论公允价值在中国会计中的应用

2006年我国颁布了新的会计准则,公允价值这一计量属性得到适度应用.但关于公允价值的讨论由来已久,尤其是随着国内外金融市场的动荡与起落,更引起了人们对公允价值的争议.通过分析公允价值在我国应用中存在的问题,提出应增强公允价值的可靠性,并在计量模式上采用双重计量.     

由美国次贷危机引发的公允价值计量评析

随着金融危机的不断恶化,银行界迫切要求将公允价值计量方式改回按历史成本计价的方式.当客观的市场交易价格不存在时,估计的公允价值信息缺乏价值相关性.公允价值计量对金融危机起放大作用,削弱了银行平滑经济冲击的功能,引起银行收益和资本波动性增加,降低银行的流动性转换能力,存在加剧金融危机的作用机理.但信贷危机的根本原因是公司治理的失败,过度的短期化行为以及金融机构内部和管理层与股东之间问责制缺位是问题的核心所在.公允价值不仅是计量金融工具的唯一可行方法,更提高了财务报告的信息含量,完善基于金融稳定的公允价值计量方法,修正公允价值计量的技术缺陷,可发挥会计的风险揭示功能,保证金融系统的稳定与透明.     

金融危机冲击下的美国公允价值发展变化及启示

美国公允价值研究代表世界先进水平,经历了30多年的发展,特别是在2007年8月爆发的金融危机冲击之后,对未来研究方向的影响会体现在增强公允价值披露与计量的透明、非活跃市场公允价值估价,以及如何加强金融监管以保证公允价值运用有一个健康的环境等方面,完善后的公允价值计量,必将成为会计计量模式的主流力量.     

公允价值计量与企业利润操纵的防范

2006年2月,财政部发布了新的《企业会计准则》,于2007年1月1日首先在上市公司中推行,并鼓励其他企业执行。新准则最大的变化是全面引入了公允价值计量属性,一方面这是中国企业会计准则与国际接轨的重要标志;另一方面由于公允价值计量中不可避免的主观性,也给企业利润操纵带来了新的空间。本文分析了公允价值计量中容易被企业用于操纵利润的领域,提出了防范利用公允价值操纵利润的对策。     

上市公司公允价值相关性分析——基于我国A股市场面板数据的实证研究

2006年我国新会计准则再次引入公允价值计量后,与历史成本计量属性相比,"每股可供出售金融资产公允价值变动净额"和"每股公允价值变动损益"对股票价格具有增量的价值相关性,其中后者的价值相关性显著高于前者。在我国的资本市场中,我国投资者依据公允价值计量的会计信息进行决策选择上也具有增量的价值相关性,体现出公允价值计量所表现的会计信息比历史成本计量的会计信息更具有一定的信息含量。根据2006新会计准则要求采用公允价值计量所披露的现时会计信息比历史成本计量所披露的账面价值信息更具有显著的解释力。     

我国商业银行规模经济的理论解释与实证研究--兼与阚超等先生商榷

阚超等(2004)分析了我国银行业的规模经济问题.此文数据全面、分析规范,可以说是这方面的代表.然而,以阚文为代表的国内相关研究在变量选取和使用时没有考虑资本、风险和资产质量等相关问题,从而得出的结论也各不相同,有的甚至和现实状况不太符合.为了更好地解释商业银行规模经济水平,本文在理论上、方法上对阚文加以完善,将风险、资本等变量作为解释规模经济水平的重要因素,把风险和资本两因素引入计量模型并利用实际数据作了实证分析,同时结合实际情况对我国银行业规模经济的真实状况进行了深入剖析.     

“金税四期”背景下中国数字资产的税收征管研究

“金税四期”为中国税收征管打开了“以数治税”新局面,但数字藏品和数据等新型数字资产也在不断冲击着传统税制的监管模式。在分析中国数字资产发展现状的基础上,对比中国数字资产的税收治理中存在的挑战以及国际征管实践,强调当前应在税制要素认定、数字资产估值方法和“金税四期”系统等方面寻找税收征管与数字经济繁荣之间的均衡点。     

金融机构监管视角的会计信息质量分析

金融危机暴露了金融监管的不足及会计信息对金融监管的影响.金融机构有效的会计信息是金融监管的必要手段,同时作为会计信息的使用者之一,监管机构对会计信息的运用也将影响会计信息的质量.随着资本市场的发展,会计信息质量逐渐向相关性倾斜,并推动了公允价值计量应用的深入,但本次金融危机表明,公允价值计量的顺周期效应与金融监管审慎性要求有冲突.当前,我国以商业银行为代表的金融机构仍以传统的存货款业务为主,在市场发育不完善、公允价值计量缺乏必需的市场环境的条件下,可靠的会计信息更适用于我国金融监管.而在这一过程中,金融监管机构与准则制订机构也需要进一步的沟通和协调.     

会计目标会计信息质量特征与资产计量模式选择

本文主要论述了会计目标和会计信息质量特征对资产计量模式选择的影响,并从此角度出发对常见计量模式进行了分析评价,在此基础上提出了资产计量模式的现实选择。     

公允价值在中国会计准则中的体现

随着公允价值在国际会计准则中的逐步完善,以及全球经济一体化进程的加快和我国资本市场的发展,我国也在2006年2月颁布的新企业会计准则中引入公允价值,本文从公允价值的内涵和公允价值在具体会计准则中的体现两方面来介绍公允价值在我国的引入情况,进一步加深对公允价值的理解。     

中国基金热的冷思考

2006年无疑是中国基金最引人注目的一年,在这一年中,基金收益不断上涨,基金销售异常火爆,基金市场空前繁荣。基金业的迅速发展有其内在原因,但也有非理性的一面,这种非理性的上涨背后隐藏着深刻的危机。充分认识并及时防范其风险尤为重要。文章对当前基金市场非理性加以分析,并提出预防风险相关制度安排,引导基金业又好又快地健康发展。     

利益认同与社会主义核心价值认同——以化解社会风险为视域

利益是价值的尺度,可以用利益认同来推动价值认同。党和国家领导人高度重视社会风险问题,化解社会风险可以实现利益认同,进而转化成社会主义核心价值认同。建立利益机制化解社会风险,推动社会主义核心价值认同,体现在四个方面：化解经济风险,巩固核心价值认同的物质基础;化解政治风险,创造核心价值认同的民主前提;化解文化风险,营造核心价值认同的人文氛围;化解公共风险,改善核心价值认同的安全环境。     

On the Measurement of Job Risk in Hedonic Wage Models

We examine the incidence, form, and research consequences of measurement error in measures of fatal injury risk in U.S. workplaces using both Bureau of Labor Statistics and National Intitute of Occupational Safety and Health data. Of the various measures examined the NIOSH industry risk measure produces implicit value of life estimates most in line with both economic theory and the mode result for the existing literature. Because we find non-classical measurement error that differs across risk measures and is not independent of other regressors, innovative statistical procedures need be applied to obtain statistically improved estimates of wage-fatality risk tradeoffs.     

基于Var模型的开放式基金风险计量研究

开放式基金在世界范围内发展迅猛 ,已成为世界投资基金的主流。中国内陆也在 2 0 0 1年 9月推出了第一只开放式基金。开放式基金在我国的进一步发展需要对其风险进行识别和管理。目前在我国 ,对开放式基金风险的研究主要以定性研究为主 ,定量研究较少。Var模型是国际上流行的并且是非常有效的风险计量和管理工具。在var模型的计算方法中 ,方差与协方差法 (Variance-covariancemethod)是一种简便易行的计算方法。运用Var模型中方差与协方差法计量开放式基金的风险可以从定量角度提供精确的风险值 ,对开放式基金风险的管理具有重要意义     

汇率风险中经济风险暴露的决定因素及控制机理

汇率风险中经济风险被认为是最重要的风险之一。经济风险管理的一个重要途径就是合理地降低和控制经济风险暴露。应根据经济风险暴露的决定因素,采取控制某一种外币的净现金流量规模,将风险分散于多种外币上,控制市场需求对产品价格及汇率的敏感程度、控制企业运营的成本状态、提高企业的风险管理水平等手段和措施,将汇率风险的经济风险暴露控制在合理的水平。     

New social risks in postindustrial society: Some evidence on responses to active labour market policies from Eurobarometer

One result of the complex economic and social changes currently impacting on state welfare is the emergence of what may be termed "new social risks" as part of the shift to a postindustrial society. These concern access to adequately paid employment, particularly for lower-skilled young people, in an increasingly flexible labour market, and managing work-life balance for women with family responsibilities engaged in full-time careers. They coexist with the old social risks that traditional welfare states developed to meet, which typically concern retirement from or interruption to paid work, in most cases for a male "breadwinner". New social risks offer policymakers the opportunity to transform vice into virtue by replacing costly passive benefits with policies which mobilize the workforce, arguably enhancing economic competitiveness, and reduce poverty among vulnerable groups. However, the political constituencies to support such policies are weak, since the risks affect people most strongly at particular life stages and among specific groups. This paper examines attitudes to new social risk labour market policies in four contrasting European countries. It shows that attitudes in this area are strongly embedded in overall beliefs about the appropriate scale, direction and role of state welfare interventions, so that the weakness of new social risk constituencies does not necessarily undermine the possibility of attracting support for such policies, provided they are developed in ways that do not contradict national traditions of welfare state values.     

Impact of socio-economic infrastructure investments on income inequality in Iran

One of the main subjects, governments have been facing is fair distribution of income, and making effort to improve it. In this study, we evaluated the effects of economic (energy, water, ICT) and social (health, education) infrastructure expenses on income inequality in the Iranian provinces for the period of 2007–2016 by the panel corrected standard errors (PCSE) model. The results show that social and economic infrastructures improvements reduce income inequality. However, the magnitude of these effects varies. Investment on education, healthcare, communication technology, energy, and water infrastructures has the greatest impact on income inequality reduction, respectively. Therefore, in order to reduce inequality in deprived areas, combination and optimal allocation of economic and social infrastructures should be considered.     

Background Risks and the Value of a Statistical Life

We examine the effects of background mortality and financial risks on an individual's willingness to pay to reduce his mortality risk (the value of statistical life or VSL). Under reasonable assumptions about risk aversion and prudence with respect to wealth in the event of survival and with respect to bequests in the event of death, background mortality and financial risks decrease VSL. The effects of large mortality or financial risks on VSL can be substantial, but the effects of small background risks are negligible. These results suggest that the commonplace failure to account for background risk in evaluating VSL is unlikely to produce substantial bias in most applications.     

Identifying the Material and Non‐Material Ingredients of the Good Life

Criticism of the neo‐liberal approach to generating economic growth and rising prosperity rests on the view that it has failed to deliver many of the things that people most value. Developments in the measurement of quality of life, and in the poverty literature, have moved away from relying solely on economic variables such as income. The deprivation approach provides an insight into the items that people value because it asks a random sample of the population whether or not a list of items are regarded as essential – things that no‐one should have to go without. Drawing on results from a recent deprivation survey, this paper examines the strength of Australian opinion about whether material and non‐material items are essential. The results confirm that there is widespread support for many non‐material items being essential and that lack of ownership of these items is often widespread, with adverse affects on wellbeing.