县域经济规划的方法与应用

本文在概述县域经济规划的特点及基本内容的基础上,以投资和劳动力分配为规划的主要经济政策,建立了县域经济计量经济学模型和县域经济目标规划模型,并以河南省某县为例作为实证分析,从而论证了该方法的可行性和有效性。     

制订进口税率原则的探讨

在当今的新贸易保护主义时代,关税政策作为贸易保护手段在各国对外贸易政策中仍占有重要地位,我国也不例外,关税保护原则是关贸总协定的基本原则之一,发挥进口关税在限制进口中的主导作用是我国关税改革的方向。进口关税是通过进口税率起作用的,制订适当的进口税率是世界各国非常重视的问题,我国制订进口关税率应遵守的原则是什么呢。对这个问题研究得不多。我认为,制订进口关税率应遵守四个原则,即国民福利原则、有效保护原则、最     

保持县域经济协调发展应坚持的几个原则

构建社会主义和谐社会,是我党从全面建设小康社会、开创中国特色社会主义事业新局面的全局出发提出的一项重要任务。胡锦涛同志指出,解决我国经济社会发展面临的许多矛盾和问题,包括构建社会主义和谐社会面临的许多矛盾和问题,关键还是要靠发展。作为经济欠发达地区,我们要认真贯彻中央关于经济工作的总体部署,切实增强保持县域经济协调发展的责任感、使命感、紧迫感,抓住机遇、克难攻坚、乘势而为,努力开创经济工作新局面。保持县域经济协调发展是一项长期而艰巨的任务,一定要着眼长远,立足当前,突出重点,以科学发展观为指导,科学认识和把…     

县域经济结构调整的制约因素、原则与对策

调整优化县域经济结构面临的制约因素主要有:产业基础脆弱,人才供给滞后,资本投入不足,产业层次较低,体制政策制约。需把握的原则是:比较优势最大,机会成本最低,区域特色最优,市场风险最小。对策有:推进工业化进程,发展现代农业,培植第三产业,大力扶持民营经济,培养科技人才,加快小城镇建设。     

县域经济

湖南“民办公助、以奖代补”繁荣农村文化湖南采取“民办公助、以奖代补”等多种措施,扶持农民自办文化大院、文化中心户、文化室、图书室,支持农民兴办书社、剧团、电影放映队等,多方培训民间文化骨干,培育特色艺术之乡。     

县域经济

六部门调研江西福建集体林权改革为总结集体林权制度改革经验,加快推动全国改革进程,5月12日至22日,由中央农村工作领导小组办公室、国家     

县域经济

安徽村级互助资金试点要"名分"安徽太湖县去年2月开始在46个村民小组进行村民生产发展互助资金试点,目前已取得满意效果。但也面临无法注册登记、难以扩大资金规模等问题,村民希望建立真正的"草根银行"。     

关注县域经济：开拓县域经济发展的新思路

县域经济是一种特殊类型的区域经济。有人认为,县域经济的地域范围小,资源具有有限性,县级政府的财力和调控能力都十分有限,似乎难以找出有特色的发展思路。实际上,持这种观点的人没有看到,     

点击县域经济

党的十六大提出.没有农村的现代化.就没有全国的现代化,没有9亿农民的小康,就没有全国人民的小康。发展壮大县域经济.是全面建设小康社会,开创中国特色社会主义事业的重要内容.是贯彻”三个代表”重要思想.落实发展先进生产力、发展先进文化、实现最广大人民根本利益要求的重要体现:因此,可以说.大力发展县域经济是一个新的思维.县域经济对于民生、对于三农问题、对于中国经济的未来至关重要: 本刊收集了各级党政领导、专家学者、报刊媒体对具域经济的论述,希望能为大家提供有益参考.     

Entropy Principles in Decision Making Under Risk

This paper considers decision problems where: (1) The exact probability distribution over the states of nature is not precisely known, but certain prior information is available about the possibilities of these outcomes; (2) A prior distribution over the states of nature is known, but new constraint information about the probabilities becomes available. The maximum entropy principle asserts that the probability distribution with maximum entropy, satisfying the prior knowledge, should be used in the decision problem. The minimum cross-entropy principle says that the posterior distribution is the one which minimizes cross-entropy, subject to the new constraint information. The entropy principles have not gone uncriticized, and this literature, together with that justifying the principles, is surveyed. Both principles are illustrated in a number of situations where the distribution is either discrete or continuous. The discrete distribution case with prior interval estimates based on expert opinions is considered in detail.     

发展农村合作经济组织须注重的原则

在建设社会主义新农村的进程中,通过农业的集约经营全面提高农业竞争力是摆在我们面前的一项紧迫任务,而发展农村合作经济组织是完成这一任务的重要措施。客观地说,现在这项工作虽然喊得很响,但工作的现状却不尽如人意。经过深入调查思考,我们认为,当前发展农村合作经济组织必须注重五个原则。一是循序渐进的原则。农村合作经济组织的发展是一个历史的过程,不但需要一个较长的认识阶段,而且需要一个较长的发展阶段。其发展受着意识、人才、信息、市场和组织制度建设等诸多因素的影响,一夜之间,合作经济组织在农村遍地开花只能是一种幻想。所…     

Design Principles for Flexible Systems

A fundamental aspect of designing systems with dedicated servers is identifying and improving the system bottlenecks. We extend the concept of a bottleneck to networks with heterogeneous, flexible servers. In contrast with a network with dedicated servers, the bottlenecks are not a priori obvious, but can be determined by solving a number of linear programming problems. Unlike the dedicated server case, we find that a bottleneck may span several nodes in the network. We then identify some characteristics of desirable flexibility structures. In particular, the chosen flexibility structure should not only achieve the maximal possible capacity (corresponding to full server flexibility), but should also have the feature that the entire network is the (unique) system bottleneck. The reason is that it is then possible to shift capacity between arbitrary nodes in the network, allowing the network to cope with demand fluctuations. Finally, we specify when certain flexibility structures (in particular chaining, targeted flexibility, and the “N” and “W” structures from the call center literature) possess these desirable characteristics.     

Toward General Principles for Resilience Engineering

Maintaining the performance of infrastructure-dependent systems in the face of surprises and unknowable risks is a grand challenge. Addressing this issue requires a better understanding of enabling conditions or principles that promote system resilience in a universal way. In this study, a set of such principles is interpreted as a group of interrelated conditions or organizational qualities that, taken together, engender system resilience. The field of resilience engineering identifies basic system or organizational qualities (e.g., abilities for learning) that are associated with enhanced general resilience and has packaged them into a set of principles that should be fostered. However, supporting conditions that give rise to such first-order system qualities remain elusive in the field. An integrative understanding of how such conditions co-occur and fit together to bring about resilience, therefore, has been less clear. This article contributes to addressing this gap by identifying a potentially more comprehensive set of principles for building general resilience in infrastructure-dependent systems. In approaching this aim, we organize scattered notions from across the literature. To reflect the partly self-organizing nature of infrastructure-dependent systems, we compare and synthesize two lines of research on resilience: resilience engineering and social-ecological system resilience. Although some of the principles discussed within the two fields overlap, there are some nuanced differences. By comparing and synthesizing the knowledge developed in them, we recommend an updated set of resilience-enhancing principles for infrastructure-dependent systems. In addition to proposing an expanded list of principles, we illustrate how these principles can co-occur and their interdependencies.     

Risk-Based Decision Making for Terrorism Applications

This article describes the anti-terrorism risk-based decision aid (ARDA), a risk-based decision-making approach for prioritizing anti-terrorism measures. The ARDA model was developed as part of a larger effort to assess investments for protecting U.S. Navy assets at risk and determine whether the most effective anti-terrorism alternatives are being used to reduce the risk to the facilities and war-fighting assets. With ARDA and some support from subject matter experts, we examine thousands of scenarios composed of 15 attack modes against 160 facility types on two installations and hundreds of portfolios of 22 mitigation alternatives. ARDA uses multiattribute utility theory to solve some of the commonly identified challenges in security risk analysis. This article describes the process and documents lessons learned from applying the ARDA model for this application.     

Landslide Risk Models for Decision Making

This contribution presents a quantitative procedure for landslide risk analysis and zoning considering hazard, exposure (or value of elements at risk), and vulnerability. The method provides the means to obtain landslide risk models (expressing expected damage due to landslides on material elements and economic activities in monetary terms, according to different scenarios and periods) useful to identify areas where mitigation efforts will be most cost effective. It allows identifying priority areas for the implementation of actions to reduce vulnerability (elements) or hazard (processes). The procedure proposed can also be used as a preventive tool, through its application to strategic environmental impact analysis (SEIA) of land-use plans. The underlying hypothesis is that reliable predictions about hazard and risk can be made using models based on a detailed analysis of past landslide occurrences in connection with conditioning factors and data on past damage. The results show that the approach proposed and the hypothesis formulated are essentially correct, providing estimates of the order of magnitude of expected losses for a given time period. Uncertainties, strengths, and shortcomings of the procedure and results obtained are discussed and potential lines of research to improve the models are indicated. Finally, comments and suggestions are provided to generalize this type of analysis.     

Italian Urban Plans: Diversified Approaches and Methods for Assessing Their Quality

This article poses the difficult task of providing a brief overview of Italian urban planning, difficult to understand for foreign observers because each Region has different legislation and urban planning tools. The paper describes an original methodology that evaluates the quality of the approach differentiated as (1) ‘of the plan’ (reformist, participative, from the territory); (2) ‘in the plan’ (integrated strategic, sustainable); (3) ‘with the plan’ (conformative, methodological, recompositional, systemic-infrastructural); and (4) ‘beyond the plan’ (beyond governance methodologies). The paper also compares aspects of quality present in plans for large, medium and small Italian cities. The conclusions review factors of excellence that may be used in other international scenarios.     

公司隐性知识共享的经济学分析

知识共享尤其是隐性知识的共享在公司竞争优势的形成中发挥着重要作用。分析了隐性知识共享的障碍和条件,并从博弈论的视角阐述了隐性知识共享的微观机理;通过一个案例探讨了隐性知识共享的效用。最后,设计了公司隐性知识共享的机制。     

Generating Explanations for Goal-Based Decision Making*

As information systems make the transition from decision support to decision making, there will be a concomitant need for the programs to explain or justify their actions. Without such explanations, humans will not readily cede authority to a machine. This paper describes an automated decision-making program, VOTE, which generates natural language explanations for its decisions in both English and French. The program domain is Congressional roll call voting. VOTE simulates voting decisions of specific members of the United States House of Representatives on given bills. VOTE's natural language generation facility is also used by the underlying databases to interpret the knowledge representations. These underlying knowledge representations are described and applications of this decision making model to the general business domains of strategic planning, investment, and marketing are suggested.