共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Michael Lynch 《The American Sociologist》2012,43(1):67-75
This essay is an appreciation of Melvin Pollner’s distinctive sociological approach to topics that are usually associated
with philosophy. Pollner’s dissertation and early writings took up the theme of “mundane reason,” which he defined as an incorrigible
presumption of a real world that is implicit in everyday conduct. Pollner addressed mundane reason, and the reciprocal idea
of “reality disjunctures”—momentary divergences between perceptual accounts of the “same” mundane reality—by describing routine
exchanges in traffic court and confrontations between doctors and patients in psychiatric settings. Pollner’s work anticipated
current enthusiasms for developing novel “ontologies” in social and cultural studies of science, medicine, and other subjects.
Although he did attempt to locate metaphysics in the midst of everyday experience, this essay suggests that his “philosophy
on the ground” radically transformed philosophical ontology into an original and imaginative way to investigate constitutive
activities. 相似文献
2.
Jack Niemonen 《The American Sociologist》2010,41(1):48-81
This paper identifies the common themes in 245-plus refereed articles on whiteness studies that were published in academic
journals after 1992 in an attempt to assess the implications of whiteness studies for the discipline of sociology. Of special
interest is the relationship between whiteness studies and Michael Burawoy’s call for public sociology. I argue that the emerging
field of whiteness studies identifies itself as a public sociology that is infused by the moral vision of critical sociology.
Nevertheless, the field does not accept professional sociology as Burawoy defined it. The ontological, epistemological, and
soteriological foundations of whiteness studies encourage the field to pander to one segment of the public—the marginalized—and
condemn another segment of the public—“privileged whites,” thus rendering impossible a democratic dialogue on one of the most
basic social issues of our time. Conflating Western epistemology with whiteness encourages a misreading of American social
scientific work on race relations, thus opening the door to a so-called hermeneutics of suspicion. The result is not an innocuous
“pop” sociology, but a partisan sociology, whose implications should caution sociologists against an uncritical embracing
of public sociology. 相似文献
3.
Bernard S. Phillips 《The American Sociologist》1988,19(2):138-151
Gouldner’s call for a “reflexive sociology” in 1970 remains a largely unexamined idea, yet with the breakdown of functionalism’s
begemony and the present ferment in theory its time may finally have come. In attempting to clarify and reconstruct Gouldner’s
idea, I begin with his concepts “background assumptions” and “domain assumptions,” linking them with Kubn’s ideas. Employing
levels of abstraction to approach Gouldner’s material systematically, I proceed to develop and illustrate two contrasting
background assumptions or world hypotheses: “stratification” and “interaction.” Finally, I examine some methodological implications
of these world views, centering on defining problems, ratio scales and images of measurement, sampling and multivariate-analysis
procedures.
Introduced to sociology by C. Wright Mills, Bernard Phillips studied with Robin N. Williams, Jr. and taught at the University
of North Carolina and the University of Illinois (where he overlapped with Alvin W. Gouldner for a year) before coming to
Boston University. A cofounder of the ASA section, Sociological Practice, Phillips’ interests are in Societal Change, Theory
and Methods. 相似文献
4.
Louis Kontos 《The American Sociologist》2001,32(1):100-106
The following paper examines the cybernetics trajectory of Parsons’ later work and its extension in the work of Luhmann. While
the earlier work was focused on social action as a basic unit of sociological analysis, in The Social System Parsons articulates
a notion of systems as self-generating and self-regulating. In Luhmann’s Social Systems this trajectory is made more explicit
and developed in opposition to the early Parsons. Its metaphorical dimensions are also developed, creating additional levels
and layers of abstraction. Those developments are deemed necessary in order to come to terms with the increasingly “complex”
nature of modern society; however they are problematic in several respects—including their tautological nature which provides
a basis for the unrestrained explanatory power of “system.“ 相似文献
5.
Thomas Medvetz 《Qualitative sociology》2010,33(4):549-562
This research note uses in-depth interviews, ethnographic observations, and archival records to examine the self-understandings
of think tank-affiliated policy experts. I argue that policy experts draw on a series of idioms—those of the academic scholar,
the political aide, the entrepreneur, and the media specialist—to construct a unique albeit synthetic professional identity.
The essence of the policy expert’s role lies in a continuous effort to balance and reconcile the contradictory imperatives
associated with these idioms. An analysis of the policy expert’s mixed “professional psyche” offers a useful point of entry
into the objective social structure of the think tank. 相似文献
6.
On the occasion of the re-publication of Erving Goffman’s Relations in Public: Microstudies of the Public Order, including the remarkable appendix, “Insanity of Place,” the authors propose new ways of reading Goffman’s work in order
to highlight his attention to havoc and containment. Goffman’s “Insanity of Place,” explores the phenomenon of mental illness
by asserting that it is an instance of havoc, a symbolic and practical condition that disrupts the social order of life, and
one that must be contained. By situating this essay at the center of Goffman’s oeuvre they examine Goffman’s “philosophy of
containment,” and trace its trajectory from Asylums, Stigma and “The Insanity of Place” to its full crystallization in Frame Analysis. The authors offer a generative reading of havoc and containment in order to understand the incoherence, irrationality, unreason,
incomprehensibility and unbearableness of social life and the imperative to preserve social order from collapsing, dissolving
or imploding. This reading enables us to see the cracks in the social order and understand containment as the constant effort
exerted to recuperate transgressions and deviations back into that order. Goffman’s analysis becomes an opening into engagements
with the work of Judith Butler and Michel Foucault around the notion of the normative order and the issues of containment
and transgression. Thinking through Goffman’s philosophy of containment as the framework for an analysis of socialization,
normalization, and social ordering affords an approach to thinking macro-micro linkages of order and instability that confront
both our contemporary society and the discipline of sociology. 相似文献
7.
This paper examines Charles Tilly’s relationship to the schools of thought known as historicism and critical realism. Tilly
was committed to a social epistemology that was inherently historicist, and he increasingly called himself a “historicist.”
The “search for grand laws in human affairs comparable to the laws of Newtonian mechanics,” he argued, was a “waste of time”
and had “utterly failed.” Tilly’s approach was strongly reminiscent of the arguments developed in the first half of the 20th
century by Rickert, Weber, Troeltsch, and Meinecke for a synthesis of particularization and generalization and for a focus
on “historical individuals” rather than abstract universals. Nonetheless, Tilly never openly engaged with this earlier wave
of historicist sociology, despite its fruitfulness for and similarity to his own project. The paper explores some of the possible
reasons for this missed encounter. The paper argues further that Tilly’s program of “relational realism” resembled critical
realism, but with main two differences: Tilly did not fully embrace critical realism’s argument that social mechanisms are
always co-constituted by social meaning or its normative program of explanatory critique. In order to continue developing
Tilly’s ideas it is crucial to connect them to the epistemological ideas that governed the first wave of historicist sociology
in Weimar Germany and to a version of philosophical realism that is interpretivist and critical. 相似文献
8.
Three explanations have been advanced to account for the generalized action potential of contemporary protest movements: the
rise of the new class, a set of general social trends that cumulatively lead to liberalized social values and loosened social
restraints against protest, and the mobilization of excluded groups. Analyzing three dimensions of generalized action potential—protest
potential, political action repertoires, and protest movement support—we find support for all three explanations. Educated
salaried professionals, especially sociocultural and public sector professionals, display greater protest potential, especially
for civil disobedience, and are supportive of emerging “middle class” movements. A set of general social trends centering
on increased education, life-cycle and generational change, secularism, and increased women's autonomy also create greater
action potential. Reflecting mobilization against political exclusion, African Americans display a consistently strong generalized
action potential. These protests reflect the rise of new political repertoires, particularly “protest activism,” which combines
protest with high levels of conventional participation and is centered among the more educated. 相似文献
9.
Hendrik Jürges 《Review of Economics of the Household》2006,4(4):299-323
The paper studies the relevance of gender ideology for the geographic mobility of families using data from the German Socio-economic
Panel. The analysis proceeds in two steps. First, it is shown that single men and women—who are in some sense “unconstrained”
optimizers—reveal identical mobility patterns. There are no fundamental gender differences in the inter-regional mobility
of German singles. Second, I focus on dual-earner households and split this group into “traditional” and “egalitarian” couples
using information on their factual division of housework rather than their reported gender ideology. Separate migration analyses
for both groups reveal important differences indicating the significance of gender ideology in families’ migration behavior:
job-related characteristics of men statistically dominate those of women in traditional couples, whereas in egalitarian couples,
male and female characteristics have the same effect on family migration behavior, i.e. there is no gender bias. Failure to
account for the heterogeneity in gendered family roles across families thus misses an important explanatory factor in migration
research.
相似文献
10.
Chandra Mukerji 《Theory and Society》2011,40(3):223-245
In seventeenth-century France, Colbert built a more effective state administration not by rationalizing state offices but
by using public documents to increase the government’s intellectual capacity to exercise logistical power and engage in territorial
governance. This pattern calls into question Weber’s model of the genesis of “modern officialdom,” suggesting that its source
was not social rationalization, but rather the identification and management of expertise. Colbert recruited into government
nascent technocrats with knowledge useful to territorial politics, using contracts and other documents to limit their independence
and subordinate them to patrimonial authorities. They exercised specific duties and impersonal powers in jurisdictional areas—much
like modern technocrats. Their expertise enhanced the intellectual capacity of the administration to exercise territorial
power and made the state less dependent on patrimonial clienteles without challenging the patrimonial culture of power/knowledge. 相似文献
11.
This article analyzes the processes taking place in the “post-Soviet space”—the former Soviet Union. This notion is viewed
as a special historical phenomenon implying not only common territory but also political, economic, cultural, mental, civil,
and other mutual ties inherited from the past. The social and political nature of the “post-Soviet space” is fast-changing
due to the impact of three interrelated factors: economic (the difference in economic potentials and the resource base, the
increasing dependence on fluctuations in prices for basic export commodities in the global market, and the weak domestic markets);
political (a new kind of conflicts between former Soviet republics, the instability of the political-party systems, the immaturity
of civil society, and the growth of authoritarian trends); and international one (the region is a crossroads of the geopolitical
interests of the world’s major players—Russia, the United States, the European Union and China). The vital importance of this
space for Russia causes it to pursue an active policy in this region. 相似文献
12.
Best known as the first woman graduate from MIT, and the founder of Home Economics, Ellen Swallow Richards was a Progressive
Era reformer who applied social science research techniques to problems of concern to early sociologists. As a mentor to many
women who joined the “Cultural” and “Pragmatic” feminists of Hull House, her secular theories of “Oekology” and “Euthenics”
challenged many of the models of social change prevalent in the Cambridge and Chicago academic communities. Her most radical
contribution as a feminist was her assertion that women’s unpaid labor in the home played a vital economic role in maintaining
capitalism and was the ultimate source of their second-class citizenship. She shared a belief in democracy and education as
a feminist “Pragmatist,” and laid the groundwork for the contemporary “Ecofeminist” movement. Although she was a biochemist
by training, she engaged several genera-tions of women in the application of scientific methods to the solution of contemporary
social problems. As a political organizer, much of her legacy is reflected in the accomplishments of the reform organizations
she was instrumental in founding. 相似文献
13.
Seán Ó Riain 《Theory and Society》2006,35(5-6):507-528
This article advances the concept of “time–space intensification” as an alternative to existing notions of time–space distanciation, compression and embedding that attempt to capture the restructuring of time and space in contemporary advanced capitalism. This concept suggests time and space are intensified in the contemporary period – the social experience of time and space becomes more explicit and more crucial to socio-economic actors’ lives, time and space are mobilized more explicitly in individual and corporate action, and the institutionalization of time and space becomes more politicized. Drawing on Polanyi’s concepts of fictitious commodities and the double movement, and developing them through an analysis of work organization and economic development in the Irish software industry, the article argues that the concept of time–space intensification can add significantly to our understanding of key features of the restructuring of the temporal and spatial basis of economic development and work organization. 相似文献
14.
Ruth Simpson 《Sociological Forum》1996,11(3):549-562
Perceptions of safety and danger are “intersubjective”—products of social construction, collective agreement, and socialization.
While objective danger certainly exists, perceptions of danger do not derive directly from observation of the empirical world.
The objective environment provides only inconsistent and ambiguous information, permitting ample room for socially constructed
beliefs. Three cognitive frameworks—the Cautious, Confident, and Neutral frameworks—organize perceptions of safety and danger.
Each framework begins with a default assumption about safety and danger and “marks” certain items as different from this default.
In shaping expectations, these frameworks also contribute to perceptions of horror, humor, excitement, and fear. Finally,
I use these frameworks to analyze the psychological concept “phobia” as a sociological phenomenon. 相似文献
15.
Kelly H. Chong 《Qualitative sociology》2008,31(4):369-390
Methodological difficulties attendant to ethnographic fieldwork—such as gaining access, maintaining fieldwork relations, objectivity,
and fieldwork stresses—are intensified for researchers working with “absolutist” religious group, groups that hold an exclusivist
or totalistic definition of truth. Based on my fieldwork in a conservative South Korean evangelical community, I explore in
this article two central and related methodological dilemmas pertaining to studying absolutist religious groups: identity
negotiation and emotional management during fieldwork. Writing from my complex location as a feminist and a cultural/religious
insider/outsider in relation to the South Korean evangelical community, I explore in particular the challenges posed by identity/role
management in the field and its emotional dimensions, including the issue of the researcher’s power and vulnerability, the
quandary of “conformity,” and the emotional costs of self-repression arising from the researcher’s fundamental value conflicts
with the group. I conclude with a reflection on the implications of these experiences for ethnographic methodology, most centrally,
how we manage our emotional responses in the field, including “inappropriate” ones, and how we can relate them to the research
process.
Kelly H. Chong is currently Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Kansas. Her research focuses on the topic of religion, gender, and social change in East Asia; she is the author of Deliverance and Submission: Evangelical Women and the Negotiation of Patriarchy in South Korea (Harvard University Press, 2008). Her current research interests include the analysis of the production, meaning, and negotiation of gender and ethnic culture/identity among second generation Asian–Americans, particularly within the context of global/local racial, cultural, gender, and religious politics. 相似文献
Kelly H. ChongEmail: |
Kelly H. Chong is currently Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Kansas. Her research focuses on the topic of religion, gender, and social change in East Asia; she is the author of Deliverance and Submission: Evangelical Women and the Negotiation of Patriarchy in South Korea (Harvard University Press, 2008). Her current research interests include the analysis of the production, meaning, and negotiation of gender and ethnic culture/identity among second generation Asian–Americans, particularly within the context of global/local racial, cultural, gender, and religious politics. 相似文献
16.
Chantelle Marlor 《Qualitative sociology》2010,33(4):513-531
This paper explores inherent tensions between two democratic ideals: citizen representation and accountability of the state.
Specifically, I argue that the method by which state officials make themselves accountable—through their creation of the appearance
of transparency—results in the exclusion of alternative, non-scientific ways of knowing, including those that are gendered,
local and indigenous, because these ways of knowing often employ non-standardized methods which are not “transparent” in the
same way as science and therefore easily dismissed by state officials as indefensible to citizens’ questioning. I explore
this tension by drawing on examples from ethnographic work I completed with two groups of knowledge practitioners, Kwakwaka’wakw
First Nations (Native American) traditional marine harvesters and government biologists, both of whom work with clams. 相似文献
17.
Lisa Stampnitzky 《Qualitative sociology》2011,34(1):1-19
“Terrorism” has proved to be a highly problematic object of expertise. Terrorism studies fails to conform to the most common
sociological notions of what a field of intellectual production ought to look like, and has been described by participants
and observers alike as a failure. Yet the study of terrorism is a booming field, whether measured in terms of funding, publications,
or numbers of aspiring experts. This paper aims to explain, first, the disjuncture between terrorism studies in practice and
the sociological literature on fields of intellectual production, and, second, the reasons for experts’ “rhetoric of failure”
about their field. I suggest that terrorism studies, rather than conforming to the notion of an ideal-typical profession,
discipline, or bounded “intellectual field,” instead represents an interstitial space of knowledge production. I further argue
that the “rhetoric of failure” can be understood as a strategy through which terrorism researchers mobilize sociological theories
of scientific/cultural fields as both an interpretive resource in their attempts to make sense of the apparent oddness of
their field and their situation, and as schemas, or models, in their attempts to reshape the field. I conclude that sociologists
ought to expand our vision to incorporate the many arenas of expertise that occupy interstitial spaces, moving and travelling
between multiple fields. 相似文献
18.
Nancy A. Naples 《Qualitative sociology》1996,19(1):83-106
This article draws upon findings from an ethnographic study of two towns in rural Iowa to examine the adequacy of the insider/outsider
distinction as a guideline for evaluating and conducting ethnographic research. Utilizing feminist standpoint and materialist
feminist theories, I start with the assumption that, rather than one “insider” or “outsider” position, we all begin our work
with different relationships to shifting aspects of social life and to particular knowers in the community and this contributes
to numerous dimensions through which we can relate to residents in various communities. “Outsiderness” and “insiderness” are
not fixed or static positions, rather they are ever-shifting and permeable social locations illustrated in this case study
by the “outsider phenomenon.” Community processes that reorganize and resituate race-ethnicity, gender and class relations
form some of the most salient aspects of the “outsider phenomenon.” These dynamic processes shaped our relationships with
residents as ethnographic identities were repositioned by shifts in constructions of “community” that accompanied ongoing
social, demographic, and political changes. 相似文献
19.
Donald N. McCloskey 《The American Sociologist》1990,21(1):3-19
Even formal methods in economics, which sociologists have been tempted to adopt, are “rhetorical,” in the sense of “argued
to other scholars, not proven forever and ever.” The rhetoric of inquiry, in other words, is not confined to flowery language.
Two examples of formal methods that have defective rhetorics are significance tests (in which the sociologists are far ahead)
and existence theorems (in which the sociologists are in danger of imitating the economists’ errors). Much effort in economics
is spent on a rhetoric without conclusions. A more humanistic economics — or sociology—would examine all the arguments, whether
mathematical or not.
He is also director of the Project on Rhetoric of Inquiry. 相似文献
20.
Jan C. Schmidt 《Poiesis & praxis》2011,7(4):249-274
Among others, the term “problem” plays a major role in the various attempts to characterize interdisciplinarity or transdisciplinarity,
as used synonymously in this paper. Interdisciplinarity (ID) is regarded as “problem solving among science, technology and
society” and as “problem orientation beyond disciplinary constraints” (cf. Frodeman et al.: The Oxford Handbook of Interdisciplinarity.
Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010). The point of departure of this paper is that the discourse and practice of ID have problems with the “problem”. The objective
here is to shed some light on the vague notion of “problem” in order to advocate a specific type of interdisciplinarity: problem-oriented interdisciplinarity. The outline is as follows: Taking an ex negativo approach, I will show what problem-oriented ID does not mean. Using references to well-established distinctions in philosophy of science, I will show three other types of ID that
should not be placed under the umbrella term “problem-oriented ID”: object-oriented ID (“ontology”), theory-oriented ID (epistemology),
and method-oriented ID (methodology). Different philosophical thought traditions can be related to these distinguishable meanings.
I will then clarify the notion of “problem” by looking at three systematic elements: an undesired (initial) state, a desired
(goal) state, and the barriers in getting from the one to the other. These three elements include three related kinds of knowledge:
systems, target, and transformation knowledge. This paper elaborates further methodological and epistemological elements of
problem-oriented ID. It concludes by stressing that problem-oriented ID is the most needed as well as the most challenging
type of ID. 相似文献