A Study of the Entry of Buddhism into China by Sea

Ⅰ.IntroductionItishardtoascertainwhenandwhereBuddhismenteredChina.ItisnormallythoughtthatthetenthyearoftheYongpingreignoftheMingemperoroftheLater[Eastern]Han(AD67)markedthebeginningofBuddhisminChina,andthatitenteredoverlandviathecountriesintheWesternRegion(Xiyu).Contrarytothisview,webelievethatBuddhismcametoChinabyseaearlierthanbyland,andthatithadalreadyspreadtotheYangtzeandHuaihevalleysbyseabytheearlyyearsoftheLaterHan,i.e.,beforeYing,emperorGuangwu'ssonandthePrinceofChu,convertedt…     

A Positivistic Analysis of Altering Charges by Courts

It iS general practice in China for coupsactively to alter a charge.There are threeimportant reasons for this that people tendto overlook.They can be detailed as thefollowing:(1)The bill ofcomplaint separatesof charge facts from legal comments.insteadof integrating them.(2)It is common for     

Do management tasks differ by field of practice?

The authors examine the question: Do management tasks differ by field of practice? Many social work Master's programs are organized on the principle of specialization by field of practice for both micro- and macro-practice students. Secondary analysis of task data suggests that managers and supervisors with MSW degrees perform the same task regardless of the field of practice. The study suggests a need to examine assumptions of current MSW curriculum organization.     

Several Problems concerning the Occupation of Taiwan by Japan

Was the cession of Taiwan in 1895 an extempore decision by the Japanese at the late stage of the war or their established policy?     

Analysis of the turnout effects of vote by mail elections, 1980–2007

Proponents of vote by mail elections often argue that this type of election facilitates participation such that elevated levels of turnout occur. The research tests this assumption by analyzing 44 statewide elections (1980–2007) in the state of Oregon—the only state that conducts all of its elections by mail. The results of this analysis suggest that the vote by mail format is a major stimulus to voter participation in special elections in Oregon, while its effect on turnout in primary and general elections is positive, but fairly minimal.     

The Religious Function of Confucian Morality as Seen from the Practice of Judging Virtue by Heaven

儒学不是典型的宗教却有着宗教的作用,奥秘在于其有一个非常独特的天论传统。自西周初期统治者为寻求政治合法性而“以德论天”以来,春秋战国之际的天仍然具有伦理宗教的余韵,当儒家沿着思维的惯性“以德论天”,即将道德的终极根源推到天上之后,其道德便不可避免地染上了宗教色彩。更为重要的是,这种宗教性是通过儒家心性之学中仁性一层实现的,将仁性的根源归到天上,仁性因为天的超越性而赋予了类似宗教的作用和力量,具有了强大的动能,进而保证理性自身就是实践的。     

A Tentative Discussion of the Sys-tem of Administrative Inspection Tours Implemented by the Qin and Han Dynasties

During the Period of the Warring States(475-221BC) as feudal regimes that featuredcentralization of the state power wereestablished, a bureaucracy gradually cameinto being. At the same time as the centralauthorities introduced a system of shangji inwhich local officials submitted regular re-ports on their administrative achievementsto the central government, an itinerant sys-tem of administrative inspection from top tobottom was gradually introduced, resultingin the strengthened supervision a…     

Digital by default? A qualitative study of exclusion in digitalised welfare

Digitalisation reforms have become increasingly pervasive across European welfare agencies and public sector institutions. As welfare provision becomes premised on the use of digital technologies, often in the form of “self‐service” solutions, new demands are imposed on citizens, including already disadvantaged groups. Although existing research has showcased how digitalisation often reproduces existing lines of stratification, little to no work has been conducted on such processes in the context of welfare provision and public administration. Through a study of citizen service centres in Denmark, based on ethnographic observations and qualitative interviews, this article analyses the new exclusionary mechanisms that emerge at the frontline of the digital agenda. The article argues that digitalised welfare agencies simultaneously sustain existing lines of social stratification and enhance these by producing new forms of digital exclusion. Taken together, the article contributes with new knowledge on the impact of digitalisation policies and their exclusionary consequences for disadvantaged citizens.     

Discrimination by whom? : Unraveling the effect of experiences of discrimination on depression of multi-ethnic children and adolescents in Korea

ABSTRACT

Using the National Survey of Multicultural Families 2015, we examine the mediation effect of self-esteem and the effects of discrimination from different sources on young people’s depression, and we account for the importance of geographic area. The results indicate that peer discrimination has an adverse effect on depression among multi-ethnic children and adolescents in both urban and rural areas. Further, discrimination from neighbours affects self-esteem and depression among those in rural areas, and discrimination by strangers is strongly associated with depression among urban-residing children and adolescents. Based on such findings, implications for social work practice are provided.     

A Symposium on the Theory and Practice of a Socialist Economy Held by China's Institutes of Higher Learning

Inlate1994,China'sinstitutesofhigherlearningheldtheireighthsymposiumonthetheoryandpracticeofasocialisteconomyinTaiyuan,Shanxiprovince.SomehundredprofessorsandscholarsfromallthepartsofthecountryengagedinlivelydiscussionsonseveralmajortheoreticalproblemscurrentlyfacedbyChina'ssocialisteconomy.Theissuesraisedatthesymposiumwereasfollows:I.ProblemsRelatedtoIncreasingMacro-ControlinChina'sMarketEconomy1.Theneedtoincreasemacro-controlParticipantsinthesymposiumagreedontheneedtoincreasemacro-cont…     

Experiences of homelessness by people seeking asylum in Australia: A review of published and “grey” literature

This review examines the current published and “grey” literature relating to the experiences of homelessness by people seeking asylum within Australia. While many people seeking asylum have experienced homelessness during their flight, inadequate and unaffordable housing are a feature of the settlement experience for a large number of new arrivals to Australia, putting at risk their successful settlement. This study aims to explore the factors influencing access to stable housing. A systematic review of the academic literature and a search of the grey literature identified 11 articles and 20 documents related to homelessness and people seeking asylum in Australia. The academic literature included a variety of methods and approaches to the investigation of the experience of homelessness in Australia. The grey literature was more practice based, including evaluation and research reports, submissions, and newsletters. Findings suggest that experiences of homelessness are multifaceted and have a range of influences, including policy, financial stress, lack of access to education and employment, and a lack of affordable and suitable housing. Any solutions to address homelessness need to be similarly diverse. Discrimination from real estate agents and employers was also identified as a barrier to housing for many people seeking asylum, an issue that will need to be addressed at a systematic level. The lack of research published in the academic literature means that although there may be some programmes or solutions operating in the community, as demonstrated in the grey literature, this information is not being shared beyond organisation websites or subscriber lists, resulting in a lack of coherency or sharing of solutions. This review highlights the need for further attention to the factors influencing homelessness in asylum seekers, the experience of homelessness, and how these can be addressed by government and non-government led strategies and policy development.     

An Evaluation of Japanese Managers and Enterprises by Chinese Employees in Sino-Japanese Joint-Venture Enterprises

OutofacommonneedbytheChineseandJapanesepartnersinjoint-ventureenterprises,amassivesurveywasconductedofhowChineseemployeesevaluateSino-Japanesejoint-ventureenterprises.ThisincludedemployeeimpressionsoftheJapanesemanagers,theirdesiretochangejobs,theirsatisf…     

The Administrative Impact of Smallpox in the Early Years of the Qing Dynasty and Measures Adopted by the Qing Court

History is a theatrical stage fraught withhuman activities. The formation of a histori-cal phenomenon not only comes from thepeople’s social activities, but also results fromthe interaction of various factors, includingnatural factors such as plagues. In the earlyQing, a smallpox epidemic had become asevere annoyance to the Qing government.During winter and spring when epidemicsran out of control, the Manchu emperorssuch as Huangtaiji (reigned 1627-1644) andShunzhi (reigned 1644-1662) had t…     

The Perception of Authority by Enterprise Workers and Staff and ItsImpact on the Management Behaviour—Modes of Ownership Compared

权威是以职工对权力的认同为“合法性”基础的。实证研究表明,职工对公有企业管理权威的认同以价值合理性权威为主,对非公有企业管理权威的认同以工具合理性权威为主,而且国有企业职工与外资企业职工在权威意识上存在差别,国有企业职工对价值合理性权威的认同高于外资企业职工,外资企业职工对工具合理性权威的认同高于国有企业职工。职工权威意识的所有制差别受到职工权利意识的所有制差别的影响,与长期政企不分导致的企业管理行为高度政治化相联系。职工的权威意识和权利意识反映出职工对企业管理行为的评价存在双重价值标准,从而造成企业管理不同的非正式约束环境。要消除双重价值标准对国有企业改革和市场经济秩序带来的负面影响,有必要对市场经济下国有企业的劳企关系进行再认识。     

Differences by Race in Social Work Students’ Social Distancing,Treatment Options,and Perceptions of Causes of Mental Illness

ABSTRACT

Research has shown that racial and cultural differences are related to the degree of social distancing associated with mental illness, beliefs about what causes mental illness, and what treatment options are best; however, there is little information on how this may manifest in social workers’ perceptions of these issues. This cross-sectional survey analyzed the differences in perceptions by race of 835 students enrolled in social work classes in the United States. Results indicated that individuals who self-identify as African American/Black expressed the greatest social distance concerning mental illness. Whites were most likely to endorse the use of medication and were least likely to normalize mental illness. The most frequently endorsed mental health provider varied according to racial/ethnic groups. Our findings show that future research may be needed to further investigate the conceptualization of the role of social work among different groups. The need for self-reflection and keeping biases in check are discussed as implications for social work practice and education. Suggestions for working with diverse clients, including religious diversity, are offered as well.     

From administering administrative divisions to regional public administration： a game analysis of evolution in the pattern of governance by the government

区域公共管理实质上是政府治理方式上的制度变迁,即打破原有行政区行政的制度安排,重塑利益格局的制度演变过程。在这一过程中,始终贯穿着不同利益主体的博弈,从而最终形成新的制度——相关因素充分博弈后的契约格局。这些博弈关系主要包括中央政府与地方政府的博弈、地方政府之间的博弈等。对可能出现的博弈困境提出树立合作的“重复博弈”思维,建立良好的信息沟通以及双边或多边协商机制,进一步转变政府职能、斩断地方政府与社会经济主体的利益连带关系,强化中央政府的宏观调控职能,是建立区域公共管理制度、实现政府治理形态嬗变的有效引导性对策。     

The Historic Changes Brought about by Economic Development and Reform and Fundamental Transformation of the Growth Mode

What historical stage has Chinese economic development reached and what are the outstanding features of this stage? In terms of both quantitative and qualitative economic indicators, China's economic development is now in a stage of transition from a developing country with a below-av- erage per capita income to one with an average per capita income.     

Community Service Use by Older Adults: The Roles of Sociocultural Factors in Rural–Urban Differences

ABSTRACT

This study examined the influence of sociocultural factors in explaining the rural–urban differences in home and community-based service (HCBS) use among older adults. Survey data of 228 older adults living in Alabama were analyzed. Sociocultural factors included participants’ perceptions of service availability, attitudes toward seeking formal help, informal support, and religious behaviors. Rural older adults were less likely to use HCBS than their urban counterparts (p < .05). An interaction effect between perceived service availability and church attendance was found. These findings suggest a need for collaborations between community aging services with religious organizations to ensure existing programs are accessible to older adults living in rural areas. Future research based upon large probability samples is needed to shed more light on the relation between church attendance and service use.     

Gender Conflicts and the Limits of Political Democratization in the Early Years of the Republic:As Exemplified by the Proposal for Women Suffrage

Soon after the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911 the Provisional Revolutionary Government was set up at Nanjing. Lin Zongsu, Tang Qunying and other woman revolutionaries submitted in March 1912 a proposal for woman suffrage to the Senate at Nanjing. The Senate turned down the motion, giving rise women petitioners' creating turmoil in the Senate. With the northward movement of the Provisional Senate, the center of the woman suffrage petition movement also shifted to Beijing. They once