浅析阿盟的功能演变及其发展前景

冷战时期,中东政治格局的演变和阿拉伯世界所处的特殊地缘环境决定了阿盟把政治安全作为最主要的功能目标,具体表现在集体防御机制和集体安全战略的构建与实践方面.冷战结束后,随着地区形势的变化及地区主义的新发展,追求共同利益成为阿盟的核心理念,阿盟竭力发挥其协调平台的作用以提升自己的影响力,积极深化和推进经济层面的一体化进程,表现出多元、务实的功能特点.但阿盟的发展又受到多种因素的制约,发展模式、成员国的"共同责任"性、内部的区域性组织以及美国的中东战略利益等都将给阿盟的发展带来严峻挑战.     

美国石油地缘战略与中东地区安全

中东地区在地缘政治上处于连接欧、亚、非三大洲的枢纽地位,迄今为止还没有建立起真正的安全机制,中东国际关系具有极强的传动性、脆弱性和复杂性.长期以来,美国在中东的首要国家安全利益是控制该地区的石油,确保美国对中东市场和中东海空战略航道的控制,以中东地缘战略为依托,实现在全球经济、政治和安全事务等方面的战略主动权.随着美国进一步实施在中东建立政治新格局,中东地区安全与中东石油安全相互依存关系也将不断增强.     

美国石油地缘战略与中东地区安全

中东地区在地缘政治上处于连接欧、亚、非三大洲的枢纽地位,迄今为止还没有建立起真正的安全机制,中东国际关系具有极强的传动性、脆弱性和复杂性.长期以来,美国在中东的首要国家安全利益是控制该地区的石油,确保美国对中东市场和中东海空战略航道的控制,以中东地缘战略为依托,实现在全球经济、政治和安全事务等方面的战略主动权.随着美国进一步实施在中东建立政治新格局,中东地区安全与中东石油安全相互依存关系也将不断增强.     

整体考察美国的中东政策(下)

无论在冷战时期还是后冷战时代,中东地区因其拥有丰富的能源和特殊的地缘政治地位而成为美国全球战略中的重要部分。依照美国中东政策的源起、美在中东的利益、冷战和后冷战时期的美中东政策等历史线索和逻辑关系,本文对美国中东政策进行了系统梳理与整体考察,构建了"分析美国中东政策的框架"。其中,作者多年前提出的"考察美国中东政策的坐标"在实证研究中是可行且有效的。冷战后,中东成为美国全球战略重点"两洋战略"的"连接点"和"支撑点",具有"不可替代性",从而与"两洋战略"遥相呼应,构成强有力的"哑铃态势",加强了"两洋战略"。此外,美国发动了海湾战争、阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争等三场有重大影响的战争,进一步说明中东地区对美来说不仅有着无法割舍的利益需求,而且还是实现其战略目标的重要舞台。     

整体考察美国的中东政策(下)

无论在冷战时期还是后冷战时代,中东地区因其拥有丰富的能源和特殊的地缘政治地位而成为美国全球战略中的重要部分.依照美国中东政策的源起、美在中东的利益、冷战和后冷战时期的美中东政策等历史线索和逻辑关系,本文对美国中东政策进行了系统梳理与整体考察,构建了"分析美国中东政策的框架".其中,作者多年前提出的"考察美国中东政策的坐标"在实证研究中是可行且有效的.冷战后,中东成为美国全球战略重点"两洋战略"的"连接点"和"支撑点",具有"不可替代性",从而与"两洋战略"遥相呼应,构成强有力的"哑铃态势",加强了"两洋战略".此外,美国发动了海湾战争、阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争等三场有重大影响的战争,进一步说明中东地区对美来说不仅有着无法割舍的利益需求,而且还是实现其战略目标的重要舞台.     

整体考察美国的中东政策(上)

无论在冷战时期还是后冷战时代,中东地区因其拥有丰富的能源和特殊的地缘政治地位而成为美国全球战略中的重要部分.依照美国中东政策的源起、美在中东的利益、冷战和后冷战时期的美中东政策等历史线索和逻辑关系,本文对美国中东政策进行了系统梳理与整体考察,构建了"分析美国中东政策的框架".其中,作者多年前提出的"考察美国中东政策的坐标"在实证研究中是可行且有效的.冷战后,中东成为美国全球战略重点"两洋战略"的"连接点"和"支撑点",具有"不可替代性",从而与"两洋战略"遥相呼应,构成强有力的"哑铃态势",加强了"两洋战略".此外,美国发动了海湾战争、阿富汗战争和伊拉克战争等三场有重大影响的战争,进一步说明中东地区对美来说不仅有着无法割舍的利益需求,而且还是实现其战略目标的重要舞台.     

美国在中东的“输出民主”战略

“输出民主”是美国持久性的战略,但却是服从、服务于美国的安全战略的,因而具有突出的工具性以及由之决定的可选择性,美在中东地区实施该战略的历史与现实正体现了上述特点。冷战期间,出于遏制苏联、获取石油、保卫以色列的目的,美国在中东“输出民主”时坚持“中东例外论”;后冷战时期,美国采取了较为积极的“输出民主”行动,但阿尔及利亚民主试验失败的事实,又迫使其重新踏上“中东例外论”的老路;“9·11”事件后,美国在中东采取极端的、冒进式的“输出民主”战略,结果导致中东地区更加动荡。     

美国在中东的"输出民主"战略

"输出民主"是美国持久性的战略,但却是服从、服务于美国的安全战略的,因而具有突出的工具性以及由之决定的可选择性,美在中东地区实施该战略的历史与现实正体现了上述特点.冷战期间,出于遏制苏联、获取石油、保卫以色列的目的,美国在中东"输出民主"时坚持"中东例外论";后冷战时期,美国采取了较为积极的"输出民主"行动,但阿尔及利亚民主试验失败的事实,又迫使其重新踏上"中东例外论"的老路;"9·11"事件后,美国在中东采取极端的、冒进式的"输出民主"战略,结果导致中东地区更加动荡.     

中东权力格局转换对阿以和平进程的影响

冷战结束后,以色列维持了在中东政治和阿以和平进程中的强势地位,这种地位是冷战后美国在中东独霸地位的单极格局所决定的。全球金融危机的蔓延与伊拉克和阿富汗问题久拖不决消耗了美国霸权赖以生存的硬实力与软实力,奥巴马政府不得不调整政策,转而在阿以之间寻求更加平衡的中东政策,以色列自"9·11"以来的战略优势期恐将终结。随着中东格局由美国单极独霸格局向美、欧、俄、中、印以及伊朗、以色列、沙特、埃及、土耳其等地区大国构成的多元权力格局的演化,政治优势开始向阿拉伯—伊斯兰世界倾斜。在此背景下,以色列、巴勒斯坦和其他阿拉伯国家需转换安全观念,争取在联合国决议的基础上以更加积极的姿态参与阿以和平进程,实现中东持久和平。     

中东权力格局转换对阿以和平进程的影响

冷战结束后,以色列维持了在中东政治和阿以和平进程中的强势地位,这种地位是冷战后美国在中东独霸地位的单极格局所决定的。全球金融危机的蔓延与伊拉克和阿富汗问题久拖不决消耗了美国霸权赖以生存的硬实力与软实力,奥巴马政府不得不调整政策,转而在阿以之间寻求更加平衡的中东政策,以色列自9·11以来的战略优势期恐将终结。随着中东格局由美国单极独霸格局向美、欧、俄、中、印以及伊朗、以色列、沙特、埃及、土耳其等地区大国构成的多元权力格局的演化,政治优势开始向阿拉伯—伊斯兰世界倾斜。在此背景下,以色列、巴勒斯坦和其他阿拉伯国家需转换安全观念,争取在联合国决议的基础上以更加积极的姿态参与阿以和平进程,实现中东持久和平。     

Politique et expertise scientifique. La régulation européenne des médicaments

A study of the EU system for regulating medicinal products is used to show the usefulness of distinguishing between policy-making and scientific expertise when analyzing political decision-making. This approach presupposes identifying the characteristics of scientific expertise. The experts responsible for assessing drugs have to combine knowledge and action. Questions are raised about how work is shared between decision-makers and experts. In the case of medicinal products, the work of experts has absorbed decision-making. Lest we waver between explanations in terms either of science or else of politics, it is necessary to substantively identify expertise’s political dimensions. Two conceptions — the “healthy man’s” and the “sick man’s” — of the purpose of assessing medicinal products stand out in debates; but political authorities pay no heed to them.     

The electronic face of government in the internet age: borrowing from Murray Edelman

The issue of legitimation by political elites has been a central concern of political scientists for many years. This article draws upon the work of Murray Edelman who was instrumental in analysing this relationship between rulers and ruled, the relatively powerful and relatively powerless, through an understanding of language, symbolism and the manipulation of information. It concludes with the contention that the Internet offers the prospect for governments to create new 'electronic faces', which act to support a symbolic architecture of power.     

Wedding the dragon: The powerful feminine as seen in Jewish women’s dreams

Abstract

This article addresses the theological and liturgical problem of incorporating mythic traditions of the divine feminine into contemporary practice, given the typically essentialist nature of these traditions. The article considers the dream practice of a Jewish women’s learning community, the Kohenet Hebrew Priestess Institute, and applies this practice to several “dragon dreams” in which dragons appear as powerful, erotic, sacred figures that “queer” the divine feminine by offering a norm-upending vision of what the feminine is and does. These dragon dreams provide a powerful alternative to traditional Jewish images of the female dragon in which the dragon represents the demonic feminine. I suggest that dreams can offer a “queering” of mythic images of the sacred feminine because they contain images that have mythic depth but also upend norms and expectations. The article then explores how these dragon images have made their way into the liturgy and theology of the Kohenet Hebrew Priestess Institute.     

Un atelier d’écriture internationale : l’OCDE au travail. Éléments de sociologie de la forme « rapport »

The writing of a “transversal” report on employment at the OECD is examined by focusing not on the finished product but, instead, on the drafting of the report. This approach allows for exploring the dynamics of power at work inside the OECD. It opens toward broader considerations about how this type of international organization produces knowledge in economics and weaves relations, throughout the long process of drafting the report, with those who requested it. This article analyzes how economic issues are assembled through a succession of intermediate studies and reshaped through an asymmetrical competition between services. By making visible the process of constructing the position of “institutional author”, this analysis repositions on new grounds the problem of “influence”, which usually arises in organizations of this sort.     

WHAT IS THE MULTITUDE?

Nicholas Brown and Imre Szeman continue their conversation with Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri. (See ‘The Global Coliseum: On Empire’ in Cultural Studies, 16.2, (March 2002), p. 177–192). In this new interview they press the authors of Empire and Multitude on questions that have arisen both out of their own involvement with the theoretical issues generated by Empire and from new areas opened up by Multitude. Why is the multitude not a class? How can the unity of a political project be maintained in the multiplicity of the multitude? Is democracy still a project for the future? Can a political subject constitute itself outside the structure of sovereignty? In other words, what is the multitude?     

DEFINING MOMENTS: THE TENSION BETWEEN RICHNESS AND REACH

The defining moments of traditional spatially based higher education are made up of fixed and fluid experiences. These 'moments' are now creaking as funding per student falls and the romanticized ideal of an education detached from 'real' life falters under the weight of highly variable student experiences. Distance learning in all its guises has always been regarded as inferior by those embedded in the traditional system. However more and more students demand something different from costly campus-based education. It is time for a more open discussion about the tensions between richness and reach and the role that new facilities like the Internet could play in reaching more students without wallowing in the nostalgia that often accompanies such debates.     

A Stylistic Analysis of Hemingway’s A Clean,Well-Lighted Place

One important theme of Hemingway＇s A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is the nothingness of life itself, At the beginning of this short story, Hemingway presents a setting--the cafe, which is familiar to us, and then moves our attention to focus on the characters within that setting, The story is told through the dialogues between the two waiters and is in third-person narration, In the following paragraphs we will focus on stylistic characteristics of this short story,     

La contingence et le travail de conception. Définir,organiser, délibérer

The activity of a design office consists in producing plans for things that do not yet exist. If, through poor management, the designers fail to anticipate accurately what the product will be, work will be inappropriately allocated and divided. Given the uncertain nature of the activity and the outcome, designers are simultaneously involved in the process of producing technical solutions, a process of organisation — through constant reallocation of tasks — and a political process of ironing out disagreements — through the exploration of multiple heterogeneous possibilities.     

INFORMATION-CENTRED DESIGN: A methodology for designing virtual meeting DESIGN environments

Development of single-user computer applications has often been based on user-centred or task-centred design methodologies, with some success. These methodologies are also useful for guiding the development of multi-user CSCW applications whenever the basic characteristics of the users, or the type of tasks for which the system is being designed are identifiable. The effectiveness of these methodologies as a basis for the design of virtual meeting environments for supporting community-based activities, on the other hand, is rather limited. This is mainly due to the fact that for such systems it is not generally possible to identify the user or task requirements, as these vary considerably from one community to another, or even within the same community over a period of time. New methodologies need to be devised, or existing methodologies have to be modified, to direct the development of virtual environments for which the characteristics of the users or their activities are not known in advance. This paper introduces the concept of information-centred design. Information-centred design, though not fully devised yet, focuses on the identification of the type of information, as well as the way it is collected and utilized by the users of a virtual meeting environment. This pool of information, which plays an important role in facilitating interaction and communication between the members of a community, could be defined as their communal memory.     

Recruitment of foreign male and female fighters to Jihad: Morocco’s multifaceted counter-terror strategy

Field research on ‘young Moroccan Jihadists in Syria and Iraq from northern Morocco’ unexpectedly revealed the mundane factors behind their recruitment represented in the self-realization and the search for heroism, adventure and money, were the main reasons for the recruitment of young people in northern Morocco terrorist organizations, especially the Daesh. The religious factor is secondary. To combat terrorism and extremism which is spreading in the MENA region requires political will. Appropriate laws should be enacted as soon as possible and policies must be implemented to ensure border control, the closure of financing ports, propaganda platforms, anti-addiction, etc.