On the computational complexity of bridgecard

Bridgecard is a classical trick-taking game utilizing a standard 52-card deck, in which four players in two competing partnerships attempt to “win” each round, i.e. trick. Existing theories and analysis have already attempted to show correlations between system designs and other technical issues with parts of the game, specifically the “Bidding” phase, but this paper will be the first to attempt to initiate a theoretical study on this game by formulating it into an optimization problem. This paper will provide both an analysis of the computational complexity of the problem, and propose exact, as well as, approximation algorithms.     

Scheduling and the problem of computational complexity

Why is it that the problem of scheduling is so computationally difficult to solve? At last recent developments in modern mathematical complexity theory are providing some insights. The paper describes in essentially non-mathematical terms the computational technique known as the ‘Branch and Bound Method’. This, the best general optimising technique available for scheduling, is also shown to have its limitations. It now appears that efficient computational and optimising algorithms are unlikely ever to be found for all except special cases of the general industrial scheduling problem. It seems that heuristic (rule-of-thumb) methods leading to approximate solutions are likely to offer the only real promise for the future.     

一类企业组织竞争中的复杂性表现评价

为研究企业组织在周期态的表现,提出复杂性表现评价概念.通过一个双寡头产量竞争演化模型的分析,用数值仿真展示了决策参数的大小和初始条件的不同取值对博弈收敛到Nash 均衡快慢的影响.以累计利润为主要评价指标,采用取值方法对该模型的在周期态、混沌态的表现进行评价.研究发现:参与者的最优战略组合位于 Nash 均衡点的稳定域内;累计利润对在 Nash 均衡产量的某邻域内的初始产量、对在 Nash 均衡稳定域的较大范围内的决策参数的取值是不敏感的;决策参数对初始产量收敛速度的影响及博弈论中的囚徒困境问题是形成3维仿真图中坐标轴两侧不平坦区域的主要机制;Nash 均衡产量的实际稳定区域可能比一般意义上的稳定区域要小。     

Quantile and mean value measures of search process complexity

Performance measures of metaheuristic algorithms assess the quality of a search process by statistically analysing its performance. Such criteria serve two purposes: they provide the verdict on which algorithm is better for what task, and they help applying an algorithm on a given task in the most effective way. The latter goal may be achieved by an appropriate restart strategy of the search process. Furthermore, these criteria are traditionally based on analysis of the search step mean value. Our aim is to elaborate the mean value analysis as well, but via a novel and more general quantile-based analytic approach, which can be used to define new measures. We prove and demonstrate this purpose on three quantile-based performance measures.     

On the relationship between energy complexity and other boolean function measures

Journal of Combinatorial Optimization - We focus on energy complexity, a Boolean function measure related closely to Boolean circuit design. Given a circuit $$\mathcal {C}$$ over the standard basis...     

QoS路由策略的双水平-多目标规划模型

本文在分析QoS路由策略成本的基础上,基于利用BE模式的计算信息的设想,将BE模式扩展成QoS模式,建立QoS路由策略的双水平-多目标规划模型,提出模型的求解方法.     

商务模式创新复杂性研究的计算实验方法

商务模式及其创新的复杂性特征决定了商务模式创新研究有必要采用计算实验的方法.分析商务模式创新研究的基本思路,提出应用计算实验的方法研究商务模式创新的方法论基础及其基本框架.分析和比较计算实验与计算机仿真(模拟)的区别与联系,提出应用粒子群优化算法、遗传算法等智能算法和复杂适应系统理论模拟商务模式的演化过程,进而对商务模式创新进行计算实验研究的基本方法.认为基于智能算法的计算实验为商务模式创新复杂性研究提供了有效的方法论、工具和平台,是商务模式创新复杂性研究的根本途径.     

管理熵理论--企业组织管理系统复杂性评价的新尺度

应用物理学、数学、力学、信息论、统计学和管理学等理论方法,提出了管理力、管理功和管理复杂度的概念、定义、基本原理和研究范围.基于管理熵理论的原理,建立了企业管理系统复杂性评价的新尺度和评价方法,构造了尺度的矢量空间、数学模型及量化模型.扩展了企业管理组织复杂性的研究范围.并进行了实例分析与验证.     

A low complexity semidefinite relaxation for large-scale MIMO detection

Many wireless communication problems is based on a convex relaxation of the maximum likelihood problem which further can be cast as binary quadratic programs (BQPs). The two standard relaxation methods that are widely used for solving general BQPs such as spectral methods and semidefinite programming problem (SDP), each have their own advantages and disadvantages. It is widely accepted that small and medium sized SDP problems can be solved efficiently by interior point methods. Albeit, semidefinite relaxation has a tighter bound for large scale problems, but its computational complexity is high. However, Row-by-Row method (RBR) for solving SDPs could be opted for an alternative for large-scale MIMO detection because of low complexity. The present work is a spectral SDP-cut formulation to which the RBR is applied for large-scale MIMO detection. A modified RBR algorithm with tighter bound is presented to specify the efficiency in detecting massive MIMO.     

The complexity of influence maximization problem in the deterministic linear threshold model

The influence maximization is an important problem in the field of social network. Informally it is to select few people to be activated in a social network such that their aggregated influence can make as many as possible people active. Kempe et al. gave a $(1-{1 \over e})$ -approximation algorithm for this problem in the linear threshold model and the independent cascade model. In addition, Chen et al. proved that the exact computation of the influence given a seed set is #P-hard in the linear threshold model. Both of the two models are based on randomized propagation, however such information might be obtained by surveys and data mining techniques. This will make great difference on the complexity of the problem. In this note, we study the complexity of the influence maximization problem in deterministic linear threshold model. We show that in the deterministic linear threshold model, there is no n ^1??? -factor polynomial time approximation for the problem unless P=NP. We also show that the exact computation of the influence given a seed set can be solved in polynomial time.     

Judgmental measures for public project selection

An empirical study is described in which the feasibility of employing multidimensional scaling to obtain perceived measures of public projects is investigated. Data concerning eight possible muncipal projects were gathered from city officials and citizens of Kingston, Canada. Response problems are identified and the limitations for implementing the methods are discussed.     

复杂信息度量的安全系统结构复杂性评价

作为复杂性研究和安全研究理论与方法的进一步扩展,建立复杂格空间,搭建了复杂性参量的立体化刻画的框架,确定熵的信息度量为复杂格空间的大小(维度)的测度的尺度,构造出复杂性测度的全方位的测度体系;将此理论与方法应用与工程系统的复杂性研究中,以煤矿工程系统的安全系统复杂性研究为例,从矿井开拓巷道系统联结关系、节点、环节、矿井安全子系统复合性、矿井安全监测系统网络、安全设施设置、监测系统、井下人员定位系统测定点分布等结构复杂性要素,进行复杂性评价与实证研究.     

The case for complexity: A look at the relationship between individual and structure from the inside out

Abstract

This paper develops a model of the individual – structure relationship using a predominantly sociological explanation. Adopting the perspective of the individual and grounding the approach in a structurationist framework, a system of person-based and role-based relationships is proposed. The model's implications for the individual are developed from an examination of markets, hierarchies and networks. Main conclusions cross-cut individual, functional and organizational levels: (1) work- and non-work roles need to be intentionally maintained and leveraged as a way to develop individual and organizational complexity; (2) individual discretion is essential to achieving the proper balance between the two kinds of roles; (3) networks provide the greatest potential for role satisfaction; and (4) HRD assumes an instrumental role in establishing and maintaining a culture of trust and in designing and supporting jobs that foster complexity and discretion.     

Effective measures for reducing environmental insurance costs

Can pollution prevention (P²) management practices result in lower premiums paid for business insurance? In theory, P² activities on the part of the insured can reduce the risk of pollution-related claims—but this depends on a competetive insurance market. What follows is an examination of two forms of business insurance—environmental insurance and worker's compensation insurance— and some cases where lower costs were realized.     

Task complexity and transformational leadership: The mediating role of leaders' state core self-evaluations

While substantial scholarly attention has been paid to the beneficial consequences of transformational leadership and the conditions in which this leadership style is most effective, there is a remarkable shortage of research on the contextual antecedents of transformational leadership behavior itself. To address this gap, a laboratory experiment was conducted in which we tested the relationship between task complexity and the emergence of transformational leadership behavior. In this experiment, 111 participants were divided in groups of three (comprising one leader and two subordinates), and were instructed to solve three decision-making tasks with varying levels of task complexity. Results indicated that task complexity was negatively related to transformational leadership behavior, and that this relationship was partially mediated by the leader's state core self-evaluations. In other words, when leaders encounter tasks that are overwhelmingly complex, they act in less transformational ways because they momentarily lack the psychological resources to do so. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.     

企业车间系统结构与工艺复杂性多维度评价

提出了信息力、能和结构复杂性信息量度量的基本概念、定义、基本原理和数学模型;建立了企业生产系统结构复杂性评价的新尺度;提出了评价方法和系统结构的简约化、复杂性减少原理;并应用此理论与方法对井工企业掘进工作面系统结构复杂性评价进行了实证研究.     

智能体建模和资本市场复杂性

以复杂适应系统的思想和智能体建模的方法研究资本市场复杂性是新兴的有价值的研究领域,阐述了资本市场作为复杂适应系统的动力机制,介绍了这一领域一个重要模型———少数派博弈(minority game,MG)模型.仿真发现,处于拥挤阶段的MG具有和实际市场相近的收益率分布.进一步扩展标准MG,提出了快速适应的少数派博弈模型,仿真结果显示,新的模型有着和真实市场相同的特征:收益率分布的尖峰和肥尾现象,揭示了资本市场复杂性的内部动力学机理.     

Framing socioecological complexity: The long-term evolution of multiple dimensions of desertification risk in Italy

Desertification risk depends on the interplay of biophysical and socioeconomic drivers, among which climate change, soil depletion, landscape modifications, and biodiversity decline are key factors of change in Southern Europe. The present study introduces a diachronic analysis of desertification risk in Italy adopting a multidimensional approach based on four dimensions (ecological, economic, demographic, and administrative) assessed at three dates (1961, 1991, and 2011). These risk components were evaluated separately in Southern Italy, a formerly affected region (sensu United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification), and Northern/Central Italy, a nonaffected region in the country. All risk measures document how the divide between affected and nonaffected regions in Italy has gradually reduced. Because of local warming and rising human pressure, Northern Italy has recently displayed a level of desertification risk close to those observed in Southern Italy over the last 30 years. These results suggest a thorough revision of the national classification of risky areas, that may inform more specific mitigation and adaptation policies responding effectively to recent socioenvironmental trends and local (economic) dynamics. The intrinsic system's evolution observed at both regional and national level in Italy may be generalized to a broader European context. Our work finally documents the appropriateness of a multidimensional definition of desertification risk grounded on the joint analysis of ecological, demographic, economic, and administrative indicators. A comprehensive knowledge of socioeconomic patterns and processes of change contributes to more precise scenario modeling and design of integrated strategies mitigating desertification risk.