工作,是贯彻落实江泽民同志“以德治国”方略的重要基础。“以德治国”方略的实施,又为学校德育工作创造了更为有利的条件,提出了更新、更高的要求。     

论应用伦理学的判例模式

应用伦理学的"判例模式"可以取代日益受到质疑的"工程模式"。"判例模式"的运用是在伦理委员会这个"道德实验室"里进行的。它指通过一定的程序,在先前的与现实的道德事件的比较权衡中来解决道德困境,作出道德决策的过程。应用伦理学的"判例模式"的确立,有助于通过一种循序渐进的方法,实现道德与社会需要的动态统一与均衡、创造出新的道德结构。     

道德与精神健康：新视角下的伦理学与心理学的会通与融合

道德与精神健康分别是伦理学和心理学两个学科所关注的问题,但道德与精神健康并非两个毫不相关的主题,道德与精神健康是相互联系、相互促进的,健全的道德有利于精神健康;并且道德的价值观深入精神健康的内涵之中。     

人生何以需要道德信仰

道德作为社会生活的必然产物,必须以信仰为基础。道德信仰的生成有着自然、社会和人生的逻辑根据。从人生角度而言,人生具有有限性、未完成性和创造性,这为道德信仰的生成提供了逻辑前提与基础,从而使道德信仰成为一种必然性的产物。     

The negative health effects of external whistleblowing: A study of some key factors

Blowing the whistle is a pro-social behaviour which can be highly effective if wrongdoing could be corrected without any adverse consequences for the person alleging or reporting it. However it is also risky and can cost whistleblowers their jobs and economic security as well as physical health and mental well-being. The purpose of this study was to identify the negative health effects—physical, behavioral, emotional, and mental—of whistleblowing and to examine the impact on these effects of dismissal, number of employees who blew the whistle in a group, income, and the passage of time. We statistically analysed survey data from external whistleblowers who had been identified by the news media in South Korea. This research differs from previous studies that explored the negative health effects of whistleblowing but did not distinguish between internal and external reporting. Our study contributes to the literature on the negative health effects experienced by whistleblowers and has implications for how to better protect them.     

Defending parenthood: A look at parents' legal argumentation in Norwegian care order appeal proceedings

This paper examines parents' legal argumentation in 15 appealed care order (child removal) cases in one Norwegian district court, asking on what grounds parents appeal their case. I investigate the pragmatic, ethical, and moral bases in arguments by applying a discourse ethics framework, viewing argumentation as either justifications or excuses of the parenting in question. The analysis reveals complex reasons for appealing, displaying parents both justifying and excusing both specific situations and the totality of their parenthood. Parents primarily apply pragmatic and ethical adversarialism, followed by pragmatic blaming and claims of change, moral justifications about due process, and ethical excuses about age and own life histories. Interestingly, normalization emerges as a third strategy, where parents explicitly aim to widen the scope of parental normality and adequacy, challenging the common defense dichotomy. The study provides new insight into an important and sensitive field, and indicates that parents engage in similar concrete strategies when, most often unsuccessfully, defending their parenthood.     

道德传统与现代性——中国现代语境中的道德文化问题(英文)

基于当代中国社会的道德文化语境,本文重新反省了近代百余年来中国现代化进程中道德文化传统的蝉脱与嬗变,以及隐含在这一脱变过程中的中国现代性与中国道德文化传统之间的复杂关系,推导并论证了这样一个基本学术判断:即近世中国企图脱出传统道德文化的自由与保守之两分,表明了"传统之后"的中国道德文化陷入了摆脱传统与持守传统的两难纠结,而最终的结果看似已然超乎"传统之外",实则仍然在"传统之中",只不过社会主义新道德以革命性变革的方式,在近代百年的"诸神论战"中脱颖而出,成为现代中国的主流道德文化。然而,她并非超脱于"传统之外"的纯粹异物,而是且只能是中国道德文化传统和中国现代性的新的延展,仍然是漫长、深厚、连贯的中国道德文化传统的"变体链"。     

A note on the prisoner's dilemma

This paper clarifies some basic concepts or assumptions of the prisoner's dilemma, asserts the independence between the two agentsA andB, and advocates the application of the dominance principle of decision theory to the prisoner's dilemma. It discusses several versions of the prisoner's dilemma, including the one-shot and repeated cases of a noncooperative game from a purely egoistic point of view. The main part of this paper, however, is a study of the problem from a moral point of view through a special decision-theoretic approach. Morality is taken into account by incorporating the utility of the feeling of moral satisfaction for the agent, as a part of the total utility for the agent, into the decision-theoretic model. In this way the problem will appear as a purely technical decision problem, and the conflicts between various assumptions, or the dilemma caused by the problem, will no longer exist. It is also pointed out that in a more general case, for some values of the coefficient of moralityk, dominance will not exist so that the dominance principle will not be applicable.     

“道德自我及其价值实现”研究视阈以及文献研究综述

个体道德自我是在伦理、法权意识基础上所实现精神发展的更高境界；相对于德性、人格、良心，道德自我是更为整全和彰显道德主体性功能的精神与行动实体。本文概括了道德自我建构及其价值实现的意义、研究路向以及文献研究现状，包括道德自我价值内涵研究，道德自我历史资源与现状研究，当代中国社会道德价值基点研究，个体与自身、人我、群己关系中道德自我价值实现研究，道德自我价值实践研究；提出道德自我价值实现需要开拓的研究思路和主题。     

论公民道德教育的层次性

当前 ,开展公民道德教育 ,推行《公民道德建设实施纲要》的关键是要落实与加强公民道德教育的层次性。我国现阶段出现道德失范现象的主要原因就是道德教育层次性的不力 ,甚至缺失。因此 ,应从道德教育目标层次、内容层次、方法层次等角度入手 ,以求道德教育取得显著效果 ,使《公民道德建设实施纲要》得到切实贯彻落实     

Reagan and rhetoric: An oval office aesop?

The cliché identifying President Reagan as a “Great Communicator” reflects a conceptual confusion regarding the function of political rhetoric in a democracy. This confusion is not merely conceptual, but has important political consequences. For our political and moral concepts are partially constitutive of our political and moral practices. Thus our declining standards in political rhetoric suggest a corrosion in the practice of democratic politics. We might heed Orwell's advice and attempt to reinvigorate our democratic politics by demanding rhetorical excellence from political communicators.     

权力的善恶之辩——西方权力德性思想之镜像演进

权力的善恶问题很早便为思想家们所关注。但长期以来,学界对这一问题的探讨仅侧重在儒家政德"善"的演绎上,而在以"法治主义"为文化基因的西方,人们往往错误地认为,权力仅有"恶",并"以恶制恶"。事实上,西方思想家有关权力善恶问题形成四个流派,即以权力理想主义为代表的权力之"善"说,权力契约主义为代表的"必要恶"说,无政府主义为代表的"绝对恶"说和行为主义"纯科学"为代表的"价值中立"说。他们从各自的立场与需要出发,系统阐释了权力的善恶问题,从而构建了一道独具风格的权力德性思想的镜像。     

自由在西方传统哲学发展中的逻辑进程

古希腊的自由观开启并规定了西方传统哲学中自由的两个路向:一个是苏格拉底、柏拉图的唯智主义的自由路向,一个是希腊晚期反知识论的自由路向。古希腊自由观的问题是本体的自由没能建立。中世纪基督教的自由走的是第二个路向,它试图把自由植根于信仰之上,但却出现了自主性自由与接受性自由的悖论。近代康德前的哲学家走的仍然是知识论的路向,它否定了把自由建基于信仰之上的可能性,但这种自由仍然不具有普遍性,因为普通人很难拥有自由。康德解决这个问题的方式是变知识论的路向为反知识论的路向,把自由引入道德领域,但由于其哲学的二分性,其自由仍具有消极性。黑格尔克服了康德的二元哲学,建立了积极的自由。     

Uncertainty in moral theory: An epistemic defense of rule-utilitarian liberties

The purpose of this essay is to defend utilitarianism from the popular objection that it makes moral theory depend improperly upon uncertain factual information and calculations which may produce violations of individual rights or liberties. This objection is a more subtle variant of the general Kantian complaint that utilitarianism makes morality improperly contingent upon empirical facts about historical, socioeconomic circumstances, the consequences of actions, institutions, etc., thereby allowing individual liberties to be sacrificed in order to maximize the collective welfare. Three main arguments connected with the uncertainty-objection are delineated in Rawls' work, and are seen to be fallacious. It is concluded that a suitably sophisticated form of rule-utilitarianism need not base liberty on any impermissible kind of uncertainty in moral theory. This analysis is contrary not only to what Rawlsians and other Kantians nowadays typically argue or assume in criticizing utilitarianism, but also to what some of the leading critics of Rawls have said about his anti-utilitarian stance.     

The quality of mother‐adolescent disclosure: Links with predictors and adolescents’ sociomoral outcomes

Previous work on adolescents’ disclosure has focused on the frequency of disclosure to parents, but not the quality of that disclosure. Therefore, there is a need to examine factors that predict the quality of adolescents’ disclosure, as well as the consequences of the quality for adolescents’ outcomes. In this study, 100 adolescents (M age = 14.27 years; 57 girls; 70.7% White, European American) disclosed to mothers a recent past event in which they felt excluded; the videotaped and transcribed conversations were rated for indices of the quality of disclosure (i.e., the quality of elaboration and emotion discussed). Adolescents completed measures of sociomoral behavior and parental warmth and mothers completed measures of their moral identity, circle of moral regard, and moral socialization. The quality of adolescents’ disclosure was related to adolescents’ sociomoral outcomes (including prosocial behaviors, empathy, and sociability). Adolescents’ disclosure quality was predicted by gender and by aspects of mothers’ moral sophistication. Findings highlight the importance of high‐quality self‐disclosure by adolescents for promoting adolescents’ moral development, potentially because such disclosure gives parents the opportunity to help adolescents cope with challenging peer experiences potentially through emotion coaching and problem‐solving. Moreover, the findings are novel because they highlight how maternal moral processes might promote adolescents’ disclosure.     

Religion in School

It has become a banal statement (one that does not elicit objections) that we are living in "troubled" times. This is not the place to talk about the causes of such a situation; what we have to deal with here are the consequences. The breakdown of dogmas in the social consciousness in a period of instability is primarily a threat to young people. We are faced with the danger of producing a generation of "children of perestroika," who have lost their faith in everything and everyone, who are filled with negativism, total denial, and quiet desperation, who carry in themselves, at best, moral deafness and fierce egotism. The crisis of worldview in society may produce a generation of "lukewarm" people who are not capable of any personal or social creativity and service. At the same time, however, the crisis opens possibilities for a genuine rebirth of culture, for reactivation of the quest for "self" on the part of every person and of society as a whole. This active striving on the part of the healthy portion of young people must be met by today's intellectual elite with full knowledge and understanding of the situation, with a readiness and ability to satisfy the needs for a worldview of their fellow citizens, drawing upon all the values of our native and world culture. These needs must be truly satisfied, not by pumping out the latest current "lies" or by manufacturing the "most progressive doctrines of modern times" atthe request of this or that social body, because our society cannot stand to be deceived one more time.     

Debate: Social resistance and the absent utopia: comments on Hartley Dean's article Social rights and social resistance

This article focuses on conceptual and methodological problems in the transition from normative conceptions of social rights to more general strategies of social policy. In a discussion of Hartley Dean's article Social Rights and Social Resistance, the author argues that relevant "rights strategies" within social policy in general transcends the traditional dichotomy, assumed by Dean, between structural approaches and more agent-oriented approaches. In line with this, arguments are presented for the view that the denial of strategies concerning social rights, categorised as opportunistic or anarchistic by Dean, necessitates the formulation of realistic and substantial goal for strivings within social policy. Furthermore, the author claims that the conceptual elaboration of "social rights" does not in itself have any definite and direct consequences for the field of social policy, where material and symbolic power is more relevant. To transcend the criticised approaches of anarchism and opportunism, there still remains to be formulated a strategy of action.     

"Only a Free School Will Educate a Free Person…"

Family. School. Education. Culture. Morality. These concepts are closely interwoven in the life of any society in every age. In the final analysis, civilization has always been advanced by people's striving to make the life of their children, the life of future generations, better and more meaningful This is the reason that in our society, regardless of economic, social, and political problems, the whole country and every family are so concerned about problems of education.     

The Inappropriate Use of Risk-Benefit Analysis in the Risk Assessment of Experimental Trauma-Focused Research

A large body of research has explored the impact of questioning participants about traumatic experiences. To determine the level of risk, these studies have relied, to various degrees, upon a risk-benefit calculus, whereby risks are weighed against the benefits that an individual can receive from participating. In the case of trauma-focused studies this approach is erroneous. The procedures involved in trauma-focused studies do not meet the criteria to be considered therapeutic, and the benefits associated with these procedures do not carry the moral weight to offset risk. Applying the risk-benefit calculus to non-therapeutic procedures inevitably leads to inaccurate risk assessments and ethically problematic claims, examples of which can be found throughout traumatic stress literature. This article outlines how the standard approach to risk assessment in trauma-focused studies is fallacious, and presents an established alternative model that researchers can use to accurately assess the risks of asking participants about their traumatic experiences.