性别遮蔽下的当代中国妇女的命运──从“女性新热点丛书”谈起

发展是女性在获得社会解放的基础上走向成熟的基点，就广义而言，发展也是命运。“女性新热点丛书”揭示了女性在当前社会转型中被性别的遮蔽的某种境遇，表明只有从女性性别发展的角度重新审视和调整国家的发展战略与计划，才能提高妇女的生存质量，实现有利发展。     

从“一个人的战争”中突围——论林白小说的叙事转型

以《一个人的战争》为代表的林白早期作品,在叙事上自我意识强烈,“作者”姿态张扬,将某种自传性质的笔触伸向女性内部世界,用女性话语彻底覆盖男性话语。然而这又将陷入女性极端自恋的境地,使女性退回封闭的自我空间,在女性乌托邦的理想王国里进行着“一个人的战争”。十年后的《妇女闲聊录》,以一个乡村妇女传达出的民间世界观造就了林白在叙事上的转型,林白淡化了女性性别屏蔽意识,避免了叙事上的格式化,从知识分子“精英意识”走向“民众意识”,终于从“一个人的战争”中突围了。     

平等与发展：女性主义和妇女研究成果的全球理论

尽管妇女运动在世界范围内已有很长一段历史（见Bryson 1992,Jayawardena 1986；Ku-mar1993），国际妇女运动的概念还是最近才出现的，提出这一术语的评论者普遍将其与1975年在国际妇女年举行的联合国会议联系在一起（见Dagenais ahe Piche 1994,Heyzer 1995；and Canadian Woman’Studies 1997）。1975年，墨西哥举办的第一届联合国妇女与发展大会使人们注意到官方缺乏对妇女生活与妇女利益的关注。因此，妇女运动明确提出应将“平等与发展”作为全世界提高妇女地位的目标。与此相关的一项“世界行动计划”列出14条有关“提高妇女受教育机会、改善就业前景、增加平等参与政治与社会生活和提高福利”的最低目标（Young 1993:25)，世界行动计划（Word Plan of Aciton，简称WPA）还要求建立一个世界性的机构以提高妇女的地位、承认妇女所做的未得到报酬的工作并且重估传统性别角色，联合国将1976-1985年称做联合国“妇女十年”。     

鲁迅笔下的女性形象与其妇女观--《呐喊》《彷徨》散论之二

《呐喊》、《彷徨》塑造了一系列女性形象,深刻反映了鲁迅先生对女性问题的关注和他的妇女观。他站在广大被压迫妇女的立场上,感同身受地体察到了她们的悲惨处境,批判了造成妇女悲剧命运的封建制度和伦理道德,反对男尊女卑,主张男女平等。同时,也以“怒其不争”的态度,针砭了女性的麻木和愚昧,希望她们能自醒自爱,走向彻底的解放。     

妇女就业与信息技术（IT）的女性主义研究成果

妇女的劳动既是对技术发展的一个重要贡献,又受到技术的决定性影响,本文探讨了信息技术的社会性别关系和妇女就业的技术关系是如何发展的以及二者之间是如何互相牵连的。我的目的是要总结近20年来世界范围内就这些主题所进行的研究中有价值的经验,妇女就业以及妇女和技术的关系贯穿这个时期我个人的生活,因为我首先扮演了办公室工作人员的角色,然后我是一个学生,最后我是“妇女与技术”这个题目的研究者和教师。     

建立中国妇女参政指标体系的构想

妇女参政是实现男女两性地位平等的主要标志.从知政、议政、参政、执政四个子系统中,按照中国妇女参政的基本状况和构建指标体系的基本原则,选择了46个有代表性的指标,反映出我国妇女的参政水平及妇女参政各个侧面的实际情况,为更多女性走向决策层提供了政策上的保障.     

新文化运动与毛泽东早年妇女观

毛泽东早年妇女观主要反映在1919年他为长沙女子赵五贞自杀事件所写的评论文章及一些笔记、书信、谈话中,这正是新文化运动兴起的时期,也是毛泽东世界观、人生观逐渐走向成熟的时期,毛泽东思想的形成与发展深受新文化运动的影响,本文分析了毛泽东的早年妇女观的主要观点及与新文化运动的渊源。     

社会性别意识下的农村流动妇女就业排斥研究

本文主要从社会性别意识的角度,结合目前农村女性外来务工者所受到的就业排斥现象,呈现对农村妇女就业进行排斥的主流性别意识,以及它如何使农村妇女对其进行内化而形成了自身的性别意识。重新审视现有的就业制度与主流性别意识之间的关系,关注农村流动妇女自身性别意识,有利于减轻并进一步消除农村流动妇女受到的就业排斥。     

妇女问题的历史、现状与未来

妇女观是指社会对妇女的看法 ,人类的妇女观经历了从“文化人”、“经济人”、“政治人”到普遍人权及可持续发展观的演变 ;考察妇女问题有三个维度 ,分别以男人、人和妇女自身作为参照系 ,并对应于平等、博爱、自由三个层面内涵 ;从总体上看 ,妇女问题的症结在于生理基础—分工选择—环境强化综合因素的作用 ,因而需从生产力、生产关系与社会文明三个层次着手加以解决。妇女问题的实质是社会分工所导致的人类生产异化的结果 ,解决妇女问题有赖于社会文明的全面进步与社会总异化的彻底消除 ,从根本上有赖于社会全面、自由与和谐的发展。     

欧洲劳动力市场的性别分析

加入劳动力市场是社会参与的最重要的先决条件，因此对女性具有更为特殊的意义，本文从三个方面描述和比较了欧洲几个主要经济国家中这一社会经济层面的状况，并从一些新的角度对影响妇女就业比率和形式的因素进行了分析。这三方面包括：国家对妇女经济生活的影响；妇女就业形式及其社会意义；在职业性别分层中组织与制度因素的影响。     

Re-Examining Women's Roles

Depression in rural women is a problem of epidemic proportions. Within the parameters of a rural mental health center, a feminist group can assist women in examining depressogenic socialization messages. In this 13-week women's group, the focus shifted from a semi-structured socio-educational approach to the participants taking an increasingly active role in bringing in and working on relevant personal concerns. Crucial in the process were reexamining women's role expectations, challenging role-stereotypes, expressing anger, and bonding and networking with each other. The group fostered self-respect, awareness of choices, and assertiveness in previously depressed rural women.     

Culture and Women's Sexualities

Anthropological studies of women's same-sex relations in non-Western societies provide an important source for theorizing women's sexuality because they allow us to go beyond a narrow focus on Western cultures and concepts. Looking at studies from groups other than the dominant societies of Europe and America, I explore the diversity of women's sexualities and the sociocultural factors that produce sexual beliefs and practices. This article argues that sexual practices take their meaning from particular cultures and their beliefs about the self and the world. Cultural systems of gender, in particular, construct different sexual beliefs and practices for men and women. I conclude the article by suggesting some broad patterns at work in the production of women's sexualities across cultures.     

Women's pensions in Sweden

This article analyses the effect of the Swedish pension rules on women's and men's pensions. This is done on the basis of an empirical analysis of a representative sample of the population. The study indicates that the rules are least advantageous for women in typical low-wage occupations. I also relate different people's pension benefits to what they have had to pay into the pension system in the course of their working lives. My calculations show that female low-wage earners probably have to pay more for their pensions than other groups.     

Internationalizing Women's Struggle against Discrimination: The UN Women's Convention and the Optional Protocol

Correspondence to Dr Kwong-leung Tang, Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong. E-mail: kltang{at}cuhk.edu.hk Summary In the face of rampant violations of women’s human rights,women’s activism for change has extended beyond the nationalboundary. This paper discusses the importance of the UnitedNations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discriminationagainst Women (Women’s Convention) in the promotion ofwomen’s rights. Adopted by the UN General Assembly in1979, this Convention has been ratified by over 170 nations.As an anti-discrimination treaty, it has both strengths andweaknesses. Recently, it has been strengthened through the introductionof an individual complaint mechanism (the Optional Protocol).It also provides for the conduct of special inquiry into violationsof women’s rights. To draw benefits from the Convention,women across the world must understand and act upon its keyprovisions. Social workers should support and facilitate itsimplementation by educating women about its main provisions,assisting them in the complaint procedure and overseeing states’full compliance with the Convention.     

Women's rights and the Constitution

The revitalization of the Feminist Movement in the late 20th century led to the abandonment of most overt male bias in constitutional law. The Supreme Court replaced its old doctrines that accepted gender discrimination virtually without scrutiny with a rule that gender-based classification must bear a substantial relationship to an important purpose. The limited right to abortion recognized in Roe v. Wade [Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 413 (1973)] has survived 30 years of persistent efforts to negate it. Nevertheless, male bias remains entrenched in American law. Although law is no longer an exclusively male activity, legal rules originated in men's viewpoints and experiences. Examples of this kind of male bias include a concept of self-defense that does not fit the experience of domestic violence victims and child custody rulings that ignore the mother's role as primary caregiver. Unfortunately, constitutional doctrine remains impervious to this type of bias.     

Mobilizing Women's Strengths for Social Change

Group work aims both at helping individuals cope with personal difficulties and at eliminating social problems through collective action. Women's groups have made a unique contribution to linking personal and social change through their explicit dual focus. This paper deals with the different ways women use groups to mobilize their strengths towards social change. It begins by explaining why women chose all-female groups as the primary tool for building both individual strengths and a social movement. Key features of different group types are presented, including those focused primarily on social change and those in which social action is a secondary goal. The paper ends with a discussion of obstacles to social change and some ways women's groups can overcome them.