“Never enough hours in the day”: Employed mothers’ perceptions of time pressure

Finding sufficient time to meet work and family commitments poses immense challenges for employed mothers in 21st century contemporary life. Understanding how employed women with children manage their finite time resources requires deeper investigation of how time pressures accrue across work and home contexts. This study draws on data from in‐depth interviews with 18 working mothers from diverse occupations (professional, sales, service, clerical, technical and trades) and across a range of employment hours (full and part‐time). The findings from this study show that employed mothers endure high levels of time pressure related to time poverty (insufficient time for necessary or discretionary activities), time intensity (multitasking and merging work and home boundaries) and time density (familial emotion and organisation work). When women use strategies to increase time efficiency, it does not necessarily reduce their perceptions of time pressure. Juggling multiple tasks simultaneously distorts women's temporal experiences and diminishes the quality of time. Workplaces and policymakers need to find better ways to encourage employed fathers to share the responsibility for home‐ and family‐related care and organisational work. Such measures may reduce the time stress and time inequity women endure, particularly in the time management control centre of the home.     

胡塞尔的内在时间意识与西方哲学的时间观

时间问题是西方哲学最艰深的也是最重要的问题之一 ,从柏拉图到胡塞尔相继出现了实体论时间观、关系论时间观、个人主观时间观、先验时间观和内在时间意识 ,胡塞尔上承奥古斯丁而持内在时间意识观念 ,既别于牛顿的时间客观实体论 ,又别于心理主义的个人主观时间论。本文把胡塞尔的内在时间意识学说置于西方时间学说发展的历史背景中 ,努力阐明其与各种时间观的理论因承关系及异同点 ,以此来阐述其内在时间意识的内涵及意义。     

基于时间学的思想政治教育时间规律新探

随着即时网络时代的到来，思想政治教育学要实现现代转型，探究者必须紧跟时代行进的步履，发扬探赜索隐、钩深致远的精神，深入揭示和科学应用思想政治教育新规律尤其是时间规律。基于时间学，从社会背景条件、教育对象、教育者、管理者角度去考察，思想政治教育时间规律群大致包括思想政治教育一定要适合时代发展状况规律、思想政治品德形成发展的时间规律、对人们进行思想政治教育的时间规律和思想政治教育时间管理规律等四大类型的一级时间规律。其中，每一类型的一级规律包含诸多二级规律或曰子规律。自觉把握和科学应用这些规律，有助于推动思想政治教育不断从实然状态向应然状态、从必然王国向自由王国飞跃。     

金融危机的逻辑及其社会后果

目前中国的经济问题,从表面看来,是在美国金融危机冲击的背景下发生的,但从根本上来说,是一场从生活必需品时代向耐用消费品时代转型转不过去而形成的传统的生产过剩危机。原发于美国的金融危机只是引发并加速了正在酝酿中的中国的生产过剩危机。因此,美国的问题不一定是中国的问题。中国目前所面临的问题更具有传统的生产过剩危机的特点。这是我们分析中国在这次危机中一些重要问题的前提,而对经济危机产生的社会后果的讨论,也必须建立在这一前提的基础之上。中国所面临的问题主要是表现在实体经济的层面及其该问题向社会层面的传导。在这种情况下,我们面临的重要任务是,利用经济危机的机会,真正实现发展方式的转变,为从生活必需品时代顺利转型到耐用消费品时代创造条件;同时进行社会安全网络的建设,形成可以隔绝或减缓经济危机向社会层面传导的过滤机制。     

The time costs of children

In this study of household time allocations, Turchi argues that children play a crucial part in the trade-off that members of a household must make between time at home and the pursuit of economic gains in the marketplace. Turchi examined data collected by Baumann, Udry, and Turchi in 1977 for a study of marriage and fertility to study how families handle the time that children add to their schedules. Using the data and the theory of utility maximization from economics, the researchers were able to look at the amounts of time a group of parents reported spending in various child-related activities and the impact this had on their economic status. The average number of hours a wife devotes to various activities varies considerably with having children. For example, wives spend 21 hours/week on general housework before having children, 16 hours/week when the children are preschool age, and 13 hours/week when the children are school-age. The child-related housework increased from 0 to 26 hours with preschool children, and then decreased to 21 hours with school-age children. Child care increased to 26 hours/week with preschoolers, and decreased to 20 with school-age children. Outside employment dropped from 29 hours/week to 11 with preschoolers, and increased to 18 with school-age children. Turchi has developed a method for measuring the value of time for nonworking women; it allows more precise understanding of the factors that determine the time allocation of wives, and, in particular, their fertility decision. This method allows the estimation of the monetary value of time spent in housework and child care, which is of great interest to lawyers who specialize in personal injury and divorce cases. While findings may support the argument that individuals who grow up without siblings are more successful, more intelligent, and better educated because of more quality time from parents, Turchi offers a different interpretation. He suggests that sharing a parent's time with siblings also results in quality time spent with a child. 2 children do not necessarily double the time costs of 1. He further argues than the psychological costs per child may even drop as family size increases.     

Bidirectionality in kindergarten children's school readiness and emotional regulation

This study examined the longitudinal associations of emotional regulation and school readiness among Chinese kindergarten children. Data were collected from 523 children (mean age at time 1 = 52.42 months; 52.9% male) at two time points separated by approximately 1 year in Hong Kong, China. At times 1 and 2, children's school readiness was assessed by their teachers and parents while their emotional regulation was directly tested. Teachers also rated children's emotional regulation at both time points. The results from the two reciprocal path models showed that, controlling for the corresponding autoregressive effects, school readiness at time 1 was predictive of emotional regulation at time 2. However, emotional regulation at time 1 did not emerge as a significant predictor of school readiness at time 2. Theoretically, these results underscored children's school readiness as a potential contributor to their emotional regulation. Practically, these findings suggested the utility of supporting children's school readiness to foster their emotional regulation.     

Parental socialization of positive affect,adolescent positive affect regulation,and adolescent girls’ depression in India

An emerging body of research shows that parental socialization of positive affect (PA) is implicated in youth functioning, although most evidence comes from Western countries. In this study, focusing on adolescent girls in India, we examined associations among reports of parents’ responses to adolescent PA, adolescent PA regulation, and adolescent depression. A total of 238 adolescent girls (13–18 years) and one of their parents (54% mothers) were recruited. Participants completed questionnaires at the beginning of the school year (time 1) and five months later (time 2). At the bivariate level, parents’ dampening and adolescent girls’ dampening responses were each associated concurrently with adolescent depression at time 1. However, there were no significant direct associations between time 1 parents’ dampening or enhancing responses and time 2 adolescent girls’ depression (after controlling for time 1 depression). Using half‐longitudinal models, a significant indirect effect was found from parental dampening of PA to increased adolescent depression via adolescent girls’ own increased dampening. No indirect effect was found from parental enhancing to adolescent depression via adolescent girls’ increased positive rumination. These findings are the first to demonstrate the relevance of PA socialization for girls in a non‐Western culture.     

Sibling Similarities and Differences in Time Use: A Pattern-Analytic, Within-Family Approach

Similarities and differences in adolescent siblings' free time activities were investigated. Firstborns and second‐borns from 181 predominantly White, working, and middle‐class families reported on their time use and sibling relationships. Their parents reported on their socioeconomic status and neighborhood characteristics. Cluster analysis identified three groups of sibling dyads: Cluster 1 differentiated in leisure and time with friends, Cluster 2 differentiated in instrumental activities and time alone, and Cluster 3 did not differentiate in time use. Multinomial logistic regressions revealed that the longitudinal links between sibling relationship qualities and cluster membership were moderated by firstborns' sex. Findings highlight the importance of person‐oriented analytic strategies for understanding sibling similarities and differences and of within‐family variability in youth's time use.     

马克思劳动时间界限理论对现代劳动伦理的启示

马克思认为劳动时间不仅应该有身体界限，而且应该有道德界限，资本主义社会资本家为了占有工人的剩余劳动时间，使用各种手段延长劳动时间，既突破了劳动时间的道德界限，也突破了劳动时间的身体界限。我国社会主义市场经济建设中，也存在劳动时间过长的问题，但这与资本主义社会劳动时间过长存在着本质的区别。对我国劳动时间状态进行伦理反思，既要认识其产生的历史必然性，也要认识其危害，在此，马克思的劳动时间界限理论对于我国目前劳动制度建设具有重要的指导意义。     

汇率制度退出与转型：文献综述

如何退出已有汇率制度安排，向更具弹性的汇率制度转型？这是当前新兴市场和发展中国家面临的一个重要问题。在维持已有制度的边际成本与边际收益一致时退出已有汇率制度是最优的。最佳退出时机的经验判断原则取决于该国的经济结构、经济发展阶段、经济冲击、政治与制度因素等。这些因素同时也决定了该国汇率制度退出和转型的策略选择。汇率制度转型所需的基本条件是：一个具有一定深度和一定流动性的外汇市场，一套连贯的中央银行外汇市场干预的政策措施，一个恰当的名义锚，监测和管理公共部门和私人部门外汇风险暴露的有效机制。     

Policy, management, and political activities: A current evaluation of the time allocations of mayors and managers in small cities and towns

This study examines executive time allocations in cities and towns with populations between 2,500 and 25,000. The majority of previous research has focused on municipalities with populations greater than 50,000. Do mayors and managers in small municipalities spend the same amount of time on policy, management, and political activities as their counterparts in larger municipalities? Four-hundred-sixty-seven surveys from mayors and city managers are evaluated, and the data reveal that a significant relationship between form of government and the time these individuals devote to policy, management, and political activities does exist. This analysis confirms that managers in small cities and towns do spend more time on policy and management activities, and less time on political activities than mayors in small cities and towns. Also, the research demonstrates that differences in time devoted to these three activities can be seen when small and large municipalities are compared.     

Restructuring of Full‐time Workers: A Case of Transitional Dislocation or Social Exclusion in Canada? Lessons from the 1990s

The decade of the 1990s witnessed an unprecedented erosion of the postwar welfare state, with massive restructuring of the labour market away from full‐time, sustaining employment. This article examines the experiences of restructured Canadian full‐time workers who lost a job because of a company shutdown, relocation, or non‐seasonal business slowdown. Using data from Statistics Canada's Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics for the period 1993–2001, we present longitudinal data examining labour market outcomes at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months following the initial job loss. Outcome data allow us to examine the extent to which job displacement in the 1990s resulted in transitional dislocation followed by stable full‐time employment, or whether new pathways to social exclusion and marginalization were created. Given that only half of workers who lost their full‐time jobs during this period were in stable and full‐time employment two years later, we find support for the latter. The article further identifies policy alternatives that could lessen the social costs of neo‐liberal labour market restructuring in Canada and beyond.     

先验、超验、经验、实践--后实践哲学视野下的人学导论

人学的发展是在哲学的视野下展开自己的思想历程,它大致经历了先验、超验、经验、实践四个维度,当代人学在实践哲学那里达到顶峰,也暴露出自己的不足.有鉴于此,本文提出"后实践哲学"视野下的人学构想.欲以此反抗我们时代的虚无主义滥觞.     

对价值范畴的几点认识

商品的价值是商品的本质,在社会化大生产中,商品的价值是由两种含义的社会必要劳动时间共同决定的,商品的价值与市场价格随着商品经济的发展,相分离得越来越远;知识产品的价值也是由社会必要劳动时间决定.     

研究中华人民共和国历史经验应当注意掌握的四种方法(英文)

研究中华人民共和国历史经验需要掌握一定的科学方法。既要研究新中国不同时期的经验,又要把各个历史时期的经验联系起来研究;既要研究新中国各个领域的历史经验,又要从宏观层面对历史经验作综合研究;既要研究新中国历史中的成功经验,又要注意对失误和挫折进行研究;既要用今天的眼光研究新中国历史的经验,又要把经验放到特定的历史条件下研究。     

吉登斯社会行动时空向度模型的知识社会学改造

行动的时空结构问题在吉登斯的结构化理论中占有非常重要的位置,吉登斯在其社会结构化理论中提出了关于社会行动的时空模型。研究在行动的结构中时间与知识的连接,必须对吉登斯的行动时间性模型进行改造,而改造其实质是知识化的结果。对吉登斯空间模型的知识社会学改造可通过三个学术追问来完成。     

Social Participation and Family Welfare: The Money and Time Costs of Leisure in Australia

The concept of social exclusion has become a central organizing concept in social policy research. Indeed "social exclusion" has displaced many of the terms formerly in use, such as "inequality", "deprivation" and "poverty". Social exclusion is a multidimensional concept embracing economic, social and political deprivations, that alerts us to the significance of social identity, culture, agency and, ultimately, power relations. In contrast to some earlier research traditions, the perspective of social exclusion draws our attention to how people can be "shut out of society" by their inability to participate in customary leisure activities. The ability to participate in leisure is the product of both access to leisure goods and services, and a sufficient quantity of leisure time. An analysis of Australian Household Expenditure Survey data shows that the consumption of leisure goods and services is powerfully determined by income. Consequently, low income can lead to exclusion from leisure participation. However, analysis of Time Use Survey data also shows that access to time for leisure participation is most powerfully determined by hours of employment, family responsibilities and gender. After controlling for working hours, household income has no significant effect on available leisure time. A leisure-time poverty line, based on half-median leisure time, is used to show which groups are most excluded from leisure by time constraints. The paper concludes by considering a range of policies to alleviate social exclusion from leisure participation.     

论瑞典学派经济分析中时间维度处理方法

受到奥地利学派的影响,瑞典学派试图将时间维度及货币因素纳入瓦尔拉斯的一般均衡理论,并为此创造出了一系列处理时间维度的方法。系统分析这些方法植根于以均衡分析为中心的方法论,阐述对于推进经济学由静态向动态的发展做出的卓越贡献,从而指导中国经济分析方法论研究。     

乙醇-磷酸氢二钾双水相体系萃取白花蛇舌草总黄酮的工艺研究

利用乙醇-磷酸氢二钾双水相体系对白花蛇舌草(Hedyotis diffusa)总黄酮进行萃取分离.通过单因素实验分别考察了m(K2HPO4)、超声时间及超声温度对白花蛇舌草总黄酮萃取效果的影响,并用响应面法优化了萃取工艺.经优化后,白花蛇舌草总黄酮的最佳萃取条件为:m(K2HPO4)2.0g,超声时间37min,超声温...     

Too Cool for School? The Relationship between Coolness and Academic Reputation in Early Adolescence

The relationship between peer‐nominated coolness and academic reputation was examined at two time points spanning the first year of middle school (N = 807; 52 percent female; 52 percent African‐American; 48 percent European American). Students predominantly nominated peers who were from their same gender and ethnic group as being cool. Associations between coolness and academic reputation differed across subgroups, were contingent upon level of disruptive behavior, and changed over time from fall to spring of the academic year. In the fall, patterns differed by gender, not by ethnicity. For both white and African‐American boys, hierarchical regressions evidenced a null association between coolness and academic reputation; for both white and African‐American girls, this association was positive. In the spring, findings for white girls were similar to findings from the fall. For the three remaining groups—white boys and African‐American boys and girls—conditions worsened over time, albeit in slightly dissimilar ways. For white boys, fall coolness did not predict significant declines in academic reputation over time; nonetheless, as a group, the coolness–academic reputation was negative by the end of the year. For African‐American boys and girls, fall coolness significantly predicted declines in academic reputation from fall to spring, although the concurrent coolness–academic reputation association was not significantly negative for either group in the spring.