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1.
Using unskilled labor wage rates and union contract scores derived from a sample of 500 U.S. manufacturing contracts, this
study finds that in 1975 there was considerable variation in unions’ abilities to deliver higher wages and desirable nonwage
contractual provisions to their members (though it is clear that the stronger unions have bargained high levels of both wages
and nonwage items). There are a variety of union power, employee quality, union preference, and employer cost variables which
impact upon the bargaining choices made between wages and nonwage provisions, and it appears that union strength tilts the
compensation package toward wages.
The authors, associate professors at the University of Illinois, are very grateful to Christopher Pawlowicz, Ronald Seeber,
and Roger Wolters for their help in gathering data. They also are grateful to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy,
Evaluation and Research of the U.S. Department of Labor and to the Research Board of the University of Illinois for financially
supporting this research. Such support in no way implies, however, that the Department or the University endorses the methods
or conclusions in this study. 相似文献
2.
Jeffrey M. Perloff 《Journal of Labor Research》1981,2(1):111-131
This paper examines the duration and frequency of unemployment contingent on personal characteristics using multinomial logit
techniques. Both are important, since unemployment is the product of the duration and frequency of unemployment. The key result
of this paper is that union and nonunion unemployment experiences are very different. Nonunion construction workers’ duration
and frequency experiences depend on personal characteristics. In the union sector, in spite of rules which appear to favor
experienced workers, duration experiences do not differ greatly by demographic group; only the probability of unemployment
varies with personal characteristics.
The report was prepared for the Employment and Training Administration. U.S. Department of Labor, under Research and Development
Grant No. 91-42-77-33. Since grantees conducting research and development projects under Government sponsorship are encouraged
to express their own judgment freely, this report does not necessarily represent the official opinion or policy of the Department
of Labor. The grantee is solely responsible for the contents of this report. I have benefited from comments by Robert E. Hall,
Franklin M. Fisher, Lester C. Thurow, James Medoff, Dennis Carlton, and especially Jerry Hausman. James Medoff supplied the
CPS tape used in the study. Martin VanDenburgh gave expert programming advice. 相似文献
3.
Jay Stewart 《Journal of Labor Research》1997,18(1):121-136
Previous authors have noted that there are significant differences between the provisions of union and nonunion pension plans.
I present evidence that sheds light on two hypotheses. The first (Parsons, 1983) posits that union pensions should encourage
earlier retirement because productivity falls as workers age, but union rules prohibit firms from lowering wages. The second
(Freeman, 1985) argues that union pension plans reflect the preferences of older, more senior workers. I find some support
for both hypotheses.
I conducted some of the research for this paper as an economist with Unicon Research Corporation. I thank the National Institute
on Aging for funding (grant number 5 RO1 AG06133-03). I also thank Fran Horvath, Mark Kennet, Mark Loewenstein, Bob McIntire,
Tom Plewes, Bill Wiatrowski, and three anonymous referees for useful comments. All views and opinions expressed herein are
the author's and do not necessarily reflect those of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the National Institute on Aging, or Unicon
Research Corporation. 相似文献
4.
Summary and Conclusions The empirical data are compatible with the hypothesis that employers respond to union wage premiums by raising the educational
component of hiring standards. This behavioral mechanism by which rents are liquidated appears to be bringing about a significant
shift in the quality location of American workers. More education increasingly represents preparation for a union job. Normative
considerations aside, the implications of the process for the distribution of income and for the allocation of educational
resources would seem to warrant serious consideration.
Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. This paper was prepared under Grant No. 21-29-73-49 from the Employment and Training
Administration, U.S. Department of Labor, but points of view expressed do not necessarily represent the official position
or policy of the Department of Labor. The authors are indebted to Lee Benham, Roger Blair, Wesley Mellow and Frederick Warren-Boulton
for helpful criticisms and suggestions. Carl Kaiser assisted with the computations. Edward Kalachek died suddenly on December
9, 1979. 相似文献
5.
Herbert R. Northrup 《Journal of Labor Research》1992,13(4):421-435
Helpers, whose role is to assist craftsmen, have been a subject of controversy in the construction industry for nearly a century.
The AFL-CIO construction unions have attempted in various ways to control the work of helpers so that helpers cannot “pick
up” the trade and then compete with craftsmen for jobs. With the help of the U.S. Department of Labor’s administration of
the Davis-Bacon Act, these unions succeeded in almost eliminating the use of helpers on government-financed construction and
most union jobs. This has meant that much unskilled and semiskilled work has been done by journeymen at skilled labor wages.
The result has hurt union members and unionized contractors by aiding open-shop contractors, who use helpers extensively,
to underbid their competitors and win increasing market share. This article examines the ramifications of the helper issue
and related training problems from the turn of the century to the present, discusses various union policies, court decisions,
and legislation affecting the issues, and concludes that the economies of utilizing helpers are sufficient to cast doubt on
the efficacy or future success of current union attempts to limit narrowly the training and use of helpers.
Professor Emeritus of Management; formerly, Director, Industrial Research Unit, and Chairman, Labor Relations Counsel. 相似文献
6.
This paper examines the effect of unions on productivity within a sample of publicly and privately owned hospitals and nursing
homes to determine whether public ownership influences union behavior. The results show that the productivity of union contractors
is much greater in private than in public projects. Within the sample of private projects, the estimates of the union-nonunion
productivity difference are generally positive but very imprecise.
Financial support was provided by the U.S. Department of Labor and the National Science Foundation. Steve Margolis gave me
some helpful comments on an earlier draft. Katherine Foote provided excellent research assistance, and Jim Comer once again
did a masterful job in getting the data set in shape. 相似文献
7.
Edward T. Gullason 《Journal of Labor Research》2000,21(2):363-375
During the 1990s, the U.S. economy experienced dramatic structural changes, such as the decline in the defense industry following
the end of the Cold War, an extraordinary amount of corporate restructuring and downsizing, a dramatic increase in computer
usage in the workplace, the adoption of NAFTA, and the emergence of the global economy. These changes would lead one to expect
fairly significant upheaval in the U.S. occupational structure. In fact, my findings indicate relatively remarkable stability
of the U.S. labor market and its occupational structure. Moreover, many of the changes which have occurred have been beneficial.
I thank an anonymous referee for helpful comments. I also thank Steven Hippie, Jay Meisenheimer, and Tiffany Stringer of the
Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor for providing some of the data for this study, as well as insight
into their appropriate interpretation and use. Research support provided by Dowling College is gratefully acknowledged. The
author assumes responsibility for any errors or omissions. 相似文献
8.
Everett M. Kassalow 《Journal of Labor Research》1980,1(2):323-339
Conclusion But in the final analysis the cases cited above in Switzerland, Belgium, or the Netherlands are only modest exceptions or
glosses on the general absence of formal union or closed-shop arrangements continental or Western Europe, and this contrasts,
of course, with the United States. Whether or not this particular divergence may be reduced in the future remains to be seen.
Certainly, in the U.S. with the union movement increasingly aware of its relative (to the labor force) decline in numbers,
if anything one could anticipate even greater determination to insist on strong union-security arrangements in the future.
(Whether this might be offest by some growth in state right-to-work laws, is problematical). Forecasting the future of the
closed or union shop, or other forms of union security in Western Europe is hazardous, although this paper does suggest some
grounds for development of a trend in the direction of such developments in several countries.
How then in retrospect does the West European experience relate to the broader theme of the conference, the free rider issue?
Trade unionism in European history has been at least as much a social and political collective phenomenon, as it has been
an economic phenomenon. Economists must be able to understand workers’ relationships to unions in terms of these collective
realities, if their explanations of why workers do or do not join unions, or why unions may or may not feel compelled to seek
the closed or union shop are to achieve a similar reality.
This paper is submitted by the author in his private capacity. It is not intended to represent the position of the Library
of Congress, where he is currently serving as a senior specialist, nor the University of Wisconsin. The paper has benefited
from the comments of Morris Weisz, University of Wisconsin and Bruce Millen of the U.S. Department of Labor. 相似文献
9.
Arthur L. Bowker 《Journal of Labor Research》1998,19(3):571-579
Union embezzlements, considered by many as one of the most serious breaches of trust, have not been seriously examined. My
study sheds light on this topic by studying violations of the federal statute which prohibits union embezzlements, 29 U.S.C.
501 §(c). During the period October 1, 1993 to September 30, 1995, 104 individuals were convicted of violating this statute
due to their collective victimization of 98 unions. Some findings were: loses tended to be under $25,000; victim unions were
small in financial and membership size; unions lack basic financial controls; and offenders were usually male, acted alone,
and tended to be part-time officers.
I was an investigator with the United States Department of Labor, Office of Labor Management Standards for more than eight
years (1/89 to 6/97). The information in this article is the result of my independent research and does not represent the
findings, view, or opinions of any agency of the United States government. 相似文献
10.
This study uses data from the recent Australian Workplace Industrial Relations Survey to test the union voice hypothesis that
unions reduce quits. Unlike the U.S., however, it is argued that union voice may not be directly correlated with union membership
as a result of the protections afforded trade unions by the unique Australian industrial relations system. It is found that,
while unions are inversely associated with quit rates, this effect is strongest where union membership is supplemented with
a more direct indicator of what unions actually do in the workplace.
The authors thank the Australian Commonwealth Department of Industrial Relations for the data used herein, Robert Drago, Bruce
Chapman, and an anonymous referee for helpful comments and advice, and attendees at the Australian Labour Market Research
Workshop, February 1993, Perth, at which an earlier version of this paper was presented. 相似文献
11.
A congressional subcommittee held “union democracy” hearings in 1998 and 1999 to debate the impact and effectiveness of the
union-democracy protections provided by the Land rum-Griffin Act which provides union members in the private sector and U.S.
Postal Service certain democratic rights and protections. What was not resolved at that hearing was whether state sector or
public employee union members should also enjoy the same democracy protections. We survey the existing 28 state sector collective
bargaining laws and find that the majority of state legislation falls considerably short of the protections provided by the
Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act. Moreover the consequences of limited state-enacted union-democracy protections
are discussed and assessed to determine whether LMRDA jurisdiction should also cover public sector union members. 相似文献
12.
Herbert R. Northrup 《Journal of Labor Research》1993,14(4):469-492
The sharp decline in construction union membership during the last twenty years has led to a number of programs by these unions
and unionized contractors to reverse their losses of members and business. The union activities have included several novel
approaches designed both to narrow the cost gap between unionized and “open-shop” (largely nonunion) construction as well
as to regain members. This article deals with one such program, “salting,” that is, the placing of union organizers or members
in a nonunion facility to disrupt, to increase the costs of, or to organize the open-shop contractor. Union salting programs
are examined, using actual cases to demonstrate how they work in practice, and policies of the National Labor Relations Board,
on which the success of salting is heavily predicated, are analyzed.
Professor Emeritus of Management; formerly, Director, Industrial Research Unit, and Chairman, Labor Relations Council. 相似文献
13.
Labor unions are widely regarded as private organizations which finance their activities exclusively through revenues collected from members and others who are covered by collective bargaining agreements. In reality, however, U.S. unions receive millions of dollars each year through grants and contracts from federal, state, and local governments for a variety of purposes, including aid to the unemployed; these funds are used (sometimes illegally) to finance union operations, including political activities. This article briefly explores the phenomenon of tax-funded unionism. 相似文献
14.
William J. Moore Denise R. Chachere Thomas D. Curtis David Gordon 《Journal of Labor Research》1995,16(2):203-221
The political influence of unions and corporations is examined by analyzing Senate roll-call votes on COPE-identified legislation
for the period 1979–1988. Union PAC contributions and union membership both have significant positive effects on three different
types of COPE legislation: Narrow Union, General Labor, and Non-Labor. In addition, corporate PAC contributions to senators’
opponents reduce their pro-union voting behavior on Narrow Union and General Labor bills. There is no evidence that the political
influence of unions in the U.S. is declining. 相似文献
15.
Herbert R. Northrup 《Journal of Labor Research》1995,16(3):379-385
Labor relations in the construction industry are conducted under a legal framework that is both different and more favorable
to unions than is that in industry generally. One aspect of this favored union environment is that construction employers
are more subject to challenge than other employers if they operate both union and nonunion subsidiaries (“doublebreasted operations”).
For almost a decade, the construction unions have attempted to obtain legislation disallowing this practice on the erroneous
claims that it is unique to the construction industry and responsible for the decline of construction unions. This article
examines the facts of the case and concludes that having both union and nonunion construction subsidiaries is no different
from having both union and nonunion manufacturing subsidiaries insofar as the structure and operational organization of such
companies are concerned; that the initial National Labor Relation Board decision in regard to doublebreasted operations in
the construction industry was merely an application of precedent of some years previous in other industries; and that construction
industry doublebreasted operations are much more a result than a cause of union decline.
Professor Emeritus of Management; formerly, Professor of Industry; Director, Industrial Research Unit; and Chairman, Labor
Relations Council. 相似文献
16.
R. McFall Lamm 《Journal of Labor Research》1982,3(1):69-79
It is frequently asserted that labor organizations have dominated the collective bargaining process in some industries, extracting
higher wages than in the absence of unionism. One reason may be that oligopoly exists in the relevant product markets, so
that firms obtain greater-than-normal returns regardless of the outcome of wage negotiation. Also, work stoppages may negatively
affect market share, causing firms to be reluctant to resist labor demands. Under these circumstances, union share and product
market concentration would be expected to be positively related to product price. This proposition is tested explicitly for
the food retailing industry and confirmed.
Opinions presented are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect views of the Economics and Statistics service or
the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The helpful comments of Harry Harp and Gerald Grinnell are gratefully acknowledged. 相似文献
17.
Empirical results based on pooled male data from the Panel Survey of Income Dynamics indicate an overall union wage premium
of about 11.92 percent for the 1980s. In response to fluctuations in local labor market conditions, proxied by the local unemployment
rate, a much more flexible wage-setting process is found in the nonunion sector relative to the union sector. The long-term
effect of unemployment on nonunion real wages suggests an approximate 0.6 percent decline for every one percentage point increase
in unemployment, a statistically significant reduction, but the long-term effect of unemployment on real wages of union members
is negligible. The union wage premium ranges between 11.6 to 12.3 percent for the sample years. Even though union wages are
insensitive to short-run fluctuations in local labor market conditions, and are somewhat countercyclical in nature, widespread
union wage concessions which occurred during the 1980s may now be exerting a downward pressure on union wages.
We acknowledge financial support of National Science Foundation [OSR-9350540], the Ada Howe Kent Research Fund, and The Fogelman
Academic Research Excellence Fund. We thank Barbara Ganley for valuable editorial comments and Noga Peled for her able research
assistance. The usual caveat applies. 相似文献
18.
The Occupational Cost of Being Illegal in the United States: Legal Status,Job Hazards,and Compensating Differentials
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Considerable research and pervasive cultural narratives suggest that undocumented immigrant workers are concentrated in the most dangerous, hazardous, and otherwise unappealing jobs in U.S. labor markets. Yet, owing largely to data limitations, little empirical work has addressed this topic. Using data from the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, we impute legal status for Mexican and Central American immigrants and link their occupations to Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS) data on occupational fatalities and occupational hazard data from the U.S. Department of Labor to explore racial and legal status differentials on several specific measures of occupational risk. Results indicate that undocumented workers face heightened exposure to numerous dimensions of occupational hazard – including higher levels of physical strain, exposure to heights, and repetitive motions – but are less exposed than native workers to some of the potentially most dangerous environments. We also show that undocumented workers are rewarded less for employment in hazardous settings, receiving low or no compensating differential for working in jobs with high fatality, toxic materials, or exposure to heights. Overall, this study suggests that legal status plays an important role in determining exposure to job hazard and in structuring the wage returns to risky work. 相似文献
19.
The U.S. is not unique in the decline of private sector unionism. Contrary to assertions of the “unique school,” unionism
in the private sectors of Canada and Western Europe has also declined and for the same reason, structural changes in the labor
market.
“It is a capital mistake to theorize before you have all the evidence. It biases the judgment.”
Sherlock Holmes.
I acknowledge in particular the critique of my colleague, Neil Sheflin. I thank, too, for their useful comments, Larry Adams
of the U.S. Department of Labor, Noah Meltz, of the University of Toronto, Alexander Troy, and my colleagues Jack Cullity,
Stanley Kaish, and Peter Loeb. I appreciate the research support received from the Research Council, the International Program,
and the Dean of the Graduate School — Newark of Rutgers University. 相似文献
20.
Samuel Estreicher 《Journal of Labor Research》2004,25(2):191-197