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1.
In his Presidential Address to the European Economic Association, Tony Atkinson introduced the idea of a “charitable conservatism”
position in public policy, which “exhibits a degree of concern for the poor, but this is the limit of the redistributional
concern and there is indifference with respect to transfers above the poverty line.” This contrasts with the perspective of
poverty indices, which give zero weight to those above the poverty line, which we call “poverty radicalism,” and with standard
“inequality aversion” where the weights decline smoothly as we move up the income scale. The object of this paper is, first,
to clarify the interrelationships between charitable conservatism, poverty radicalism and inequality aversion. We do this
by showing how the patterns of welfare weights to which each of these gives rise are related to each other. Secondly, we are
concerned to demonstrate the implications of these different views for optimal income taxation. In terms of levels and patterns
of marginal tax rates, we show that charitable conservatism and poverty radicalism are on a continuum, and by choice of low
or high inequality aversion one can approximate either outcome fairly well. 相似文献
2.
According to a 2002 study by the U.S. Department of Education, the percentage of “traditional students” on college campuses
is declining. Students increasingly are delaying enrollment, attending college part time, working full time, financially independent,
and single parents. In this paper, we explore the extent to which sociologists are adapting their teaching to address these
shifting demographics. Based on a content analysis of articles published over a 20 year period in Teaching Sociology that suggest strategies for teaching social class inequality we find that most authors assume that their students are “traditional.”
Most often this means that students are assumed to come from a privileged, middle class background, lack direct and substantial
experience in the labor market, and enter college shortly after graduating high school. Accordingly, most articles advocate
classroom strategies of “looking down,” whereby students pretend to be in the shoes of those less fortunate. Examples include
creating household budgets based on poverty wages, playing board games, or assuming the role of the poor for a day. These
strategies run the risk of being ineffective, alienating, and potentially ethically suspect when used with non-traditional
students, whose real life experiences may resemble these simulations. We conclude with recommendations for pedagogical approaches
to teaching social class inequality that are more appropriate for, and inclusive of, students from diverse backgrounds. Our
goal in this paper is to start a discussion about pedagogy, social inequality, and the non-traditional student. 相似文献
3.
Serge-Christophe Kolm 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2011,9(3):329-352
Deriving comparisons and measures of inequality from full ethical foundations was a main innovation of the 1960s and pursuing
it is still a most fruitful direction. This implies using “equal equivalents” and some principles particularly rich in meanings.
Multidimensional inequalities can be measured and compared thanks to the “equal-equivalent manifolds”. The “equal-equivalent
utility function” defines individual “welfare” cleaned of differences in sui generis individual tastes and hedonic capacities deemed irrelevant for “macrojustice”. Then, equal allocation is a deeper end-value
than equal welfare but has to be complemented by free choice for freedom, Pareto efficiency and a demanded partial self-ownership.
The result is the richly multi-meaning “equal-labour income equalization”. 相似文献
4.
This paper considers the problem of comparing two income distributions with different numbers of income recipients. The approach
eschews the “replication of populations” of Dalton’s Population Principle which has been a fixture of the literature on income
inequality since its inception. We start from a preorder which is a generalization of majorization, construct the “better-than”
set and characterize the order-preserving welfare functions in a unified framework. The fixed population case falls off as
a particular case. 相似文献
5.
Departing from the welfarist tradition, recent theories of justice focus on individual opportunities as the appropriate standard for distributive judgments. To explore how this philosophical conception can be translated into concrete public policy, we select the income as relevant outcome and the income tax as the relevant redistributive policy, and we address the following questions: (i) what is the degree of opportunity inequality in an income distribution? (ii) how to design an opportunity egalitarian income tax policy? Several criteria for ranking income distributions on the basis of equality of opportunities are derived. Moreover, we characterize an opportunity egalitarian income tax and we formulate criteria for choosing among alternative tax schedules.
I would like to thank Peter Lambert for his encouragement and guidance, and Walter Bossert, Maurice Salles, and partecipants at the 1998 Social Choice and Welfare Conference, Vancouver, and at the Conference on Non–Welfaristic Issues in Normative Economics in Caen for their helpful comments and suggestions. Financial support of the Ministero dellIstruzione, Università e Ricerca (Italy) is gratefully acknowledged. Responsibility for any remaining deficiency is mine. 相似文献
6.
This paper proposes an ex-post measure of inequality of opportunity in France and its regions by assessing the inequality between individuals exerting the same effort. To this end, we define a fair income that fulfils ex-post equality of opportunity requirements. Unfairness is measured by an unfair Gini based on the distance between the actual income and the fair income. Our findings reveal that the measures of ex-post inequality of opportunity largely vary across regions, and that this is due to differences in reward schemes and in the impact of the non responsibility factors of income. We find that most regions have actual incomes closer to fair incomes than to average income, excepted Ile de France where the actual income looks poorly related to effort variables. Finally, we find that income inequality and inequality of opportunity are positively correlated among regions. 相似文献
7.
Florent Bresson 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2010,8(1):71-100
Many authors have recently emphasized the crucial role of income inequalities in the design of efficient policies aimed at
reducing poverty. However, the link between variations in the degree of inequality and variations in poverty is not well documented.
The literature, for instance, does not provide any satisfying tool for predicting how a small relative variation in the Gini
index may be associated with a variation in the headcount index. In the present paper, we define a family of Lorenz curve
transformations that can directly be interpreted in terms of relative variations of known inequality measures. Then, we extend
Kakwani’s (Rev Income Wealth 39(2):121–139, 1993) methodology for the calculation of inequality elasticities of poverty. Improvements are threefold with respect to Kakwani’s
work. First, our formulas are not confined to the sole Gini index. Secondly, they embrace the uncertainty and the complexity
of the mechanical link between inequality and poverty. Third, using some flexible functional form, one can easily perform
an accurate estimation of the point inequality elasticities of poverty corresponding to observed variations of a given income
distribution. We also propose a simple measure that may be helpful to assess how “pro-poor” are inequality variations by comparing
the observed elasticities with the set of theoretical elasticities that could be obtained from the initial income distribution. 相似文献
8.
Mark D. Partridge 《Journal of Labor Research》2006,27(1):1-20
A central issue facing society is the equity/growth trade-off. Conventional economic theory suggests enhanced incentives associated
with income inequality should increase growth, but at the expense of “fairness.” Recent theories challenge this notion by
contending that inequality reduces human-capital investment and increases instability. Nevertheless, empirical evidence from
U.S. states and across countries suggests an ambiguous relationship between inequality and income growth. Yet, at the state
level, because inequality is related to many disamenities including crime, it can lead to lower utility and out-migration.
The disamenities may produce compensating differentials that increase income. Given the inconsistencies regarding income,
this study extends the literature by instead examining employment growth. Namely, long-run job growth is closely associated
with net migration and any utility gains from migration. Thus, examining relative employment growth indicates whether inequality
is associated with netutility gains from a vibrant economy or net-losses from disamenities. The results suggest that state-level
inequality is associated with greater long-run job growth, or enhanced incentives appear to be the dominant factor. 相似文献
9.
We analyze the level and distribution of economic well-being in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s based on the
standard measure of money income and a measure in which income from wealth is calculated as the sum of lifetime annuity from
nonhome wealth and imputed rental-equivalent for owner-occupied homes. Over the 1982–2000 period, median well-being increases
faster when these adjustments are made than when standard money income is used. This adjustment also widens the income gap
between African-Americans and whites but increases the relative well-being of the elderly. Adding imputed rent and annuities
from household wealth to household income considerably increases measured inequality and the share of income from wealth in
inequality. However, both measures show about the same rise in inequality over the period. We also find an increasing share
of wage and salary income in our expanded definition of income among the richest 1% over the period but do not find that the
“working rich” have largely replaced rentiers at the top of the economic ladder.
相似文献
10.
Fran?ois Bourguignon 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2011,9(4):605-627
The distributional incidence of growth is generally analyzed by comparing the quantiles of the pre- and post-growth income
distribution—e.g. the so-called Growth Incidence Curves. Such an approach based on an implicit re-ranking of individual incomes
ignores income mobility by assuming that only post-growth income matters in social welfare. By contrast, this paper takes
the view that “status quo matters” and that social welfare should logically be defined on both inital and terminal income.
This leads to consider ’non-anonymous’ Growth Incidence Curves that plot income growth rates against the various quantiles
of the initial distribution. Dominance criteria that generalize those available for standard growth incidence curves are derived, which
account for the inequality of individual income changes, conditional on initial income. An application to the cross-country
distributional feature of global growth illustrates the analysis. 相似文献
11.
Terry Nichols Clark 《The American Sociologist》2003,34(1-2):17-32
This paper reviews debate in the 1990s over whether, why, and how much class is declining in its impact on politics. One position
is the “null hypothesis” of many at Berkeley and Oxford: the impact of class has not changed. The other position is that “post-industrial
society” is transforming politics and redefining class. To focus, the paper does not seek to inventory themes in abstract,
but stresses core points made by actual proponents in the exchange. Over the decade many issues were resolved; others were
not. Social inequality persists, and inequality of income has risen; but the motor of politics is less clearly jobs. Consumption
and other post-industrial concerns have entered and transformed politics in many countries worldwide. How political parties
have changed their appeals away from “class” is a key issue, as is the drop by about half in the size of the traditional working
class in most Western countries since 1945. From this exchange lessons emerge for conceptualizing and measuring these dynamics
in the future.
He has taught at Columbia, Harvard, Yale, the Sorbonne, UCLA, and the University of Florence. 相似文献
12.
Pasquale Tridico 《Transition Studies Review》2010,16(4):979-1001
This paper aims to explore the quality of economic growth in a sample of 50 emerging and transition economies (ETEs), which
are countries experiencing a process of fast growth and institutional change. Economic growth during 1995–2006 is regressed
against poverty, inequality and human development variables using OLS cross-country regression models. The main findings are
that growth did not reduce poverty and income inequality worsened too. On the one hand, economic growth occurred despite the
worsening of income inequality. However, this result does not identify a “U-shaped” Kuznets curve because even after a consistent
period of growth, inequality did not decrease and it remained at higher levels. Only countries with higher education levels
and public expenditure in strategic dimensions seem to escape from this trap. On the other hand, growth occurred at the expense
of an important human development variable i.e., life expectancy, and of an important indicator of democracy, i.e., voice
and accountability. 相似文献
13.
We consider the problem of ranking distributions of opportunity sets on the basis of equality. First, conditional on a given
ranking of individual opportunity sets, we define the notion of an equalizing transformation. Then, assuming that the opportunity
sets are ranked according to the cardinality ordering, we formulate the analogues of the notions of the Lorenz partial ordering,
equalizing (Dalton) transfers, and inequality averse social welfare functions – concepts which play a central role in the
literature on income inequality. Our main result is a cardinality-based analogue of the fundamental theorem of inequality
measurement: one distribution Lorenz dominates another if and only if the former can be obtained from the latter by a finite
sequence of rank preserving equalizations, and if and only if the former is ranked higher than the latter by all inequality
averse social welfare functions. In addition, we characterize the smallest monotonic and transitive extension of our cardinality-based
Lorenz inequality ordering.
Received: 2 May 1995 / Accepted: 11 October 1996 相似文献
14.
The purpose of the paper is to provide a general framework for analyzing “preference for opportunities.” Based on two simple
axioms a fundamental result due to Kreps is used in order to represent rankings of opportunity sets in terms of multiple preferences.
The paper provides several refinements of the basic representation theorem. In particular, a condition of “closedness under
compromise” is suggested in order to distinguish the flexibility interpretation of the model from normative interpretations which play a crucial role in justifying the intrinsic value of opportunities. Moreover, the paper clarifies the link between the multiple preference approach and the “choice function”
approach to evaluating opportunities. In particular, it is shown how the well-known Aizerman/Malishevski result on rationalizability
of choice functions can be obtained as a corollary from the more general multiple preference representation of a ranking of
opportunity sets.
Received: 3 September 1996 / Accepted: 18 August 1997 相似文献
15.
This paper shows how recently developed regression-based methods for the decomposition of health inequality can be extended to incorporate heterogeneity in the responses of health to the explanatory variables. We illustrate our method with an application to the GHQ measure of psychological well-being taken from the British Household Panel Survey. The results suggest that there is an important degree of heterogeneity in the association of health to explanatory variables across birth cohorts and genders which, in turn, accounts for a substantial percentage of the inequality in observed health.*Data from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) were supplied by the ESRC Data Archive. Neither the original collectors of the data nor the Archive bear any responsibility for the analysis or interpretations presented here. This chapter derives from the project “The dynamics of income, health and inequality over the lifecycle” (known as the ECuity III Project), which is funded in part by the European Community's Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources programme (contract QLK6-CT-2002-02297) and the project “La dinámica del estado de salud y los factores socieconómicos a lo largo del ciclo vital. Implicaciones para las políticas públicas”, which is supported by the Fundación BBVA. 相似文献
16.
This paper analyses the contribution of capital income to income inequality in a cross-national comparison. Using micro-data
from the Cross-National Equivalent File (CNEF) for three prominent panel studies, namely the BHPS for the UK, the SOEP for
West Germany, and the PSID for the USA, we use the factor decomposition method described by Shorrocks (Econometrica 50:193–211,
1982). The factor decomposition of disposable income into single income components shows that capital income is exceedingly volatile
and that its share in disposable income has risen recent years. Moreover, capital income makes a disproportionately high contribution
to overall inequality in relation to its share in disposable income. This applies to Germany and the USA in particular. Thus
capital income accounts for a large part of disparity in all three countries. 相似文献
17.
Francesco De Sinopoli 《Social Choice and Welfare》2000,17(4):655-672
In this paper we show in the context of voting games with plurality rule that the “perfect” equilibrium concept does not
appear restrictive enough, since, independently of preferences, it can exclude at most the election of only one candidate.
Furthermore, some examples show that there are “perfect” equilibria that are not “proper”. However, also some “proper” outcome
is eliminated by sophisticated voting, while Mertens' stable set fully satisfies such criterium, for generic plurality games.
Moreover, we highlight a weakness of the simple sophisticated voting principle. Finally, we find that, for some games, sophisticated
voting (and strategic stability) does not elect the Condorcet winner, neither it respects Duverger's law, even with a large
number of voters.
Received: 16 March 1999/Accepted: 25 September 1999 相似文献
18.
Antonio Abatemarco 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2010,8(4):475-490
Opportunity egalitarians support rich-to-poor redistribution whenever this allows for the compensation of income disparities
due to non-responsible choices (circumstances). In this paper we focus on the measurement of opportunity inequality within
Roemer’s (Philos Public Aff 22:146–166, 1993) pragmatic theory where a disjoint and exhaustive partition rule is assumed such that individuals within the same population
can be grouped depending on the sole circumstances. Given entropy-based, deprivation-based and welfaristic inequality decomposition
procedures, we show that the between-group Gini component from Dagum’s decomposition is the only well known between-group
inequality index satisfying the Pigou-Dalton principle of transfer as reformulated for opportunity egalitarianism. 相似文献
19.
This paper empirically tests for convergence in income inequality using a large panel of annual data for 48 states in the
U.S. during the 1916–2005 period. By implementing the novel OLS estimator introduced by Bao and Dhongde (Oxf Bull Econ Stat
71:295–302, 2009), we find overwhelming evidence in support of convergence in income distribution. The results are robust to the uses of alternative
inequality indicators, regions, and time periods. 相似文献
20.
The positive association between moderate alcohol consumption and wages is well documented in the economic literature. Positive
health effects as well as networking mechanisms serve as explanations for the “alcohol–income puzzle.” Using individual-based
microdata from the SOEP for 2006, we confirm that this relationship exists for Germany as well. More importantly, we shed
light on the alcohol–income puzzle by analyzing, for the first time, the association between beverage-specific drinking behavior
and wages. In our analysis, we disentangle the general wage effect of drinking into diverse effects for different types of
drinkers. Mincerian estimates reveal significant and positive relationships between wine drinkers and wages as well as between
multiple beverage drinkers and wages. When splitting the sample into age groups, the “drinking gain” disappears for employees
under the age of 35 and increases in size and significance for higher age groups. We also find a “beer gain” for the oldest
age group and male residents of rural areas as well as a “cocktail gain” for residents of urban areas. Several explanations
for our empirical results are discussed in view of the likelihood that the alcohol–income puzzle is a multicausal phenomenon.
相似文献
Markus M. GrabkaEmail: |