请求策略理论研究

"请求"属于一种常见的言语行为,而"请求策略"是语用学相对集中的研究领域,但是理论上的阐释往往不足。因此,本研究选择请求策略的相关理论为研究对象,在介绍请求定义及组成的基础上,论述了交际能力与语用能力、语言语用能力与社交语用能力、言语行为理论、面子理论、礼貌理论等内容,并且进一步探讨了相关理论在请求策略研究上的应用。     

请求策略理论研究简

“请求”属于一种常见的言语行为,而“请求策略”是语用学相对集中的研究领域,但是理论上的阐释往往不足。因此,本研究选择请求策略的相关理论为研究对象,在介绍请求定义及组成的基础上,论述了交际能力与语用能力、语言语用能力与社交语用能力、言语行为理论、面子理论、礼貌理论等内容,并且进一步探讨了相关理论在请求策略研究上的应用。     

解析言语交际策略与社会文化语境的关系

本文简要介绍了言语交际策略和社会文化语境的定义及研究状况,通过会话分析的方法,对在不同社会文化语境下的同一话题开展的言语交际活动进行对比分析。按照在交际过程中交际双方的社会文化语境是否相同和对交际策略的使用程度将言语交际过程分为五种类型,从而动态解析了言语交际策略与社会文化语境的关系。     

浅谈语境对言语交际的影响

语境在人们的言语交际行为中起着很大的作用。从言语表达者和言语接受者的角度来分析,语境对言语交际的作用主要表现在两个方面——制约功能和解释功能。本文就对语境在言语交际中所起的制约功能和解释功能进行初步分析。     

言语交际的礼貌性问题阐释

本文将英国语言学家Leech提出的礼貌原则的六项准则按照其在日常言语交际中实际应用的情况将其划分为：损惠准则、褒贬准则、赞同准则和同情准则。通过翔实的语料分析在日常言语交际中违反这四项准则的交际情况，阐明原因，揭示出在言语交际中遵守礼貌原则的程度是与言外行为的类别相关联的。     

间接言语行为在日语教学中的应用

间接言语行为属于语用学领域,是语用学研究的一个重要方面。日语是一种间接言语行为非常发达的语言,就学习日语的人来说,如果不了解日语中间接言语行为的特点,在运用日语进行交际的过程中就会出现语用失误。为了让学生正确理解和使用日语交际,提高学生运用日语的能力,从而有必要把间接言语行为理论运用到日语教学中去,让学生掌握日语交际的策略。     

非言语交际在不礼貌现象中的功能探析

礼貌和言语交际一直受到国内外学者的关注,然而人类的交往还包括不礼貌现象,同时也涉及大量的非言语行为。但是前人尚未结合非言语行为和不礼貌现象进行深入研究,本文尝试通过结合Brown&Levinson的面子理论和Malandro&Barker的非言语交际功能,探析非言语交际在不礼貌现象中的功能,以丰富该主题的研究,并希望以此可提醒人们在交际过程中注意自己的非言语行为来避免不礼貌的产生,从而实现自己的交际目的。     

从社会语言学角度探讨性别言语差异

在具体的言语交际中,要针对具体的交际对象来调整话语。性别作为交际对象的客观存在,是语境中不可忽视的一个因素。从语言实际来说,在男女两性的言语交际中,由于性别的不同,形成两性话语风格的差异。本文从语音等多方面对男女言语行为的差异进行了总结,并从社会心理、社会地位和权力、个人心理、男女生理差别四个方面分析了造成这些差异的原因。     

论交际行为中的性别差异

语言中普遍存在的性别差异这一现象,男性用语与女性用语存在很明显的性别差别。女性语言在词汇和句法两个层面以及言语行为和非言语交际方面表现出区别于男性语言的特点。具体分析男性和女性在使用语言的过程中所呈现出的差异。女性用语总体上含蓄、委婉,礼貌程度比较高;男性用语则倾向于直接明了,果断直率的表达方式。     

趣谈言语行为

言语行为理论指的是语言是传达信息的手段,即以言行事。一切语言交流都包括言语行为。语言是人类交际的手段和载体,但人类交际的基本单位事实上是言语行为,并不是符号、词、句子或者这些符号、词、句子。比如:请求、命令、劝告、道歉、祝贺等。同一种言语可以表达不同的行为,同一行为也可以通过不同的言语得以实现。言语行为理论除了表达字面意思,主要强调说话人字面以外的意图;这就要求我们对言语行为的研究更多的关注的是对语言的意义、语言的功能以及言外之意的预设。     

‘I hereby come out’: What sort of speech act is coming out?

The process of coming out linguistically as a lesbian or as a gay man is occasionally referred to as a speech act (e.g. Harvey 1997: 72; Liang 1997: 293). This analogy is taken as a starting point to explore the extent to which coming out is a performative act, and what sort of speech act coming out may be. The discussion draws on the perspective of both the speaker and the hearer to consider how the acts involved in coming out are open to interpretation. Parallels are drawn between the act of coming out as a lesbian or a gay man and other instances of self–disclosure or of individuals' constructions of new facets of their identities.     

On the narrative vs non-narrative functions of reported speech: A socio-pragmatic study

Reported utterances have often been analyzed with regard to their narrative function. While it is true that this narrative function applies to a large group of cases, we have observed that reported speech can fulfil other functions, which are incompatible with the properties of a narrative utterance. This study, based on spontaneous discourse, will focus on the non-narrative functions of reported speech, that is, the appreciative, the support and the authority functions. We will first define the semantico-pragmatic properties of these functions of reported speech, on the basis of examples that are univocal in their contexts. Next, we will turn to examples more complex, in which there seems to be a conflict between functions considered to be incompatible. Finally, we will present the results of a distributional analysis, relating the functions of reported speech to linguistic and extralinguistic factors. The results will lead us to propose hypotheses concerning the strategic diversification of discourse behaviours by speakers.     

Emotional Expressivity and Trustworthiness: The Role of Nonverbal Behavior in the Evolution of Cooperation

Previous research has found that high emotional expressivity contributes to interpersonal attraction independently of and on par with the contributions of physical attractiveness. Using an evolutionary perspective, we argue that emotional expressivity can act as a marker for cooperative behavior or trustworthiness. Theoretical and empirical work from social dilemma research pointing to the advantages of having a signal for cooperation is considered, as well as research from the limited number of studies that have looked at expressive behavior within a social exchange context. We also argue that we need to inject nonverbal emotional behavior into the social dilemma paradigm, which has downplayed or ignored its role in the communication processes associated with cooperation. Finally, we offer an outline for testing our theory and expanding the role of nonverbal emotional processes within research on cooperation and social exchange.     

Symposium on political communication and social movements: audience,persuasion, and influence

ABSTRACT

This article argues that an important contribution that political communication can offer social movement studies is a more variegated understanding of social movement audiences and their role in social movement strategy and processes. Specifically, the article introduces a coarse typology of social movement audiences and discusses the importance of understanding differences in the goals of these audiences and what kinds of influence, from messaging or other forms of pressure, may be important to affect different audiences in movements’ favors. The article also examines the ways in which audiences are active, shaping what messages they are exposed to, consume, believe, and act upon. The call of the article is to bring a concern for audiences into social movement studies in the hopes of wedding these more media and communication-focused concerns with the kinds of structural and material influences social movement studies is so accomplished in investigating.     

Strategies to Foster the Career Development of People with Disabilities

Abstract

This paper addresses career development strategy within the context of social work practice in rehabilitation and disability. The author outlines the career development needs of people with disabilities and identifies contemporary ways of thinking about career development. Four specific career development tactics are discussed involving the provision of vicarious experiences, identification and appreciation of performance accomplishments, verbal persuasion to support appropriate risk-taking, and emotional arousal that facilitates the expression of feelings and the motivation to act. These tactics are promising avenues for strengthening vocational and career self-efficacy with the aim of helping people with disabilities to augment their career maturity and increase their personal flexibility.     

Hate speech harms: a social justice discussion of disabled Norwegians’ experiences

This article presents findings from a survey on hate speech reported by disabled people in Norway. Previous British and American research shows that disabled people are more likely than their non-disabled peers to be the victims of hate speech and hate crime. In our study, 38% reported at least one experience of hate speech during the previous 12 months. The respondents reported a wide range of consequences of hate speech related to psychological, social and societal issues. The findings reveal that people place restrictions on their own lives as a result of being exposed to hate speech, including raising their opinion in public debates. Drawing on the work of Nancy Fraser, we discuss the mechanisms that prevent disabled people from participating in society on equal terms. We conclude that to combat hate speech, transformative strategies need to be applied.     

The mouths of others: The linguistic performance of race in Bermuda

This paper examines the behaviour of one linguistic feature among one black and one white group of Bermudian men over the age of 50. The acoustic analysis of the mouth vowel, one of the most heavily stereotyped sounds of Bermudian English, is used as a window onto linguistic parody observed in the white group, a community of practice known locally for theatrical dialect performance. In combination with contextual analysis, and in light of social conditions in Bermuda, phonetic findings suggest that this linguistic practice is not only a performance of “Bermudian‐ness,” but also a performance of a racialized stereotype which reflects and reinforces the raciolinguistic hierarchies of contemporary Bermudian society. The paper introduces this under‐researched and unusual sociolinguistic setting to the literature on racialized mock language, as well as attesting further to the usefulness of methods that examine highly self‐conscious speech.     

Reflection at the Crossroads of Cultures

This article explores how technologies can transform the obstacles of geographical and cultural dis-tance into new opportunities for learning and personal growth. In particular, it focuses on the potential benefits of reflection in the context of cross-cultural exchange and how technology can bring those benefits to the classroom. Several instances of research explore the uses of technology for promoting cross-cultural contact as a way to expose students and teachers to fresh educational values and prac-tices. A consistent result is that when people experience a new culture or community or even a new classroom, they report an increase in reflection about their identities, attributions, and responsibilities. Reflection appears as a deeply social act. Several examples highlight two social functions of reflection in the context of cross-cultural interaction. One function is to help people decide which aspects of cul-ture to appropriate and how to adapt those aspects to their own interests. Another function is to help people become more receptive to the presence of different values and practices. The article conclude with a set of provisional design principles for encouraging learning through cross-cultural reflection.     

Strategic role of public relations in enterprise strategy,governance and sustainability—A normative framework

The purpose of the study was to suggest a normative framework for the development of an organization's enterprise (societal role/stakeholder) strategy, indicating its relationship with governance, sustainability, and CSR. The normative framework contains two dimensions: Enterprise strategy is developed within the context of enterprise governance as well as social and environmental sustainability and responsibility, to achieve the organization's strategic non-financial goals (the sustainability dimension). Corporate strategy is developed within the context of corporate governance as well as economic sustainability and responsibility, to achieve strategic financial/economic goals (the business dimension). PR/communication management plays a strategic role in enterprise strategy development but a support role in corporate strategy development. The development of enterprise strategy necessitates a Triple Bottom Line approach to strategic management.