Intraday pricing of ETFs and certificates replicating the German DAX index

The market for the leading German equity index DAX comprises electronically traded futures contracts, fully replicated and swap-based exchange-traded funds (ETFs), and certificates. This paper reveals that DAX futures contracts contribute an economically and statistically significant proportion to contemporaneous price quotes of ETFs and certificates. This finding is surprising because the prospectus of ETFs and certificates claim to follow the stock index solely, but not the index futures contract. Exploring further the short-run dynamics, our results suggest that fully replicated ETFs cope better with adjusting their prices to the DAX index than swap-based ETFs and certificates.     

不确定环境下的期权价格上下界研究

传统的期权定价理论总是建立在标的资产价格分布的严格假设下,而没有考虑分布的不确定性。本文对标的资产价格分布的严格假设进行放松,分别在仅知到期日标的资产价格的前二阶矩及前三阶矩,而不知道其具体分布的条件下,对期权进行定价。由于信息不充分及分布不确定,推导出的期权价格为一个区间。我们针对有限信息条件下求解期权价格上下界的问题,建立数学规划模型,并将其转化为对偶规划问题进行求解。对此上下界和Black-Scholes价格进行对比分析后发现,Black-Scholes价格介于此上下界之间,相对于采用前二阶矩推导的上下界,采用前三阶矩信息推导的上下界更窄。在使用香港恒生指数权证数据进行的时序分析及横截面分析中发现,市场价格确实介于上下界之间,上下界区间随波动率及剩余存续期的减小而缩小。采用本文的定价方法,不需要对资产价格分布进行严格假设,故可提高定价模型的稳健性,有助于投资者结合期权价格上下界及自己的主观判断进行投资决策。     

模糊随机不确定环境下考虑决策者主观判断的亚式期权定价

考虑金融市场的不确定性包含随机性和模糊性两个方面,把标的资产价格视作一个模糊随机过程,以连续几何平均亚式看涨期权为例运用随机分析和模糊集理论研究了模糊随机不确定环境下的亚式期权定价问题。首先,推导出了亚式期权模糊价格的任意水平截集,并将如何计算给定任一个参考价格的置信度问题转化为求解最优化问题。然后,研究了两种考虑决策者主观判断的亚式期权定价,一是引入模糊目标表示决策者对期权预期价格的满意度,给出可靠度大于决策者满意度的亚式期权预期价格的范围;二是引入悲观-乐观指数表示决策者的悲观程度,基于加权函数和可能性估计测度定义模糊数的可能性均值,得到可能性均值意义下的亚式期权定价公式。最后,给出了一个数值例子说明了模型的可行性和实用性。     

First‐Price Auctions With General Information Structures: Implications for Bidding and Revenue

We explore the impact of private information in sealed‐bid first‐price auctions. For a given symmetric and arbitrarily correlated prior distribution over values, we characterize the lowest winning‐bid distribution that can arise across all information structures and equilibria. The information and equilibrium attaining this minimum leave bidders indifferent between their equilibrium bids and all higher bids. Our results provide lower bounds for bids and revenue with asymmetric distributions over values. We also report further characterizations of revenue and bidder surplus including upper bounds on revenue. Our work has implications for the identification of value distributions from data on winning bids and for the informationally robust comparison of alternative auction mechanisms.     

A Contingent Claims Model of Corporate Pension Obligations*

This study develops a contingent claims model for valuing the implicit market value of the pension claim associated with defined benefit pension plans. In this model, the firm issues pension, debt, and equity claims. These claims have joint access to two underlying portfolios: corporate and pension. The changes in the market values of these two portfolios are assumed to follow a joint lognormal diffusion process. By imposing terminal boundary conditions implied by Employment Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) rules and the pension insurance provisions of the Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) on the partial differential equation, a solution for the pension value is obtained. This quasi-market measure of the value of the pension claim may be represented by a portfolio consisting of four components: (1) a risk-free discount bond with face value equal to promised pension benefits; (2) a short put on pension assets with exercise price equal to pension benefits; (3) a long call on 30 percent of corporate assets with exercise price equal to the face value of secured corporate debt; and (4) a short call on 30 percent of corporate assets with a stochastic exercise price which depends on the terminal value of the pension fund. A numerical example using 1992 and 1993 financial statement data from six major U.S. corporations is provided. This example illustrates the usefulness of the model's prediction and the potential effect of theoretical pension values on corporate debt-equity ratios.     

Plausible Upper Bounds: Are Their Sums Plausible?1

Quantitative cancer risk assessments are typically expressed as plausible upper bounds rather than estimates of central tendency. In analyses involving several carcinogens, these upper bounds are often summed to estimate overall risk. This begs the question of whether a sum of upper bounds is itself a plausible estimate of overall risk. This question can be asked in two ways: whether the sum yields an improbable estimate of overall risk (that is, is it only remotely possible for the true sum of risks to match the sum of upper bounds), or whether the sum gives a misleading estimate (that is, is the true sum of risks likely to be very different from the sum of upper bounds). Analysis of four case studies shows that as the number of risk estimates increases, their sum becomes increasingly improbable, but not misleading. Though the overall risk depends on the independence, additivity, and number of risk estimates, as well as the shapes of the underlying risk distributions, sums of upper bounds provide useful information about the overall risk and can be adjusted downward to give a more plausible [perhaps probable] upper bound, or even a central estimate of overall risk.     

跳跃、共跳和非预期宏观信息

文章基于5 min高频数据研究了股票市场和债券市场资产价格的高频跳跃和共跳以及它们与定期发布的宏观经济信息的关系.结果表明,股票市场和债券市场具有显著的跳跃性和共跳性,债券市场跳跃的概率远高于股票市场,而股票市场的跳跃幅度远高于债券市场.非预期宏观经济信息不仅显著地影响股票市场和债券市场的跳跃幅度,还影响两个市场的共跳.定期发布的国内生产总值、固定资产投资、居民消费价格指数、采购经理指数、工业品出厂价格指数、贸易差额和工业增加值等指标显著地影响股市债市的共跳.     

最小报价单位对股价波动性的影响

本文以上海股市为研究对象,对最小报价单位所造成的交易价格的离散性进行研究。研究结果表明,上海股市价格的波动性较大,特别是对低价股而言,其两阶段收益率呈现出"发散的玫瑰"的形状,即其收益率具有自相关的特征。本文还通过模拟方法验证了市场价格的离散性使证券收益率的标准差、偏度和峰度在计量上产生的偏差,使股价的波动更为剧烈。当然,验证结果支持最小报价单位对低价股票的影响较大。针对理论分析和检验的结果,提出了对于市场最小报价单位规则变革的政策建议。     

Optimal Policies for Selling New and Remanufactured Products

Because of environmental and economic reasons, an increasing number of original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) nowadays sell both new and remanufactured products. When both products are available, customers will buy the one that gives them a higher (and non‐negative) utility. Thus, if the firm does not price the products properly, then product cannibalization may arise and its revenue may be adversely impacted. In this paper, we study the pricing problem of a firm that sells both new and remanufactured products over a finite planning horizon. Customer demand processes for both new and remanufactured products are random and price‐sensitive, and product returns (also called cores) are random and remanufactured upon receipt. We characterize the optimal pricing and manufacturing policies that maximize the expected total discounted profit. If new products are made‐to‐order (MTO), we show that when the inventory level of remanufactured product increases, the optimal price of remanufactured product decreases while the price difference between new and remanufactured products increases; however, the optimal selling price of new product may increase or decrease. If new products are made to stock (MTS), then the optimal manufacturing policy is of a base‐stock policy with the base‐stock level decreasing in the remanufactured product inventory level. To understand the potential benefit in implementing an MTO system, we study the difference between the value functions of the MTO and MTS systems, and develop lower and upper bounds for it. Finally, we study several extensions of the base model and show that most of our results extend to those more general settings.     

网络购物平台最优价格促销策略：价格折扣还是现金券？

平台价格促销已成为平台营销中的重要问题，不同于传统模式下商家决定商品的价格促销，平台价格促销是以平台作为价格促销的决策者。本文建立了平台价格折扣和现金券两种由平台作为决策者的价格促销模型，探讨平台的最优价格促销策略，并在原有模型的基础上考虑商家广告投资决策并构建了扩展模型。研究结果表明，(1)只有当商品的基本需求、消费者价格敏感度和商品价格满足一定条件时，平台价格促销才能提升平台利润。(2)在两种价格促销都能提升平台利润情况下，平台的交易费率较高且商品价格较低则平台实施现金券策略的利润高于价格折扣策略；其他情况下平台实施价格折扣策略的利润高于现金券策略。(3)在平台交易费率较低的情况下，价格折扣策略下消费者能得到更多优惠；否则现金券策略下消费者得到更多优惠。(4)增加商家广告投资能够提高平台促销活动的利润，但是平台的价格优惠降低，且平台实施价格促销活动的条件区间减小。     

Linear programming approach to solve interval-valued matrix games

Matrix game theory is concerned with how two players make decisions when they are faced with known exact payoffs. The aim of this paper is to develop a simple and an effective linear programming method for solving matrix games in which the payoffs are expressed with intervals. Because the payoffs of the matrix game are intervals, the value of the matrix game is an interval as well. Based on the definition of the value for matrix games, the value of the matrix game may be regarded as a function of values in the payoff intervals, which is proven to be non-decreasing. A pair of auxiliary linear programming models is formulated to obtain the upper bound and the lower bound of the value of the interval-valued matrix game by using the upper bounds and the lower bounds of the payoff intervals, respectively. By the duality theorem of linear programming, it is proven that two players have the identical interval-type value of the interval-valued matrix game. Also it is proven that the linear programming models and method proposed in this paper extend those of the classical matrix games. The linear programming method proposed in this paper is demonstrated with a real investment decision example and compared with other similar methods to show the validity, applicability and superiority.     

金融契约选择对双边道德风险及社会福利的影响实验研究

金融契约理论认为不同的金融契约代表不同的索取权和控制权,体现对融资者和投资者的激励和约束作用。实验研究发现当融资者追求私人收益较低时,投融资者之间签订偏股性的契约有利,反之签订偏债性的契约。从社会福利而言融资的优先顺序为可转债契约、股债组合契约、标准的债务契约和标准的权益契约。原因是具有内嵌转换期权的可转债契约能够抑制双边道德风险的作用,即融资者侵占行为较少和投资者更愿意投入协助或监督。     

The Stock Market Reaction to Investment Decisions: Evidence from Italy

Based on a study of new investment announcements from 1989 to 1995 by Italian firms listed on the Milan Stock Exchange, we find a positive stock price reaction to new investment decisions. The stock price reaction is larger for joint venture announcements. The market response is also larger for non-state owned companies and when the announcement is released in a period of rising stock prices. The announced investment has no impact on the non-voting shares but increases the voting shares' market price through a significant revaluation of their vote-segment. We find some evidence that new investments lead to management's private benefits rather than towards firm value. This is consistent with the typical Italian corporate governance structure, where a majority shareholder safely controls a listed company while having only a fractional claim on the firm's cash flows.     

全渠道环境下制造商品牌和零售商自有品牌优惠券促销

针对制造商通过零售商线下渠道为消费者提供线上下单线下自提(BOPS)的全渠道供应链,探讨制造商品牌垄断和零售商引入自有品牌的优惠券促销策略,分析制造商和零售商如何通过价格和优惠券面值的设计提升品牌竞争力和收益水平。研究发现：制造商品牌垄断下,批发价格或单位补偿越高,定价和优惠券面值均越大,但过大的批发价格致使制造商利润降低。零售商自有品牌的引入并不必然降低制造商品牌价格,当制造商批发价格较低时,制造商仍可在BOPS渠道定高价并投放大面值优惠券。此外,零售商引入自有品牌将降低制造商利润,零售商利润则增加,制造商响应策略为降低批发价格。     

质押贷款质押率决定的期权定价方法

本文使用期权定价方法研究库存质押贷款质押率的确定问题。质押贷款超额收益现值可看作一个看跌期权的价值。在此框架内,首先分析固定利率零息贷款的质押率和贷款期限、超额收益率以及质物价值波动特征的相互关系。同样的分析被扩展到付息贷款和组合质物等情形,并针对固定利率零息贷款情形给出了数值算例。数值模拟结果给出了质押率的期限结构:贷款期限不同,质押率不同;质押率是贷款期限的凸性减函数。研究结果还表明:质押率是质物价值波动率的凹性减函数,质物价值波动越大,质押率越低,这可用来分析不同金属做质押物时质押率的变化;质押率是风险溢价的凹性增函数,风险溢价越大,银行的风险承受能力越强,质押率越高。     

基于债务协商视角的债转股定量研究

针对我国政府、企业和银行等金融机构共同关注的债转股问题，基于债务协商谈判思想，建立部分债务股权互换模型，计算公司证券价格，探讨了债转股对公司价值、破产概率、破产损失成本和资本结构的影响，给出了银行等债权人愿意债转股的充分条件。结果表明：在事先破产清算协议贷款下，事后全部债转股总能提高公司股权价值，但并不一定能提高债券价值。只有其协商谈判能力满足一定条件，公司债权人才愿意事后选择债转股，实现帕累托改进、提高社会福利水平。其次，在公司股东协商谈判能力的一定范围内，部分债转股能提高公司价值，其最优转股债息比例随着公司资产风险的增大而增加。再次，债转股能降低公司破产风险和破产损失成本，但同时也提高了债券风险溢价。最后，随着股东谈判能力增强，最优协商转股债务比例、杠杆率都减少，而债券风险溢价增大。本文所得结果对我国政府、企业和银行如何实施债转股提供理论参考和实践指导。     

Optimal stock option schemes for managers

This paper analyzes which stock option scheme best aligns the interests of a firm’s manager and shareholders when both are risk-averse. We consider granting to the manager a basic fixed salary and one of the following four options: European, Parisian, Asian and American options. Choosing the strike of the options optimally, the shareholders can mostly implement a first best solution with all payoff schemes. The American option scheme best aligns the interests of the manager and the shareholders in the most common case in which the strike price equals the grant-date fair market value.     

询价制下IPO定价的演化博弈分析

基于网下询价过程中发行人、投资者与承销商的策略选择,构建IPO定价演化博弈模型,分析中国询价制下IPO定价过程中发行人、投资者与承销商策略行为的演化均衡过程,结果表明不同策略下的收益差异决定了三者的演化稳定策略：1）如果发行人如实报告并不能得到相匹配的收益,那么之后的上市公司在披露信息时将选择粉饰业绩,进而导致IPO市场出现"逆向选择"问题;2）投资者是追求风险报价还是价值报价,取决于新股发行定价与上市后价格之间的净抑价,因而只有压缩风险报价下的净抑价空间,才可能使投资者回归价值报价;3）对于承销商来说,一方面承销收入激励其提高新股发行价,另一方面声誉约束其高定价,因而只有当掠夺的抑价利益不能够抵消声誉损失时,其才采取让渡定价策略,否则采取掠夺定价策略。     

产品优惠券价值的框架效应研究

以现有产品和改进型新产品为研究对象,通过实验方法分析不同折扣方式对优惠券价值效应的影响,以此对新产品优惠券价值的框架效应进行实证研究.研究结果表明,优惠券价值的不同展现形式对优惠券价值效应有调节作用.针对现有产品,对低档产品的估计价格没有显著差别,对高档产品有显著差异,适合采用金额折扣方式;对于有形产品和服务产品.两者都更适合比例折扣形式;针对新产品,框架效应更为显著,低档新产品更适合提供比例折扣优惠券.高档新产品金额折扣的高估价反而会增强购买意愿;对于有形新产品的估计价格没有显著差异,而服务新产品使用比例折扣时购买意愿更高.研究结果对指导企业管理实践具有重要参考价值.     

Underwriting and Calls of Convertible Bonds*

We model convertible bond calls under asymmetric information where, unlike Harris and Raviv (1985), we consider a nonzero call price and a call notice period. In the model, the use of underwriters conveys negative information. Consequently, the stock price decline is greater for underwritten calls than for nonunderwritten calls. Furthermore, underwritten calls are made earlier and when the conversion option is less deep in the money. Underwriting commissions and the stock price decline associated with a call are negatively related to the extent that the conversion option is in the money before the call. Empirical evidence in this paper and Singh, Cowan, and Nayar (1991) are consistent with the model's predictions.