超竞争环境下企业困境并购定价与时机研究

在超竞争环境下企业面临的竞争环境越来越动荡，企业的竞争优势呈现出短期性与临时性的特点，为了快速发展，越来越多的企业选择并购。本文以超竞争环境为研究背景，运用期权博弈理论，分析并建立了存在竞争对手的企业困境并购定价与时机选择模型，通过模型求解得到并购中主并企业给予目标企业的最优价值以及主并企业的最佳并购时机；此外，通过数值模拟重点分析了三个超竞争特征因子（竞争强度、竞争不确定性、企业价值损失因子）、企业困境因子以及竞争对手的溢价水平对企业困境并购时机的影响。本文研究发现：（1）被并企业得到的价值补偿比例及主并企业最佳并购时机均受到各超竞争特征因子、企业困境因子以及竞争对手溢价水平的综合影响；（2）竞争对手的存在会使目标企业得到的价值补偿比例增加；（3）超竞争环境下企业困境并购中主并企业的最佳并购时机取决于并购双方的相对价值比；（4）随着可能导致双方谈判破裂因素、事件的增多以及企业财务困境程度的增加，主并企业提前进行并购的可能性增加；（5）随着竞争强度、竞争不确定性、竞争对手造成溢价水平的增加，主并企业推迟并购时机的可能性增大。     

Characteristics of Companies Targeted by Social Proxies: An Empirical Analysis in the Context of the United States

We compare the traits of companies receiving social policy shareholder resolutions with those of a set of matching firms. We show that targeted firms tend to be much larger and riskier, less profitable and less socially performing than their counterparts. The five largest investors in firms receiving social proxies tend to hold a lower stake in those firms vis‐à‐vis the matching firms. Firms in both samples, however, are not statistically different in terms of percentages of shares held by institutional and insider investors. We provide possible explanations for our results.     

大众媒体与新媒体信息传递对中国股市收益波动的影响

基于异质投资者框架对大众媒体新闻、新媒体新闻与中国股市收益波动的影响进行探究,研究结果发现：（1）平均看来,新媒体新闻、大众媒体新闻与收益波动都变现为显著的正相关关系,且新媒体新闻与收益波动的平均相关性大于大众媒体新闻与收益波动的平均相关性。（2）具有高前期收益,高账面市值比,高机构投资者持股比例与高换手率这样的能引起媒体关注的特征的公司,其收益波动与新媒体新闻的相关性大于与大众媒体新闻相关系的概率更大。（3）对于小市值与年轻的公司,信息不确定程度高,新媒体新闻与其收益波动的相关性更可能大于大众媒体新闻与其收益波动的相关性。这一结果可以归因于新媒体新闻丰富了投资者的信息环境,更能影响投资者的异质信念水平。     

An investigation of the attention effects of venture capitalist backing on entrepreneurial firms

In this paper, we predict that venture capital (VC) backed initial public offerings (IPOs) will attract more attention than non-VC-backed IPOs, as VCs offer important signals to investors searching for information about entrepreneurial firms. We use a measure developed by Google (i.e., Trends) to capture the spikes in investors' attention experienced by firms in the time period surrounding their IPOs. Our results demonstrate that firms backed by VCs enjoy a far greater spike in attention than their counterparts. Furthermore, we find that firms with more prominent VCs, a larger number of VCs, and VCs situated at farther geographic distances exhibit significantly greater spikes in investors’ attention during the week of their IPO. Combined, the findings show a clear demarcation between entrepreneurial firms with or without VC backing, they bring to the fore new upshots stemming from the relationship between VCs and entrepreneurial firms, and they raise new potential questions on this relationship and beyond.     

Do third-party certifications work in a weak institutional environment?

We investigate whether third-party certification may negatively affect firm performance in a weak institutional environment. Firms in weak institutional environments often obtain certifications to appeal to foreign audiences. But these audiences hold negative evaluations of firms from weak institutional settings, judging them as being of poor quality due to their geographic origin. We argue that these negative evaluations greatly diminish the informational value of certifications, such that the costs of certification exceed revenue gains causing performance decline. We also examine whether industry-level evaluations can challenge country-level ones. Focusing on industry legitimation, we argue that this increases the salience of the industry over the institutional context. Audiences see the industry first, not the weak institutional environment. Thus, third-party certifications can become a basis for differentiating among firms and thereby help improve firm performance as industry legitimation increases. We use the first decade post-liberalization of the Indian software industry, 1992–2003, to test our hypotheses. Based on a sample of 792 firms, we find support for our arguments suggesting that in weak institutional environments certification alone is not enough for firms targeting foreign audiences to overcome the stigma of their origins; it needs to be accompanied by positive industry-level processes.     

Business Exit and Strategic Change: Sticking to the Knitting or Striking a New Path?

The purpose of this study is to examine the potential of business exit for initiating strategic change in divesting parent firms. In contrast to prior literature that mainly investigates the impact of different antecedents on the likelihood of business exit in general, this study additionally tests the influence of these antecedents on the choice between two exit types with a cross‐industry sample of divesting firms listed in the German CDAX over the time period 1999–2004. A divestiture involving strategic change is a strategic business exit; otherwise it is denoted as status quo preserving. The findings reveal that a relatively highly dissipated focus does not automatically enhance the likelihood of business exit in general and status‐quo‐preserving business exit in particular. CEO turnover and pressures exerted by institutional investors predict neither strategic nor status‐quo‐preserving business exit. Low firm performance does not nurture the likelihood of business exit per se but especially promotes status‐quo‐preserving business exit.     

The Primary Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility and Ethicality in Corporate Reputation: An Empirical Study

We examine three assumptions commonly held in the corporate reputation literature: (1) reputation ratings of owners and investors are generally representative of all stakeholders; (2) stakeholders will generally provide a higher reputation rating to firms that emphasize corporate social responsibility versus firms that do not; and (3) profitability is the primary criterion of importance to all stakeholders when rating a firm's reputation. Using an exploratory in‐class exercise, our findings suggest that: (1) there are significant differences among stakeholder groups in their reputation ratings; (2) firms that emphasize corporate social responsibility are not rated more highly across all stakeholder groups; and (3) for all stakeholder groups, the ethicality criterion explained more of the variance in firms' reputation ratings than the profitability criterion.     

Competition with Asymmetric Experience Uncertainty

The value of an experience good is idiosyncratic to consumers and is not fully realized until after a purchase is made. This uncertainty related to experience, or “experience uncertainty,” has been shown in prior research to have important implications in a competitive context. In this article, we consider two firms that are asymmetric along two dimensions—base quality and the distribution of experience uncertainty. The interaction of these asymmetries shapes consumer demand and thus is an important driver of the equilibrium strategies of competing firms. We show that an increase in the experience uncertainty of one competitor might in fact lead to higher profits for both firms, including the firm whose product has become less certain to consumers. These unexpected results can be understood by examining how experience uncertainty drives endogenous market segmentation and price elasticity. We provide simple conditions under which more experience uncertainty can increase the profits of both competing firms.     

The relationship between information content and institutional investors: evidence from new product preannouncements

In this study, we investigate the relationship between information content of new product preannouncements (NPPAs) and trading behaviors of institutional investors. Using hand-collected data from 1995 to 2004, in empirical results, we find that there is a significantly positive relationship between information content and institutional investors. NPPAs can help institutional investors to evaluate the potential success of forthcoming new products through signaling enough information content. As a result, more information cues and earlier NPPAs can make institutional investors choose these preannouncing firms into their investment portfolios to increase their holdings and attract more different institutional investors to hold these shares of preannouncing firms. In addition, we also find the positive advertising and R&D investment effects. Our findings suggest that managers should use the information content of NPPA signals to reduce information asymmetry and help managers to implement their NPPA strategies so as to receive greater financial support from institutional investors.     

Patents,R&D investments and post-IPO strategies

This paper empirically investigates the effect of going public on the evolution of high-tech entrepreneurial firms, focussing in particular on the interaction between innovation variables and financing and investment strategies. Specifically, I confront the effects of the IPO on firms with higher R&D investments versus firms with more patents. Firms with higher R&D investments typically view the IPO as a mechanism to raise external equity, used to pursue investments and to acquire participation in other companies, whereas those with more patents raise more debt capital and invest less after the IPO, as compared to high-tech entrepreneurial firms. I suggest that a large number of patents is an index of technological maturity for high-tech ventures, even more than age and size, that helps investors to individuate firms with a lower level of risk.     

Can institutional investors fix the corporate governance problem? Some Danish evidence

It has been advocated within corporate governance that institutional investors may discipline management in listed firms and thereby alleviate the free rider problem associated with dispersed ownership. This article tests this hypothesis using a sample of Danish listed firms during 1998–2001 determining, whether ownership by institutional investors impacts performance, measured by Tobin’s q. Using three stage least squares, it is shown that aggregate ownership by institutional investors does not influence firm performance. However, when decomposing the results, it is found that joint ownership by the largest two Danish institutional investors, has a significant negative impact firm performance. Ownership by banks and to a lesser extent insurance companies significantly influences firm performance positively. The results somehow challenge the conventional wisdom, arguing that the black box view of institutional investors should be abandon. Therefore it is suggested that a more careful analysis should be devoted to each institutional investors own legal environment.

Asset Management Performance and Reputation Building for Large US Firms

Corporate audiences construct the reputation of firms by interpreting informational signals about the firms from various monitors. Of importance to these parties are signals about asset management. The results of our empirical study of 114 large US firms supported the general hypothesis that corporate audiences construct reputations on the basis of information about firms' asset management performance, specifically using market and accounting signals indicating size of the assets, market assessment of the value of the assets in place, asset turnover and profit margin.     

Evaluating the Evaluators: Should Investors Trust Corporate Governance Metrics Ratings?

Companies are under increasing pressure to have their corporate governance rated by an independent corporate governance metrics firm, such as Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) or Governance Metrics International (GMI). These rating firms claim to be able to determine how effective and responsive a company’s board is. Institutional investors have begun using these board governance ratings when deciding which firms to include in their stock portfolios. This paper considers whether investors, many of whom claim to be socially responsible, should be relying upon board governance metrics. We find that these metrics are not good indicators of either the quality of a firm’s earnings or of its ethics.     

Evaluation frequency and evaluator’s experience: the case of venture capital investment firms and monitoring intensity in stage financing

In this paper we analyze the relation between an investor’s experience and the intensity of monitoring activities. Specifically, we consider venture capitalist firms and their choices of time intervals between financing rounds. We hypothesize that more industry investment experience leads to longer time intervals between financing rounds and hence, lower monitoring intensity. Using a unique data set of venture capital firms from Germany during the period from 1995 to 2005 we find evidence for our hypothesis that in a given time frame more experienced investors evaluate and monitor their investments less often than less experienced investors. In addition, VC investors pool their experience and share the risk involved in investing by forming syndicates which reduces the incentives to monitor subsequently. On the basis of our results we argue that the optimal frequency of performance evaluations should take into account the experience of the evaluator.     

非对称信息对高新技术企业融资的影响

在技术成果转化的过程中,高新技术企业与投资者之间存在着非对称信息,非对称信息导致的逆向选择和道德风险使高新技术企业面临着融资障碍.本文详细分析了高新技术企业技术成果转化过程中的非对称信息对高新技术企业融资的影响,论证了私人权益资本市场中的机构投资者能够克服技术成果转化过程中非对称信息,满足其资金需求.     

外部风险、异质信念与特质波动率风险溢价

本文将影响资产价格的不确定性划分为基本面不确定性、市场层面以及公司层面外部因素不确定性,(后二者对基本面没有影响,是非基本面因素),认为投资者对基本面和外部因素分别形成异质信念.在此基础上用连续时间的鞅分析方法,在纯交换市场均衡模型的框架下,建立了基于投资者异质信念的消费资本资产定价模型.该模型从理论上证明了除来自总消...     

The governance role of multiple large shareholders: evidence from the valuation of cash holdings

This paper investigates the governance role of multiple large shareholders (MLS, henceforth), as evidenced by their impact on the valuation of cash holdings. For a sample of 2,723 firms from 22 countries, we find that the presence of MLS enhances the valuation of firms’ cash holdings. In particular, we show that the valuation of cash is positively associated with an even distribution of blockholders’ voting rights and with higher contestability of the largest shareholder’s control. We also show that the impact of MLS on the valuation of cash holdings is more pronounced for family-controlled firms, consistent with investors perceiving family owners as associated with greater expropriation risk. Overall, our results contribute to the literature on corporate governance by showing that MLS improve internal monitoring and moderate the agency costs of firms’ cash holdings.     

Effect of R&D expenditures and funding strategies on the market value of biotech firms

Market value of biotech firms is important to investors and venture capitalists who keep this industry alive and dynamic. It is a particularly valuable index of investors' estimate of current and future success of the firms in this industry because other conventional indices of performance and success are inappropriate. Our hypothesis is that market value in this industry can be explained in terms of funding strategies and R&D expenditures. Using all sixty publicly-held biotech firms, that are included in a national directory for such firms engaged in the research of biotech products for human use, we estimate multiple regression models that explain most of the variance in market value using funding strategies and R&D expenditures (R-squared = 0.93). Our models also demonstrated that small biotech firms (< $10 million in total revenue) are substantially different from larger ones.     

基金持股的创新偏好与基金业绩研究

作为经济增长的重要推动力,企业创新持续吸引了政府、学者与媒体的关注.尽管研究表明创新会提升企业长期业绩,然而,在基金绩效评估中,针对基金经理对创新企业的偏好及其经济后果的研究依然较少.本文利用我国开放式基金的投资组合数据,考察基金偏好投资于创新型公司是否能提升基金业绩,并进一步基于基金特征与基金经理交易能力,深入探讨前述发现的横截面差异.研究发现:偏好投资于创新型公司的基金在长期能够创造更高的超额收益;基金的行业偏好、团队基金经理以及投资组合集中程度对基金投资于创新型公司存在正面影响.本文的结论对于投资者、基金公司以及监管部门在投资实践中如何评估创新型公司的影响提供了明确的政策借鉴.     

经济政策不确定性与风险承担:基于风险投资的证据

将经济政策不确定性引入风险投资的决策模型,从理论上证明经济政策不确定性既直接降低风险承担,也负向影响风险投资退出绩效间接降低风险承担.利用1996年~2016年中国经济政策不确定性与风险投资的匹配数据,实证结果支持理论预期.研究发现,经济政策不确定性较高时,风险承担显著更低,表现为风险投资对早期阶段企业和高科技企业的投资比例下降.退出绩效在经济政策不确定性与风险承担之间具有中介作用.经济政策不确定性较高时,风险投资通过IPO或者并购成功退出的交易数目更少、退出期限更长、退出收益更低,因而降低风险承担研究表明,为引导风险投资支持早期高科技企业,除通过财政、税收等政策扶 持奖励风险投资外,政府有必要维持相关政策的稳定性和延续性.