从职业的特性看21世纪职业的发展趋势

职业的产生与发展是人类文明的标志,是社会发展与进化的反映。21世纪是人类历史上具有重大转折的世纪,知识经济与信息化社会、人才社会、学习型社会已成为21世纪经济社会发展的概貌。了解21世纪社会职业发展的趋势,是正确把握各类职业发     

职业学校应成为培养创新人才的摇篮

职业技术教育的发展和改革如何面对21世纪的挑战,这是当前我国教育发展和改革中大家普遍关注的一个重要问题,也是关系我国教育发展与改革全局的重大战略问题。进入21世纪特别是我国在加入WTO以后,知识经济的挑战悄然而至。我们深知,21世纪是一个知识经济的时代,教育是牵引中国走进知识经济时代的发动机,在农业社会和工业社会曾起过重要作用的生产要素即劳动力、能源等     

科学研究是一种职业

就科学发展进程而言，19世纪被誉为“科学世纪”。这不仅是指在这个世纪中，科学从经验描述阶段进入到理论概括阶段，并且开始领先于技术和生产，通过与技术的紧密结合，对社会的生产和物质生活产生了巨大的推动作用，同时也是指在这个世纪中，专门的科学教育和研究组织逐渐形成、培育和发展起来，科学工作逐渐成为一种独立的、社会化的职业。发展到今天，科学(包括技术)已经成为一个庞大的职业领域，吸引着社会巨大的物质和人力资源的投入，也为社会提供丰富的物质和精神成果。今天的科学家和工程师因此也成为一种职业角色，职业化使科学研究发生了巨大的转变。     

2001年热门职业追踪预测

21世纪到来了，新世纪又有哪些新的职业动态呢﹖据网络及有关市场调研部门预测，传统的“热门”职业已随着人类进入21世纪而“改换门庭”。经过劳动市场调研部门长期的追踪调查研究，总结出2001年“热门”职业的最新走势。 1多媒体专家 如果说20世纪是电子计算机的世纪，那么说21世纪是多媒体的世纪就一点也不过分。就我国而言，5000多元钱就能抱一台国产的多媒体回家，国际网络CHINANET也已开通，发展多媒体的大气候已经具备，超前投入，成为有关多媒体的行家或多媒体软件的行家，将会使您很抢手。 2房地产、小轿车、保险业务推销…     

基于能力本位加强高职职业英语实践教学

随着21世纪世界经济迅速发展，社会对复合型人才提出英语应用能力方面的要求。高职教育职业性、应用性等特点决定职业英语教学应突出其实践教学主体地位，促进学生英语应用能力培养。但目前高职职业英语教育在人才培养过程中遭遇到的难题是缺乏实践性教学或实践性教学不“实”。因此，应加强高职职业英语实践教学，更好服务于学生专业，提升学生就业竞争力。     

历史教师应具备的职业素质

21世纪是一个充满竞争、挑战的世纪,对人才的选择也是严格而挑剔的,不仅仅是“年龄意义”,更重要的是“素质意义”。没有面向21世纪的教师,就没有面向21世纪的教育,更培养不出21世纪的人才。那么,面临如此严峻的形势,历史教师应当具备哪些职业素质呢？1．良好的职业道德。教师的职业道德是教师和一切教育工作者在从事教育活动中必须遵守的道德规范,行为准则及与之相适应的道德观念、情操和品质。教师从事的职业是教育人、塑造人的工作,因此,从这个意义上讲,教师的道德素质比教师文化素质更为重要,它应该成为教师的灵魂。     

高职思想政治工作应注意学生职业素质的培养

所谓职业素质，是在先天遗传基础上通过教育和环境的影响形成的，适应社会生存和发展的比较稳定的基本品质。它是知识和能力的核心，是一个人的知识和能力内化后相对稳定的品质。联合目科教文组织在汉城召开世界技术职业教育大会，大会主题工作文件指出：“基本的挑战是在迅速变化的环境中，要求调整、竞争。21世纪竞争的核心是造就一支有生产活力的劳动大军”。从这里可以看出，素质教育是指综合的、称职的就业能力，包括知识、技能、经验、态度、创新、意志品质、心理承受能力、与人合作能力和生存发展能力等为完成职业任务所需的全部内容。因此，高职院校思想政治工作应十分重视学生职业素质的培养，尤其应加强学生的与从事各种职业有关的思想道德素质和创新素质的教育。     

提质培优，建设职业本科思政课程

<正>在21世纪的今天我国正经历着从传统工业社会向知识经济社会的历史性转变。这一转变对高等教育体系,特别是职业本科教育提出了新的挑战和要求。职业本科教育的初衷是满足社会经济发展的需要,为各行各业提供具有实用技能和职业素养的高素质人才。但随着社会经济结构的变革和技术进步的加速,仅仅依赖于传统的职业教育模式已经难以满足当前的人才培养需求。为了适应这一变革,我国职业本科教育也开始进行深入的改革和创新。在这一过程中,如何更好地培养学生的思想政治觉悟、价值观和社会责任感,使其既具备专业技能,又能适应社会发展的需要,成为教育者和研究者关注的焦点。     

职业的含义、特点及发展趋势

职业是社会发展到一定阶段的产物，是伴随着社会分工的形成而逐渐产生的，至今已经细分为数千种甚至数万种。职业是社会的重要基础，本文主要对职业的含义、特点及发展趋势予以探讨。     

高职院校图书馆员应当具备什么样的职业精神

进入21世纪,高职院校图书馆的发展面临转型.转型时期的图书馆需要什么样的职业精神、如何发挥职业精神成为每个高职院校图书馆员面临的新课题.     

Sexual Well-Being in Older Women: The Relevance of Sexual Excitation and Sexual Inhibition

The aim of this study was to use the dual control model of sexual response (DCM) to investigate variation in sexual well-being among women 50 years of age and older. Data from 185 women 50 years of age and older (M = 59.46, SD = 6.96) were used to examine the relationships between sexual excitation (SE) and sexual inhibition (SI) and their lower-order factors to indicators of sexual well-being (i.e., sexual functioning, satisfaction, distress, frequency of sexual activity, and breadth of sexual behavior). Possible moderating factors were also explored. Independently, SE and SI were associated with the majority of the indicators of sexual well-being, and the directions of associations were consistent with the tenets of the DCM. SE and SI lower-order factors were significant predictors of sexual function, satisfaction, and frequency of sexual activity. Sexual distress was predicted more strongly by SI factors and breadth of sexual behavior by one SE lower-order factor (arousability). Partner physical and mental health and participant’s own mental health were identified as moderating variables of these associations. Findings of this study are discussed considering the contribution of the DCM to understanding the role of diversity in older women’s sexual well-being.     

An Exploratory Study of Factors Associated With Sexual Inhibition and Excitation: Findings From a Representative Survey in Flanders

The dual control model of sexual response was developed to account for individual differences in sexual excitation and inhibition. According to this model, the balance between excitation and inhibition is of crucial importance in determining an individual's sexual response to a stimulus. In this study, we aimed to contribute to the existing literature on sexual excitation and inhibition in two ways. First, we investigated the distribution of excitation and inhibition scores in a representative population sample. Second, we conducted an exploratory study of the factors associated with variation in excitation and inhibition. We used data from a representative survey on the sexual health of men and women in Flanders (N = 1,825; mean age = 43.77; SD = 17.98). The results indicated that excitation and inhibition had a near normal distribution among men and women. However, the scores for sexual inhibition due to threat of performance failure (SIS1) among men, and for sexual inhibition due to the threat of performance consequences (SIS2) among women, were somewhat skewed. Furthermore, age, gender, physical and mental health, education level, and attitudes toward sex were all to some extent associated with differences in inhibition, excitation, or both.     

The Psychometric Properties of the Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women (SESII-W) Within a Dutch Population

According to the dual control model, sexual arousal is dependent on the disposition for both sexual excitation (SE) and sexual inhibition (SI; Bancroft, 1999 Bancroft , J. ( 1999 ). Central inhibition of sexual response in the male: A theoretical perspective . Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews , 23 , 763 – 784 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Individual variability in sexual inhibition and sexual excitation could partly explain individual differences in sexual arousability and the likelihood of experiencing sexual problems (Bancroft, Graham, Janssen, &; Sanders, 2009 Bancroft , J. , Graham , C. A. , Janssen , E. , &; Sanders , S. A. ( 2009 ). The dual control model: Current status and future directions . Journal of Sex Research , 46 , 121 – 142 .[Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women (SESII-W) is a questionnaire developed to measure the factors sexual excitation and sexual inhibition (Graham, Sanders, &; Milhausen, 2006 Graham , C. A. , Sanders , S. A. , &; Milhausen , R. R. ( 2006 ). The Sexual Excitation/Sexual Inhibition Inventory for Women: Psychometric properties . Archives of Sexual Behavior , 35 , 397 – 409 .[Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). This study describes the validation of the Dutch version of the SESII-W in a sample of 445 women. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we determined that the eight lower-order factor model achieved adequate fit to the data. A decrement in fit was noted when the two higher-order factors SE and SI were included in the model. The measure demonstrated good construct validity, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Furthermore, the scores of women with sexual problems differed from those without sexual problems, providing evidence for the discriminant validity of the SESII-W.     

Women's Scores on the Sexual Inhibition/Sexual Excitation Scales (SIS/SES): Gender Similarities and Differences

Theory and research agree that connectedness to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community is an important construct to account for in understanding issues related to health and well-being among gay and bisexual men. However, the measurement of this construct among lesbian and bisexual women or racial and ethnic minority individuals has not yet been adequately investigated. This study examined the reliability and validity of an existing measure of connectedness to the LGBT Community among a diverse group of sexual minority individuals in New York City, and whether differences in connectedness existed across gender and race or ethnicity. Scores on the measure demonstrated both internal consistency and construct stability across subgroups defined by gender and race or ethnicity. The subgroups did not differ in their mean levels of connectedness, and scores on the measure demonstrated factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity, both generally and within each of the subgroups. Inconsistencies were observed with regard to which scores on the measure demonstrated predictive validity in their associations with indicators of mental health and well-being. The scale is a useful tool for researchers and practitioners interested in understanding the role of community connectedness in the lives of diverse populations of sexual minority individuals.     

The Sexual Inhibition (SIS) and Sexual Excitation (SES) Scales: II. Predicting psychophysiological response pattens

This study evaluated the predictive value of a newly developed measure of the propensity for sexual inhibition and excitation; the Sexual Inhibition Sexual Excitation Scales (SIS/SES). Sexual, cardiovascular, and startle responses were measured in a group of 40 sexually functional men during the presentation of threatening and nonthreatening erotic films. Two levels of performance demand were created and two films were combined with a distraction task. Participants were assigned to high and low groups for each of the three SIS/SES scales. As predicted, men with high SES scores showed generally higher sexual responses. High and low SIS1 groups did not differ in their responses. Men with high and low SIS2 scores did not differ in their responses to nonthreatening stimuli; however, low SIS2 men showed greater genital response to the threatening stimuli. The findings provide support for the value of the SIS/SES scales in predicting sexual responses.     

Gender Differences in the Development of Sexual Excitation and Inhibition Through the Life Course: Preliminary Findings from a Representative Study in Flanders

The dual control model proposes that there are individual differences in the propensity for sexual excitation and sexual inhibition. Research to date has considered the effect of age on these traits as a simple linear effect, and studies examining gender differences in age effects are lacking. There are, however, indications that the associations of age with excitation and inhibition are nonlinear and that there might be gender differences in these associations. The aim of this study was to examine how these traits develop through an individual’s life and whether there are gender differences in this development. In this study we applied polynomial regression analyses to examine the interaction effects of age and gender on sexual excitation and inhibition. We used data from a representative cross-sectional survey on sexual health in Flanders (N = 1,825; mean age = 43.77; SD = 17.98). Most of the associations of excitation and inhibition with age were nonlinear, and there were substantial gender differences in these associations. This indicates that the interplay between age, gender, and excitation and inhibition should be taken into account in research on (dys)functional sexuality.     

The Sexual Inhibition (SIS) and Sexual Excitation (SES) Scales: I. Measuring sexual inhibition and excitation proneness in men

This study involves the development and initial validation of a questionnaire measuring the propensity for sexual inhibition and excitation in men: the Sexual Inhibition Sexual Excitation Scales (SIS/SES). The underlying theoretical model postulates that sexual response and associated behavior depend on dual control mechanisms, involving excitatory and inhibitory neurophysiological systems. The scales and their discriminant and convergent validity and test-retest reliability are described. In a sample of 408 sexually functional men (mean age = 22.8 years), factor analyses identified three higher-level factors: two related to sexual inhibition and one to sexual excitation. Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analyses revealed that the factor structure provided an acceptable fit to the data obtained in a second (N = 459; mean age = 20.9 years) and third (N = 313; mean age = 46.2 years) sample of men, with similar distributions and relationships with other measures. Theoretical issues and areas for further research, including male sexual dysfunction and risk taking, are discussed.