关于于谦的历史定位及其他

于谦是我国历史上著名的民族英雄,他与岳飞、文天祥、史可法等都是民族脊梁.他的伟大人格力量感召了为捍卫民族利益而奋斗的人们,是我国宝贵的民族精神.评价历史人物必须坚持历史唯物主义,将人物放在历史长河中,以他最杰出贡献来定位,反对任意拔高、感情出发、功利主义等不良倾向.     

藤田东湖的《正气歌》——中日文化交流札记

提起《正气歌》,人们自然会想到我国的民族英雄文天祥(1236——1282)。他在狱中度过了三年的艰苦岁月,宁死不屈,写下了肝胆照人、传颂千古的《正气歌》。这首爱国主义的诗篇不仅在中国激励着许多有志之士进行正义斗争,产生了深远的思想影响,而且还瓢洋过海,在日本引起了强烈的反响。     

清代判词语言的法文化视角

语言是民族文化的外壳,是民族文化的载体,以清代判词语言为视角,可以清楚地看出清代判词深厚的礼法文化背景。这种法文化对它的载体施以法的影响和制约,这种特定的法律文化造就了清代判词语言特有的风貌:雅俗相谐、质而有文。     

文天祥爱国思想探源

在中华民族的历史上,每当国家处于危难,人民惨遭涂炭的紧急关头,总会涌现出一批可歌可泣、各垂千古的人物。他们中,有因衔命出使,面对强暴,力挽狂涛,不辱使命而殉国;有因职寄守土,浴血奋战,粮尽援绝,城破家亡而捐躯;有因慷慨赴义,屡仆屡起,百折不挠,饮恨沙场而献身;有因身陷囹圄,大义凛然,宁为玉碎,不作瓦全而牺牲。然而,能集中上述品格和业绩于一身者,则恐怕只有南宋末年的民族英雄文天祥一人而已。确实,一介书生出身的文天祥,在明知宋室大厦将倾,宰执辅臣或逃或降,庙堂之内门可罗雀的严峻形势下,作为一名地方官,却能挺身而出,毁家纾难,受命于危难之际,以九死一生的气概,与元军展开了殊死的斗争。当他不幸兵败被执,在四年囚禁期间,又以浩然正气,顶住了敌人的百般威胁、利诱,直至最后从容就义,这是何等的英勇壮烈。他为中华民族的历史,谱下了一曲极为悲凉的壮歌。     

从诬告案判牍看儒法矛盾及其调和

诬告是一种古老的现象,历代政府都对这种犯罪现象给予严厉打击,相关律规范也在不断完善。在古代的众多案例中,法官对于诬告罪的判词充满了伦理说教的意味,而且其判决结果通常与法律规定有较大的出入。这些特点系司法裁判受到特定文化理念、价值追求之影响的结果。透过古代诬告案判牍,可以看到儒法两家的在司法领域的矛盾及调和。     

也论史湘云的结局

史湘云的结局是《红楼梦》的一大疑案,多年来学术界争论不休。笔者认为,按曹雪芹原来的意思,史湘云最后应当嫁给甄宝玉,后甄宝玉被充军边塞,致使湘云空守深闺,形同守寡,最后死去。提出这一看法的理由首先立足于史湘云的判词,其次是从作者对书中一些人和物的安排与寓意方面探讨这个问题,最后是从她所作的诗词等方面窥见一斑。     

瞿秋白的哲学思想

瞿秋白曾担负党的主要领导工作,是我党早期探寻中国革命理论和革命道路的最优秀的先行者之一。他多才多艺,在文学创作、文艺批评和翻译等方面都有杰出的贡献,在中国近代哲学史上也有其重要地位。本文试图对他在马克思主义哲学方面的贡献作一简要的论述和分析。     

中国近代杰出的民族英雄林则徐

我第一次看到林则徐的名字,是在日本高中历史教材《详细世界史》上。那时候的印象是,腐朽的满清官僚当中,竟有这么一个能够打败英国侵略者的人,很了不起。林则徐是中国近代史上伟大的人物。在震动世界的鸦片战争中,他不顾个人安危祸福,克服重重困难,为维护祖国的独立和民族的尊严而奋勇抗争,作出了杰出的贡献。我有幸来到中国西安联合大学师范学院留学,阅读了不少关于林则徐的历史资料和评论。联想到在日本佛教大学历史系所学的中国近代史的知识,有一些不成熟的想法,整理出来,希望大家多多指正。一、伟大的民族英雄禁烟抗英是林则徐爱国主义的突出表现。鸦片战争,是一场民族正义战争。当时人民处于无权地位,他     

论普列姆昌德的文学观和创作实践

普列姆昌德是杰出的印地语文学家。他一生共创作长篇小说12部,短篇小说300余篇,以及大量有关政治、经济、宗教、文化和文学等方面的文章。普氏在现代印地语文学史上占有重要地位。本文试图通过考察普氏关于文学的论述及其具有代表性的几部长篇小说,探索他的文学观与创作实践及两者间的关系,描述他所走过的创作历程。     

略论《周易》对魏源政治思想的影响

魏源是我国近代一位杰出的思想家，他的政治思想融汇、吸纳了《周易》思想文化的养料。本文欲从魏源的社会变革主张、军事思想、对外策略等方面论述《周易》这部朴素而“包含着中国人的智慧”的哲学典籍，对魏源政治思想的影响。     

Confession Governance and Verdicts in China’s Criminal Justice

The objective phenomenon of reliance on confessions is the source of many problems in the practice of criminal justice in China. Although successive amendments to the law have endeavored to improve the handling of confessions, they have been unable to resolve the dilemma of a rigid management mode, incompatible management strategies, and conflicting attitudes towards management. This paper has made a multi-dimensional reinterpretation of it from the judges’ perspective, including functional analysis, cultural interpretation and immediate considerations. It reveals that behind its functions of offering moral comfort or allowing evasion of responsibility, confession, as a medium of physical and intellectual management, has the more important function of supplementing and improving the legitimacy of criminal verdicts. The remolding of the legitimacy of criminal verdicts with the coordinated improvement of the management of confessions will change the mode of association between those who currently govern confession and those they govern and will clash with the current closed mode of criminal justice management, thereby promoting a transformation in the governance of criminal justice.     

论实体正义的困境

文章试图从司法裁判过程的不同阶段,说明在证明案件事实、明确规范事实、得出个案法律结论的活动中,实体正义的困难和不确定性,得出实现实体正义的科学研究的理论前提;并指出实体正义与程序正义的一般关系和强化程序正义的必要性。     

"Killed by its mother": infanticide in Providence County, Rhode Island, 1870 to 1938

This article analyzes infanticide based on the Coroners' Records for Providence County, Rhode Island, from the 1870s to 1938 to determine doctors' and coroners' attitudes toward mothers who killed. The nineteenth century witnessed a medical discourse on the possibility of postpartum insanity as a cause of infanticide. While some women claimed temporary insanity, and some doctors and coroners legitimated this defense, its application to mothers who killed was arbitrary. They determined who deserved this diagnosis based on the woman's character, her forthrightness, and extenuating circumstances. Infanticide divided the profession nationally and at the local level and prevented doctors or coroners from speaking in a united voice on the issue. This article does not attempt to follow cases of infanticide through to jury verdicts. Instead, it provides an opportunity to analyze the circumstances women faced that led them to kill their newborns, and to analyze the responses of doctors and coroners to these mothers who killed. Unlike the findings of other studies, neither physicians nor coroners in Rhode Island were united in a claim of ignorance to save these women from guilty verdicts.     

Judicial Decision Making and International Tribunals: Assessing the Impact of Individual,National, and International Factors*

Objective. The objective of this article is to explain judicial decision making at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia by analyzing the impact of individual, national, and international factors. Methods. We use regression and probit analysis of data on the verdicts and sentences handed down by the judges. Results. We find that international factors best explain judicial decision making, especially regarding sentencing. Conclusions. International tribunals and courts are becoming increasingly important and prevalent and it is critical that scholars better understand how their judges make decisions.     

Discounted justice: The potential misuse of Alford pleas for future exonorees

The West Memphis Three case captivated the country over the past two decades for many reasons. The crime, a triple homicide of children, the lack of evidence and coerced confessions, the verdicts, and ultimately, the way the three men were released caused this to be international news. This paper examines the release of the three men using the Alford plea, a lesser-known option which allows them to ultimately plead no contest. The Alford plea, in this case, is used but the men possibly could have been exonerated, deemed wrongfully imprisoned, and then sued the state for millions of dollars. Next, a brief history of the Alford plea and its other uses are explored. Last, we will look at the implications and legal conflict that exists when using an Alford plea and discuss the uses and possible ramifications of this case on future cases within the legal realism theoretical framework.     

Quasi-markets in British Health Policy: A Longue Durée Perspective

Quasi‐markets in health care are generally associated with the period 1991–7 in the later years of office of the British Conservative Party. This paper aims to place such claims in a wider framework by exploring definitions of and conditions of success for quasi‐markets over a longer timescale, beginning in the 1930s and ending with the current New Labour government. It suggests a typology of quasi‐markets based on hard versus soft, direct versus indirect and internal versus external forms. It applies these categories and the conditions for success for quasi‐markets to seven historical periods. Both the typologies and the conditions for success of quasi‐markets varied over time, defying a simple linear development, suggesting a more nuanced historical narrative than simple continuity or discontinuity accounts of recent developments provide. Covering such a large topic over a long sweep of time, with the absence of clear evidence for much of the period, necessarily means that verdicts tend to be impressionistic. However, even at this level, the tentative conclusions provide important contextual elements in the debate on quasi‐markets.     

Of peasants and publics in colonial India: Daduram's story

ABSTRACT

This article uses an exceptionally well-documented law case from the 1650s to offer a fresh perspective on the English experience of Atlantic settlement during its early years. It argues for the centrality of the Essex county quarter sessions court in the building of neighbourhood on the geographic and cultural margins of the Massachusetts Bay colony. By focusing on the north-eastern margin at Cape Ann, the analysis reveals aspects of state building through a common law judicial process which was just as important, but less readily apparent, in other settings. The article addresses three major historiographic areas, engaging with the historical literature on English neighbourhoods and English adaptation to the American environment, on the significance of witchcraft or maleficium in English societies, and on the nature and meanings of law, law courts and judicial process in the building of communities. Case documents also enable the use of some concepts and techniques of literary analysis related to the study of narrative, arguing that judicial verdicts selected and suppressed aspects of local stories elicited during the course of the investigation in order to craft an account of local neighbourhood that suited a broader cultural narrative of Massachusetts Bay’s political consolidation during the 1650s.     

China’s Choice of Analytical Models for Its Anti-Monopoly Law

Modern analytical models for anti-monopoly laws are a core element of the application of those laws. Since the Anti-Monopoly Law of the People’s Republic of China was promulgated in 2008, law enforcement and judicial authorities have applied different analytical models, leading to divergent legal and regulatory outcomes as similar cases receive different verdicts. To select a suitable analytical model for China’s Anti-Monopoly Law, we need to consider the possible contribution of both economic analysis and legal formalism and to learn from the mature systems and experience of foreign countries. It is also necessary to take into account such binding constraints as the current composition of China’s anti-monopoly legal system, the ability of implementing agencies and the supply of economic analysis, in order to ensure complementarity between the analytical model chosen and the complexity of economic analysis and between the professionalism of implementing agencies and the cost of compliance for participants in economic activities. In terms of institutional design, the models should provide a considered explanation of the legislative aims of the law’s provisions. It is necessary, therefore, to establish a processing model of behavioral classification that is based on China’s national conditions, applies analytical models using normative comprehensive analysis, makes use of the distribution rule of burden of proof, improves supporting systems related to analytical models and enhances the ability of public authorities to implement the law.