公平与效率关系的再探讨——社会发展战略与全面制度建设层面上的解读

社会公平与发展效率的关系问题是一个世界性的难题,以往的解读较多停留在分配层面上.新时期新阶段的中国社会发展,需要超越狭义的分配领域,在社会发展战略与制度建设层面上予以重新解读.发展中国家在经济有了相当发展之后,不可避免地会出现贫富差距扩大的现象,需要调整发展战略,避免两难抉择;发达国家战后普遍实行"福利国家政策",在较高层面上实现了社会公平,又遭遇经济发展活力不足的挑战.在经济全球化背景下,只有不断创新发展理念,调整社会发展战略,才能较好地实现公平与效率关系的动态平衡.中共十六届六中全会关于构建和谐社会的决定,表明中共已经在社会发展战略与制度建设层面重新解读公平与效率关系问题;中共十七大首次将初次分配也要体现公平提上日程,表明中国能更进一步实现公平与效率关系新的动态平衡.     

试论和谐社会中的利益均衡原则

社会的转型,是一种新的利益机制建立的过程,必然会打破旧的利益分配格局而形成新的利益均衡模式.在新的利益均衡形成以前,社会转型会引起阶层分化,贫富差距和利益矛盾的存在有一定的必然性,但是如果贫富差距过大,利益矛盾过于激烈,和谐社会的实现只能是纸上谈兵.我们所说的和谐社会,应该是社会全体成员共享经济发展成果,是要求社会成员能够在社会的进步过程中获得自己的合理份额,这里主要是指在公正和公平的前提下实现利益共享,而不是要求在社会各阶层中进行利益平均分配.利益共享应是和谐社会的基本内容,也应是和谐社会的重要基础,同时也是利益均衡原则的重要基础.和谐社会必须实现社会公正与各阶层间的利益均衡,而公正与利益均衡要以利益共享为基础.要想实现中国的社会和谐,唯一的方法就是建立自己利益均衡模式.     

黑龙江省经济社会发展面临的主要问题

从社会系统角度进行分析,黑龙江省经济社会发展面临的主要瓶颈问题可以归结为社会市场化程度偏低和社会公平机制失衡。这两大问题直接影响到全省经济建设速度和社会发展程度,已经形成整体经济发展环境中的极大障碍和制约。构建和谐社会、振兴龙江经济,必须从解决这两大瓶颈问题入手。     

和谐社会视阈下的社会利益整合机制研究

利益整合源于利益冲突,冲突源于差异.在利益整合过程中,应考虑根本利益的一致性与具体利益的差异性;面对社会快速发展过程中所带来的利益分化,要坚持总体效率优先,兼顾个体间的公平.追求利益是人类一切社会活动的动因,而利益的争取和实现需要一定的过程,利益表达在这一过程中至关重要.当前社会群体的利益表达体现在正式层面和非正式层面两部分,无论是哪一部分都影响政府的决策,现阶段正式层面上利益表达失衡而非正式层面又出现强者与弱者的博弈状况,确立了利益整合机制的前提与基础.利益整合机制既要有高屋建瓴、统揽全局的气势和系统性思维,也要考虑到我国现阶段经济、政治、文化、社会和人的发展水平的实际.基于此,和谐社会利益整合机制应包括利益的保障机制、利益分配的平衡机制和利益受损的救助机制.     

和谐社会语境下的社会公平问题之思考

社会公平是构建社会主义和谐社会的必然要求,是协调各方面各阶层相互关系的基本准则,也是社会主义经济快速健康发展的重要保障。然而现阶段社会发展不公平现象极为突出。本文从社会公平与社会和谐的关系,和谐社会视角下的社会公平、经济公平的含义,及其关系出发,对社会不公平现状进行了一些反思,从而提出了实现社会公平的途径,突显社会公平对于现阶段构建社会主义和谐社会的重要性。     

培育公民道德是实现和谐社会的伦理保障

构建和谐社会需要梳理“和”与“何以致和”的基本路径,以求得“达致和谐”的实现途径。“和谐社会”意味着一个更加注重相互尊重,更加注重人性的社会。和谐社会应该是利益协调、诚信友爱的社会。因此,培育公民道德是实现和谐社会的伦理保障。     

试论建设社会主义和谐社会的现实意义

今年是我国加入WTO的第六个年头,在这几年中我国经济持续增长,综合经济实力在稳步加强,但是以计划经济体制为主体的经济体制已经不能适应新形势下的经济发展;政府职能不能满足现有的经济发展的需要,组织形式、利益关系和分配关系在现在有的经济体制下不能有效地发挥职能作用;相应的社会事业建设不能跟上经济建设增长的步伐,社会问题和社会矛盾凸现,影响了我国社会主义社会经济的持续发展和社会的稳定。所以在新的历史和新的经济发展的条件下,更好的解决日益凸现社会问题和社会矛盾,更好的满足经济持续增长的需要,就要结合中国的实际情况,抓住时代机遇,把构建社会主义和谐社会当成我们党和政府的首要任务。在党的十六届四中全会上提出的把构建社会主义和谐社会作为加强党的执政能力建设的首要任务,指出"党委领导,政府负责,社会协同,共同参与"这一社会管理格局的重要性和紧迫性。     

社会公平:和谐社会的价值诉求

社会公平是人类孜孜以求的崇高目标和价值理想,它关系到社会的稳定、协调与和谐。在完善社会主义市场经济体制的过程中,我们要牢固把握社会公平这一价值导向,尤其是要客观正视目前存在的收入分配不公平、地区发展不平衡等严重的社会问题,并通过建立利益调控机制、完善社会保障等一系列得力措施来维护社会公平,构建和谐社会。     

收入分配、风险社会的经济学分析范式

我国当前正在风险社会中构建和谐社会.在构建和谐社会的目标下,收入分配原则应由原来的”效率优先、兼顾公平”转变为”立足公平、保证效率”,即注重社会的公平正义,在全体社会成员都能享受到经济发展的成果的基础上促进经济效率的提高.然而,不容忽视的是,近年来伴随着经济的快速增长,我国居民的收入差距正在日益扩大,目前已达到了国际警戒线,我国已经成为世界上为数不多的几个收入差距最大的国家之一.因此,如何缩小收入差距,消除由分配不均所引发的社会风险,已成为现阶段中国刻不容缓的事情.     

效率与公平视角下的和谐社会构建

把效率与公平关系和社会主义和谐社会这两个重要的主题放在一起加以分析,以发现它们之间具有的相关联系,是个颇具现实意义的研究内容。借助历史分析的方法,发现效率与公平关系的演进与和谐社会的变迁有着历史性的契合,由此得到的结论是,要构建的社会主义和谐社会同时也是效率与公平统一的社会,而通过实现效率与公平的统一可以为构建社会主义和谐社会开辟一条路径。     

Shared mobility in a Māori community

ABSTRACT

Shared mobility is being advanced as a novel, technologically sophisticated approach to reducing the environmental impacts of high levels of car ownership. However, communities have long shared modes of transport for reasons other than environmental quality. We describe the shared mobility practices undertaken in a Māori community in the East Cape region of New Zealand. They reveal long-established ways of sharing that are underpinned by, and support, cultural principles. Shared mobility provides an appropriate and comfortable environment for people to share vital and sacred information and to strengthen social bonds. It also reflects the desire of tribal members to retain cultural practices that benefit the collective. The findings make it clear that sharing transport has far more than economic and environmental benefits. We suggest that it is time for the social and cultural benefits of sharing transport to become part of the global narrative on twenty-first-century collaborative consumption.     

Policy responses to external shocks in sub-Saharan African countries

The author analyzes the experience of sub-Saharan African countries with external shocks in the form of the deterioration of the terms of trade and the world recession between 1973 and 1978, with distinction made between low-income and middle-income countries. Adjustment to external shocks in low-income sub-Saharan African countries took largely the form of reductions in imports through lower rates of economic growth and lower income elasticity of import demand while these countries lost export market shares. Losses in export market shares were smaller in the middle-income countries and in the entire group, export performance was positively correlated with the rate of economic growth.     

The limits of sharing: an ethical analysis of the arguments for and against the sharing of databases and material banks

In this article, I study the challenges that make database and material bank sharing difficult for many researchers. I assert that if sharing is prima facie ethical (a view that I will defend), then any practices that limit sharing require justification. I argue that: 1) data and material sharing is ethical for many stakeholders; 2) there are, however, certain reasonable limits to sharing; and 3) the rationale and validity of arguments for any limitations to sharing must be made transparent. I conclude by providing general recommendations for how to ethically share databases and material banks.     

The development and Reform of Social Security Pensions:The Approach of the International Labour Office

The reform and the development of pension schemes are affected by the values society places on the provision of income security in old age and the resources it is prepared to allocate for the purpose. This paper examines those values and the issues arising from them. The objective is to propose reforms which will simultaneously provide full coverage with good governance, prevent poverty in old age, and result in indexed, guaranteed and reliable pensions for those onaverage incomes, all with minimum economic distortion or adverse economic effects. The question of the most appropriate design has to be weighed against these other factors, which will determine not only what is feasible and what is not, but also where the most desirable balance lies. The optimum structure would seem to involve a mix of defined benefit and defined contribution schemes.     

‘I make use of my precious experience,and help others. It's a kind of blessing.’ Does public sharing of past experiences help in the rehabilitation of former offenders or drug abusers?

The Community Education Service (CES) of The Society of Rehabilitation and Crime Prevention (SRACP) has pioneered the adoption of life education in crime prevention education in Hong Kong since 1977. Under this programme, former offenders and drug abusers are recruited to share their experiences with community audiences. Through such sharing, it is hoped that the former offenders and drug abusers will gain a deeper insight into the consequences of committing crime or abusing drugs, have the courage to admit their failings and find the way to lead a more fulfilling and law-abiding life.

In the past, different organizations have employed former offenders and drug abusers in educational programmes, particularly in relation to the prevention of juvenile delinquency. A number of studies demonstrate the educational effectiveness of sharing past deviant behaviours with audiences. Moreover, the mission of SRACP is to help the reintegration into society of former offenders and drug abusers. Consequently, employing former offenders and drug abusers to share their experiences serves another important function; to facilitate the transformation of their past histories into valuable assets and help with their own rehabilitation during the process of serving others, as suggested by ‘helper therapy’ and ‘professional ex-s’ (Brown 1991). A successful rehabilitation means success in reducing recidivism.

This paper examines whether sharing one's real-life experiences with others can influence the rehabilitation process, and provides recommendations for improving service delivery to benefit both audience and the speakers themselves. Fifteen individuals who were formerly either offenders or drug abusers, aged between 18 and 45 years, and who had led a ‘clean’ life for the previous six months, took part in in-depth interviews in order to investigate their perceptions of the function of real-life experience sharing in their own rehabilitation. Concepts of labelling theory (Becker 1963) and self-fulfilling prophecy (Wilkins 1976) provided the framework for these interviews.

The study concludes that respondents are normally able to help themselves to resist crime and drugs, given that the internal and external factors affecting sharing are well addressed. The results identify practical implications and directions for future involvement of former offenders and drug abusers in community-based crime prevention education programmes.     

关于我国社会弱势群体的伦理思考

弱势群体是在社会经济利益和权力的分配中处于相对不利的地位,在政治、经济和文化生活中的影响力相对下降,成为整个社会需要同情和关爱的对象群体。在追求共同富裕的社会主义中国,他们的生活现状处于道德的尴尬状态。如果无视或漠视弱势群体的利益势必给社会的发展和进步带来道德的危害。鉴于此,必须贯彻以人为本、公平正义、人人共享社会发展成果的执政道德理念;选择并设计好扶助弱势群体的道德制度;营造一个扶助弱势群体的道德大环境;增强弱势群体主体适应竞争社会的技能与信心。     

由两难选择到双赢方略——谈现阶段办报原则

现阶段我国报纸比较难办 ,主要是难在党性原则和市场原则的结合上 ,难在社会效益和经济效益的统一上。二者关系一旦处理不好 ,就会使报纸陷入两难选择的尴尬境地。为了使报纸达到社会效益和经济效益的双赢效果 ,必须坚持以下办报原则 ,即导向原则、精品原则、创新原则、市场原则、效益原则。这些原则是一个完整的有机结合 ,互相依存 ,互相补充 ,缺一不可     

Contempt and disgust: the emotions of disrespect

Contempt and disgust share a number of features which distinguish them from other hostile emotions: they both present two distinct facets—a nonmoral facet and a moral one; they both imply a negative evaluation of the dispositional kind as well as disrespect towards the target of the feeling; and they trigger avoidance and exclusion action tendencies. However, while sharing a common core, contempt and disgust are in our view distinct emotions, qualified by different cognitive‐motivational features. Contempt is felt exclusively towards human targets, and implies sense of superiority over them, pessimistic feelings about their possibility of betterment, detachment from them, and avoidance driven by detachment; whereas disgust can be directed at a wide range of possible targets, and implies contamination sensitivity, fear of contamination, and fear‐driven avoidance. The differences between contempt and disgust are related to the different kinds of standard against which the target is evaluated, and the different kinds of disrespect engendered by the negative evaluation.     

社会主义和谐社会建设中的共享思想探略

和谐社会建设需要全社会的参与。胡锦涛总书记＂共建共享＂思想为构建和谐社会确立了原则,指明了方向。只有在共同建设的同时,实现既有经济社会发展成果的公平分配和共同享有,才能调动人们的积极性、主动性和创造性,才能使和谐社会建设成为每个人的自觉行动。