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1.
Michael Lynch 《The American Sociologist》2012,43(1):67-75
This essay is an appreciation of Melvin Pollner’s distinctive sociological approach to topics that are usually associated
with philosophy. Pollner’s dissertation and early writings took up the theme of “mundane reason,” which he defined as an incorrigible
presumption of a real world that is implicit in everyday conduct. Pollner addressed mundane reason, and the reciprocal idea
of “reality disjunctures”—momentary divergences between perceptual accounts of the “same” mundane reality—by describing routine
exchanges in traffic court and confrontations between doctors and patients in psychiatric settings. Pollner’s work anticipated
current enthusiasms for developing novel “ontologies” in social and cultural studies of science, medicine, and other subjects.
Although he did attempt to locate metaphysics in the midst of everyday experience, this essay suggests that his “philosophy
on the ground” radically transformed philosophical ontology into an original and imaginative way to investigate constitutive
activities. 相似文献
2.
This article focuses on Malawian sex workers’ understandings of exchange and intimacy, showing how multiple historically emergent
categories and specific work pragmatics produce specific patterns of relational meanings. As we show, sex workers make sense
of their relationships with clients through two categories. The first is sex work; the second is the chibwenzi, an intimate premarital relational category that emerged from pre-colonial transformations in courtship practices. These
categories, in turn, are also shaped differently in different work settings. We use narratives from in-depth interviews with
45 sex workers and bar managers in southern Malawi to describe how the everyday pragmatics of two forms of sex work—performed
by “bargirls” and “freelancers”—foster distinct understandings of relationships between them and men they have sex with. Bargirls,
who work and live in bars, blurred the boundaries between “regulars” and chibwenzi; freelancers, who are not tethered to a specific work environment, often subverted the meanings of the chibwenzi, presenting these relationships as both intimate and emotionally distant. Through this comparison, we thus refine an approach
to the study of the intimacy-exchange nexus, and use it to capture the complexities of gender relations in post-colonial Malawi. 相似文献
3.
J. Hamilton Stewart 《Journal of Labor Research》2006,27(4):443-472
Employer “neutrality” and union recognition by “card check” are tools unions use to bolster their shrinking numbers. Employee
freeinformed choice and the sanctity of a democratic, secretballot National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) election are the
casualties of this fast-track approach to organizing. The NLRB is faced with challenging issues about some of the agreements
which may overreach legal boundaries. This paper addresses those issues and highlights pending NLRB cases which may resolve
some of them. 相似文献
4.
Christena Nippert-Eng 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(3):563-582
This article presents a discussion of the relationship between classification systems and individuals' everyday activities.
The concept of “boundary work” is defined as the practices that concretize and give meaning to mental frameworks by placing,
maintaining, and challenging cultural categories. “Home” and “work” provide a case study for examining boundary work across
a range of realm relationships, from those that are highly “integrating” to those that are highly “segmenting.” Boundary practices
involving calendars and keys, clothes and appearances, eating and drinking, money, people and their representations (like
photographs and gifts), talk styles and conversations, reading materials and habits, and work breaks (including lunches and
vacations) are discussed. Mary Douglas's work on categorical purity helps illustrate the relationship between cognitive order
and visible behavior seen in the boundary work of home and work.
This article includes material that was published in a larger study,Home and Work: Negotiating Boundaries Through Everyday Life (1996 University of Chicago Press), after it was presented at the 1995 Eastern Sociological Society meetings in Philadelphia. 相似文献
5.
Sylvia R. Tamale 《Qualitative sociology》1996,19(4):471-495
This study tackles one of the most complex and intriguing issues in contemporary society, namely, the phenomenon of racism.
Instead of examining the structural dimensions of racism, it focuses on the interpersonal “everyday racism” that occurs among
students. Using the University of Minnesota as a case study, the study employs qualitative research methods to offer new perspectives
on everyday racism as perceived through the eyes of a Black foreign female student. Popular portrayals of the midwestern United
States present a relatively liberal milieu where racism only subtly affects social relations, and where there is “zero tolerance”
for the politics of exclusion. However, the findings of this study illustrate that everyday racism is alive and well in the
collegiate environment. Epistemological issues are elaborated, arguing for the position of an interpretive and reflexive rather
than a positivist approach to social research. 相似文献
6.
Nancy A. Naples 《Qualitative sociology》1996,19(1):83-106
This article draws upon findings from an ethnographic study of two towns in rural Iowa to examine the adequacy of the insider/outsider
distinction as a guideline for evaluating and conducting ethnographic research. Utilizing feminist standpoint and materialist
feminist theories, I start with the assumption that, rather than one “insider” or “outsider” position, we all begin our work
with different relationships to shifting aspects of social life and to particular knowers in the community and this contributes
to numerous dimensions through which we can relate to residents in various communities. “Outsiderness” and “insiderness” are
not fixed or static positions, rather they are ever-shifting and permeable social locations illustrated in this case study
by the “outsider phenomenon.” Community processes that reorganize and resituate race-ethnicity, gender and class relations
form some of the most salient aspects of the “outsider phenomenon.” These dynamic processes shaped our relationships with
residents as ethnographic identities were repositioned by shifts in constructions of “community” that accompanied ongoing
social, demographic, and political changes. 相似文献
7.
Cihan Tuğal 《Theory and Society》2009,38(5):423-458
The Islamist movement in Turkey bases its mobilization strategy on transforming everyday practices. Public challenges against
the state do not form a central part of its repertoire. New Social Movement theory provides some tools for analyzing such
an unconventional strategic choice. However, as Islamist mobilization also seeks to reshape the state in the long run, New
Social Movement theory (with its focus on culture and society and its relative neglect of the state) needs to be complemented
by more institutional analyses. A hegemonic account of mobilization, which incorporates tools from theories of everyday life
and identity-formation, as well as from state-centered approaches, is offered as a way to grasp the complexity of Islamism.
Cihan Tuğal is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at UC Berkeley. He is the author of Passive Revolution: Absorbing the Islamic Challenge to Capitalism (Stanford University Press, 2009). His previous research was published in Economy and Society (“Islamism in Turkey: Beyond Instrument and Meaning,” 2002), the New Left Review (“NATO’s Islamists: Hegemony and Americanization in Turkey,” 2007, and “The Greening of Istanbul,” 2008), and the Sociological Quarterly (“The Appeal of Islamic Politics: Ritual and Dialogue in a Poor District of Turkey,” 2006). He is currently working on the development of neo-liberal Islamic ethics in Turkey, Egypt, and Iran. 相似文献
Cihan TuğalEmail: |
Cihan Tuğal is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at UC Berkeley. He is the author of Passive Revolution: Absorbing the Islamic Challenge to Capitalism (Stanford University Press, 2009). His previous research was published in Economy and Society (“Islamism in Turkey: Beyond Instrument and Meaning,” 2002), the New Left Review (“NATO’s Islamists: Hegemony and Americanization in Turkey,” 2007, and “The Greening of Istanbul,” 2008), and the Sociological Quarterly (“The Appeal of Islamic Politics: Ritual and Dialogue in a Poor District of Turkey,” 2006). He is currently working on the development of neo-liberal Islamic ethics in Turkey, Egypt, and Iran. 相似文献
8.
Stephen Zafirau 《Qualitative sociology》2008,31(2):99-127
Reputation is an important feature in the interactional contexts of work in “culture industries” such as film and television
production. But few accounts have examined how reputations are produced in the everyday worlds in which cultural producers
live and work. This paper introduces the concept of “reputation work” to describe the front stage and back stage interactional
processes through which cultural producers continuously strive to produce their reputations. Drawing on participant observation
data gathered at a Hollywood talent management company and a business school course on the talent industry, this paper shows
how Hollywood agents and managers perform four types of reputation work. These include how Hollywood talent representatives
work to adhere to institutionalized conventions for reputable physical settings, group contexts, giftgiving practices, and
selfhoods. Such reputation work performances are done for the sake of “impression management,” but show how this strategic
interaction is governed by industry-wide institutions that govern legitimacy.
Stephen Zafirau is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Sociology at the University of Southern California. His dissertation examines how decision makers in the US film industry create and legitimate ideas about motion picture audiences, and how those ideas become important in the everyday contexts in which decisions about Hollywood movies are made. 相似文献
Stephen ZafirauEmail: |
Stephen Zafirau is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Sociology at the University of Southern California. His dissertation examines how decision makers in the US film industry create and legitimate ideas about motion picture audiences, and how those ideas become important in the everyday contexts in which decisions about Hollywood movies are made. 相似文献
9.
Keith R. Brown 《Qualitative sociology》2011,34(1):121-141
Markets for “socially responsible” products are comprised of activists who lead protests, organize boycotts, and promote the
consumption of these goods. However, the ultimate success of these movements is dependent upon the support of a large number
of consumers whose self-professed values often contradict with their own purchasing patterns. Consumer support of socially
responsible products cannot be explained by consumer culture theories, which privilege identity, attitudes, and behavior, or mass consumption theories, which emphasize location and advertising’s influence on consumption patterns. These perspectives are informative
but unable to explain why some consumers will only buy socially responsible products while others with similar value systems
possess much more contradictory consumption patterns. I extend Collin’s theory of “Interaction Ritual chains” to show that
rituals and emotions—more than identity or coercive advertising—explain how ethical consumers are mobilized. I show how face-to-face
interactions between consumers and producers produce solidarity and motivate support for the Fair Trade movement. This paper
employs a micro-sociological approach to contribute to studies of ethical consumption in three notable ways: 1) it emphasizes
the importance of “contexts” and is able to explain contradictions in consumer behavior; 2), it contributes to our understanding
of “brand communities” by describing the micro-sociological processes that both help to build these communities and create
value within the products that organize these groups; and 3) it offers the potential to develop a predictive model for the
purchasing patterns of consumers. 相似文献
10.
We qualify a social choice correspondence as resolute when its set valued outcomes are interpreted as mutually compatible alternatives which are altogether chosen. We refer to
such sets as “committees” and analyze the manipulability of resolute social choice correspondences which pick fixed size committees.
When the domain of preferences over committees is unrestricted, the Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem—naturally—applies. We show
that in case we wish to “reasonably” relate preferences over committees to preferences over committee members, there is no
domain restriction which allows escaping Gibbard–Satterthwaite type of impossibilities. We also consider a more general model
where the range of the social choice rule is determined by imposing a lower and an upper bound on the cardinalities of the
committees. The results are again of the Gibbard–Satterthwaite taste, though under more restrictive extension axioms. 相似文献
11.
Murray L. Wax 《The American Sociologist》2000,31(4):65-82
It is only when theories are located in history, when we view the demands for verification in highly particular contexts of
a historical kind that we are freed from either dogmatism or capitulation to scepticism (MacIntyre 1977: 471). The world has
problems; the university has disciplines whose boundary lines inhibit our abilities to address those problems. The boundaries
acquire such seeming validity that it becomes necessary to defend problem-oriented research as “interdisciplinary,” when the
real point is to examine social reality, rather than defer to academic turf (and scientistic scruples). Faced with the contemporary
range of global problems, it is helpful to re-assess and re-construct our history. The artificiality of the disciplinary lineages
within the U.S. has diminished Old Chicago. Yet the problems which it addressed have remained pertinent not only to the U.S.,
and not only to France, but throughout the world. Because the French disciplinary lines have been other than ours, and their
nation has been confronting a set of social problems akin to those faced by the Chicagoans, some of their social scientists
have sought to draw upon that heritage. The abstract and allusive discourses of a Derrida or Lacan tend to distract observers
from the engaged character of the best French intellectual discourse. Park was engaged in the best sense, but he had observed
too many campaigns of urban reform which simply clothed the attempt of a culturally dominant group to impose its ethos upon
a socially subordinated populace. Underlying Park’s disparagement of “do-good” campaigns and “evangelical sociology” was a
moral insistence on respecting the varieties of social life. 19 This is manifest in his life trajectory and in his role as
teacher. To me he is cast in the heroic figure of Bernard Rieux in Camus’ The Plague.
After undergraduate studies (B.S., 1942) at University of Chicago, Murray L. Wax returned there to teach and undertake doctoral
studies (Ph.D., 1959)- He has taught at several universities and is now emeritus Professor, Washington University, St. Louis.
The author wishes to express his gratitude for their advice and encouragement to Joan Cassell, Jean-Michel Chapoulie, Lawrence
T. Nichols, and Paule Verdet. 相似文献
12.
Sarah E. Bohn 《Review of Economics of the Household》2010,8(1):29-51
Since immigration to the US began to accelerate in the 1970s, economic and social policy issues surrounding immigration frequently
raise concern and generate debate. These policy debates often aim to mitigate the costs of immigration and augment the benefits.
Key to this is understanding the characteristics of immigrants, especially those related to economic success and integration.
A commonly accepted finding in the economic literature regards the declining economic “quality” of successive immigrant cohorts
as measured by differences in entry wages across cohorts. In this paper, I refine our understanding of immigrant cohort quality.
I show that increasing competition in the labor market among immigrants can explain a significant portion of declining “quality”.
This result suggests that labor market interactions are as important to immigrant economic integration as their inherent “quality”. 相似文献
13.
Herbert R. Northrup 《Journal of Labor Research》1993,14(4):469-492
The sharp decline in construction union membership during the last twenty years has led to a number of programs by these unions
and unionized contractors to reverse their losses of members and business. The union activities have included several novel
approaches designed both to narrow the cost gap between unionized and “open-shop” (largely nonunion) construction as well
as to regain members. This article deals with one such program, “salting,” that is, the placing of union organizers or members
in a nonunion facility to disrupt, to increase the costs of, or to organize the open-shop contractor. Union salting programs
are examined, using actual cases to demonstrate how they work in practice, and policies of the National Labor Relations Board,
on which the success of salting is heavily predicated, are analyzed.
Professor Emeritus of Management; formerly, Director, Industrial Research Unit, and Chairman, Labor Relations Council. 相似文献
14.
Amin Ghaziani 《Theory and Society》2009,38(6):581-612
Sociological studies of culture have made significant progress on conceptual clarification of the concept, while remaining
comparatively quiescent on questions of measurement. This study empirically examines internal conflicts (or “infighting”),
a ubiquitous phenomenon in political organizing, to propose a “resinous culture framework” that holds promise for redirection.
The data comprise 674 newspaper articles and more than 100 archival documents that compare internal dissent across two previously
unstudied lesbian and gay Marches on Washington. Analyses reveal that activists use infighting as a vehicle to engage in otherwise
abstract definitional debates that provide concrete answers to questions such as who are we and what do we want. The mechanism
that enables infighting to concretize these cultural concerns is its coupling with fairly mundane and routine organizational
tasks. This mechanism affords one way to release the culture concept, understood here as collective self-definitions, from
being “an amorphous, indescribable mist which swirls around society members,” as it was once provocatively described. 相似文献
15.
Consistent judgement aggregation: the truth-functional case 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Generalizing the celebrated “discursive dilemma”, we analyze judgement aggregation problems in which a group of agents independently
votes on a set of complex propositions (the “conclusions”) and on a set of “premises” by which the conclusions are truth-functionally
determined. We show that for conclusion- and premise-based aggregation rules to be mutually consistent, the aggregation must
always be “oligarchic”, that is: unanimous within a subset of agents, and typically even be dictatorial. We characterize exactly
when consistent non-dictatorial (or anonymous) aggregation rules exist, allowing for arbitrary conclusions and arbitrary interdependencies
among premises. 相似文献
16.
Sarah H. Matthews 《Qualitative sociology》1979,1(3):35-52
This paper addresses the relationship between meaning attached to settings by social actors and their self-identities. In
the context of research on the social worlds of old widows the author identifies “ideal type” self-designated identities,
namely that of “resident” vs. “newcomer” in a setting. These self-identities are considered in light of the bearing upon them
of the non-human or physical aspects of settings as well as of the people who share the settings. Finally, strategies for
maintaining “resident” status are shown to be more limited for the old than for the younger members of society.
I would like to thank Juanita B. Wood, Stephen G. Wieting, Ellen Horgan Biddle, Harold B. Freshley, and an anonymous reviewer
forQualitative Sociology for their instructive comments on earlier drafts of this paper. This research was supported in part by a grant from the Administration
on Aging, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Researchers undertaking such projects are encouraged to express freely
their professional judgment. Therefore, points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent the
official position or policy of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 相似文献
17.
Blame analysis: Accounting for the behavior of protected groups 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Richard B. Felson 《The American Sociologist》1991,22(1):5-23
When a group is not doing as well as other groups on some dimension, group members and sympathizers give accounts that attempt
to minimize the group’s blame for its predicament. These accounts reflect concerns about prejudice, as well as policy concerns.
This approach to social science may be called “blame analysis,” because it evaluates theories according to the extent to which
they blame protected groups. Blame analysis treats cause and blame as the same, and rejects theoretical arguments that posit
any causal role for the protected group because they “blame the victim.” As a result, discussions of proximate causes and
mediating variables are avoided in explanations of outcomes for these groups. The author argues that this approach violates
scientific principles and discourages the investigation of important issues.
He is a social psychologist who does research on interpersonal violence and on the determinants and consequences of self-appraisals. 相似文献
18.
According to a 2002 study by the U.S. Department of Education, the percentage of “traditional students” on college campuses
is declining. Students increasingly are delaying enrollment, attending college part time, working full time, financially independent,
and single parents. In this paper, we explore the extent to which sociologists are adapting their teaching to address these
shifting demographics. Based on a content analysis of articles published over a 20 year period in Teaching Sociology that suggest strategies for teaching social class inequality we find that most authors assume that their students are “traditional.”
Most often this means that students are assumed to come from a privileged, middle class background, lack direct and substantial
experience in the labor market, and enter college shortly after graduating high school. Accordingly, most articles advocate
classroom strategies of “looking down,” whereby students pretend to be in the shoes of those less fortunate. Examples include
creating household budgets based on poverty wages, playing board games, or assuming the role of the poor for a day. These
strategies run the risk of being ineffective, alienating, and potentially ethically suspect when used with non-traditional
students, whose real life experiences may resemble these simulations. We conclude with recommendations for pedagogical approaches
to teaching social class inequality that are more appropriate for, and inclusive of, students from diverse backgrounds. Our
goal in this paper is to start a discussion about pedagogy, social inequality, and the non-traditional student. 相似文献
19.
Modernization theory posits a change from traditional or “collective” forms to modern or “reflective” forms of volunteering.
In a research project using a combined qualitative–quantitative approach, the motivation of 118 young Swiss adults who showed
an interest in international volunteering was investigated. Qualitative analysis revealed 12 different motives which could
be categorized into three different groups: A first group called “Achieving something positive for others,” a second group
named “Quest for the new,” and a third group of motives labeled “Quest for oneself.” Motivations of young Swiss adults for
international volunteering clearly show the characteristics of “reflexive” volunteers. Most respondents displayed a combination
of motives while for only 11% of them altruism (“Achieving something positive for others”) was the one and only driving force
behind their interest in international volunteering. The inductively constructed typology of motives can be a useful planning
device for organizations that run or intend to set up an international volunteering program for young adults. 相似文献
20.
Gary Dean Jaworski 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(3):209-216
Within the context of a discussion of Robert K. Merton’s ideas on leadership in postwar America, the article examines the
nature and impact of Merton’s “sociological parables.” This term refers to short tales from social life from which sociological
lessons with moral implications can be drawn. These parables, such as the bank insolvency story told in “The Self-Fulfilling
Prophecy,” illustrate the manner in which Merton merged moral and sociological messages in his writings. Suggestions are made
along the lines that these parables, or at least the moral messages they contain, contributed to Merton’s postwar fame.
His most recent publications are “Simmel’s Contribution to Parsons’ Action Theory and Its Fate,” in Michael Kaern, ed.Georg Simmel and Contempory Sociology (Kluwer, 1990); and “Robert K. Merton’s Extension of Simmel’sUbersehbar” inSociological Theory, Spring 1990. 相似文献