塔拉滩地区的生态状况及建设

加强生态环境建设 ,是实施西部大开发战略的根本和切入点 ,是保证西部民族地区可持续发展的关键所在。本文针对塔拉滩地区生态恶化之现状 ,探讨了对该地区生态环境保护和建设的对策。     

湖南西部民族地区农村社区生态环境建设探析

在西部大开发形势下,加强湖南西部民族地区农村社区生态环境保护工作意义重大。公众环境意识较低、环境问题与贫困等社会问题交叉、人口众多是导致湖南西部民族地区农村生态环境建设的主要因素,由此而产生的一系列环境问题亟待解决。必须坚持从实际出发,实施可持续发展战略,正确处理发展经济保与护环境的关系,促进人与自然的和谐发展。     

西部民族地区生态环境建设的文化思考

西部民族地区生态环境的恶化 ,直接影响了西部大开发战略的实施。本文立足于制度文化、物质文化、思想观念文化和生态文化教育 ,对西部民族地区生态环境建设作了些探讨     

民族地区农业生态环境补偿及其制度研究

农业生态环境补偿的实质是建立利益相关者之间的利益分配和协调关系,通过这种稳定的关系来促进农业生态环境保护.其制度的属性是一种稳定的可持续性的利益联结,能够对保护者产生激励作用和协调作用,从而实现农业生产、农牧民增收和农业生态环境保护多重效益.建立健全民族地区的农业生态环境补偿制度,加快农业生产中的“补偿”式发展,守住民族地区农业生态环境底线,同步推动农业生产效率提升与生态环境损害下降,是民族地区经济可持续发展的必需.     

加快发展民族地区的生态经济

民族地区的经济发展和生态保护不仅关系到民族地区的利益,更涉及到全国经济社会可持续发展.因此,民族地区在追求经济发展时,必须保持资源与人口、生态与环境、社会和经济的统一.本文分析了民族地区发展面临的严重生态危机,论述了如果不注重保护生态环境,只注重经济效益,不仅导致民族地区生态环境进一步恶化,也会阻碍经济发展,提出了大力发展生态经济是实现民族地区经济社会可持续发展的必然选择.     

民族地区生态环境保护的法治探讨

民族地区已初步建成生态环境保护法治体系,但是生态环境监察执法体系不完善,生态环境法治建设仍存在诸多问题。完善民族地区生态环境保护的法治举措是：构建自然资源资产产权制度,建立生态环境效益补偿制度,健全生态环境损害赔偿制度,完善生态环境治理公益诉讼制度,强化生态环境治理督察制度。     

论民族地区经济发展方式的转变

加快民族地区经济发展方式的转变,关系到民族地区经济长远发展全局,也关系到全国区域经济的协调发展.实施西部大开发战略以来,民族地区出现了经济增长、结构优化、效益改善的趋势,但是民族地区的经济发展方式还远未改变.必须立足于民族地区的发展基础,以资源开发和产业升级为主线,推动体制创新、科技创新和政策创新,强化资源开发与环境保护中的准入限制,促进民族地区全面、协调、可持续发展.     

西部大开发与四川民族地区生态经济建设

四川民族地区处于长江、黄河上游的特殊地理位置,这决定了它在西部大开发中以生态环境治理为目标的发展方向。本文从四川民族地区在西部大开发中的这一特殊地位出发,分析了国家区域经济分工中四川民族地区的地位变化对四川民族地区的影响,指出四川民族地区的发展方向是建立生态经济体系,并提出了为四川民族地区的生态公共产品定价、建立生态公共产品价格支付方式的建议。     

社会转型加快时期西部民族地区生态环境问题治理探析

社会转型加快时期西部民族地区经济社会的发展取得了巨大变化,但是由于西部民族地区自然环境条件恶劣,加之人口增长过快和自然资源的过度开发,该地区的生态环境问题凸出.探讨西部民族地区生态环境问题治理,对于协调西部民族地区经济社会发展,保障我国生态环境安全具有重要的意义.文章立足于西部民族地区经济社会发展现实,通过对生态环境问题进行分析,明确了问题产生的原因,并提出了适合西部民族地区生态环境问题治理的对策.     

论西部民族地区生态补偿机制的建构

西部民族地区是我国的生态屏障,但落后的产业结构、大规模的基础设施建设、国家重点项目的建设等不断给该地区生态环境恶化增量,使西部民族地区难以可持续发展,建构完善的全方位的生态补偿机制迫在眉睫。     

西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

西部大开发中的贵州法制建设

文章论述了在西部大开发背景之下 ,贵州省应当着力加强法制建设 ,以保障西部大开发的顺利进行。贵州法制建设应从法律体系和法律法规内容两个方面同时进行 ;法律法规的内容应侧重于基础设施建设的保障立法、利用外商投资的立法、旅游区的环境保护立法和少数民族权益的保障立法四个方面     

西部开发与贵州民族地区生态问题

西部大开发作为我国面向新世纪所作出的重大决策 ,生态环境问题是其切入点和突破口。文章分析了贵州民族地区生态环境面临的诸多问题 ,阐述了在西部开发中加快贵州民族地区生态环境建设的对策思路 ,提出需要强化可持续发展观 ,把消除贫困与经济建设、人口控制和生态环境保护利用相结合 ;调整利益格局和帮扶方式 ;加大对外开放 ,争取政策、资金、技术的支持和协作 ;完善民族自治地方法规体系 ,促进经济社会与生态环境的协调发展     

西部民族地区生态补偿的新思维——碳汇交易的视角

西部民族地区按照国家主体功能区划属于禁止开发区,不但失去了依靠工业发展的机会,还要为下游地区的可持续发展提供生态屏障,为此而得到的补偿仅来自于政府的财政转移支付,而且补助标准偏低,市场化补偿长期缺位,历史欠账太多,生态产品输出人群后续发展及环境保护乏力。碳汇交易的缘起与快速发展,无疑加快了生态补偿的市场化进程,为西部民族地区生态保护,富边强民提供了新思路。     

WTO环境规则与我国西部民族地区环境保护制度的完善

西部民族地区与WTO面临着相同的经济发展与环境保护问题。因此,WTO环境规则对西部民族地区经济与保护环境协调发展有着重要的借鉴意义。本文在总结WTO环境规则发展规律的基础上,对西部民族地区环境问题的成因进行了概括,并提出了相应对策。     

论西部大开发中的民族法制建设

本文分析了西部大开发中民族法制建设的必要性、原则 ,提出了加强民族法制建设的几个方面。作者认为 ,必须重视和加强西部大开发中的民族法制建设 ,特别要加强少数民族政治权利、少数民族文化、少数民族风俗习惯、少数民族宗教 ,以及民族地区生态、民族地区市场经济方面的法制建设。惟其如此 ,才能顺利实施西部大开发的战略 ,才能真正实现民族平等、团结和共同繁荣 ,才能帮助少数民族走上现代化的发展道路。     

四川民族地区旅游资源开发与生态安全保障机制研究

旅游资源开发一直被认为是促进四川、云南、贵州等西部民族地区地方脱贫致富的重要路径,然而过度的资源开发必将直接危及当地生态安全。四川地处长江上游,其民族地区的生态安全状况关系着长江流域以及整个国家的安全。本文从人与自然、人与社会关系的视角,探寻四川民族地区旅游资源开发过程中自然生态环境、民族文化生态环境的生态安全保障机制,以期切实有效地维护社会和谐稳定发展。     

民族地区经济发展存在的主要问题和矛盾

民族地区经济发展中存在着诸多有利因素 ,尤其是西部大开发战略的实施 ,将极大地促进民族地区经济发展。但也存在着社会发育程度与发展社会主义市场经济、资源开发与环境保护、公平与效率、小生产与大市场大流通等方面的矛盾     

我国少数民族优惠性差别待遇与反向歧视分析

国家或政府最积极的作为,就是应该对少数民族实施特殊保护的政策,力求避免或消除各民族之间事实上的不平等。政府有关部门可以通过制度设计、法制供给和政策支持等对少数民族和民族地区实行优惠性差别待遇,以便更好地促进民族地区社会政治、经济、文化等各项事业的发展,相反并没有导致所谓的反向歧视。随着社会发展和形势变化,对少数民族实施的优惠性差别待遇应该在坚持的前提下适时不断调整和创新。     

论民族文化旅游资源的开发与保护

近年来,我国的民族文化旅游迅速发展,特别是在少数民族地区更成为旅游发展的重要内容。而民族文化旅游资源的开发与保护,直接涉及到民族文化旅游的可持续发展问题。本文在总结前人开发、保护经验的基础上,从理论与实践两个角度提出了开发保护民族文化旅游资源的一些具体措施。建立民族文化旅游博物馆,以保护在现代社会已失去实用价值、逐渐消亡的民族文化。通过法律保护可接触性文化遗产,通过引导、教育社区民众以保护不可接触性文化遗产。