中国农村人力资本流动对新农村建设的影响

农村劳动力流动过程中,较高素质的青壮年劳动力优先流出,而低素质的农村劳动力和贫困人口则留在农村和农业中,这就形成了农村劳动力数量丰富而人力资本缺乏的现象,农村人力资本的单向流失和净流失状态不利于社会主义新农村建设。在农村劳动力转移背景下,我们除了要研究剩余劳动力的转移问题外,也不能忽略怎样提高农村的人力资本整体水平。各级财政改变过去资源配置向城市倾斜的做法,加大对农民教育、农民培训和农村公共卫生等方面的投资,培育懂科学懂技术的新农民,积极发展县域经济,加快城镇化发展步伐等方法是提高农村人力资本含量,防止优秀人才过度外流的有效措施。     

对江西省农村剩余劳动力转移问题的再思考

江西省是一个农业大省,农业在全省国民经济中占有重要地位,农业人口比重也较大,是我国第三大劳务输出省。农村剩余劳动力的转移将是一项艰巨的任务,任重而道远,我们必须重视它,清楚它的现状,找到问题的制约因素,并应积极采取有效措施,推动农村剩余劳动力有序流动,合理实现农业人口向非农产业转移,以促进江西省经济的发展和社会稳定。     

劳动剩余条件下的供给不足与工资上涨——基于家庭分工的视角

基于贝克尔家庭经济学和时间配置理论可以证明,劳动剩余条件下的劳动供给并不是无限的。受制于家庭分工的约束,供给曲线呈特殊的阶梯形态：随劳动供给的增加,农业劳动力的保留工资不断提高,且幅度不断扩大。劳动供给对工资的反应是非连续的：只有当工资上升到新的保留工资水平时,劳动供给才会增加;否则,工资上涨并不能带来供给增长。与这种特殊的供给形态相对应,工资上涨的主要动力从农业收入转向工业劳动需求。内蒙、甘肃两省1,500个农户的调查数据证明了上述判断。当劳动需求扩张时,由于工资的微调不能带动供给的微调,劳动力市场将长期难以出清。这提醒我们,当前农民工工资上涨与用工短缺并存现象很可能源于劳动剩余条件下的供给不足,并不必然意味着剩余劳动力枯竭,不能作为刘易斯拐点到来的证据。     

关注涉农产业发展促进农村剩余劳动力转移--北京涉农产业劳动力就业的分析与评价

北京的涉农产业正在为京郊农业增效、农民增收、农村劳动力转移提供越来越大的支持平台。本文通过对涉农产业及其劳动力就业的大量调查,分析了北京涉农产业发展的现状,初步测算了北京农业劳动力与涉农产业劳动力的比例,提出从发展都市农业综合经济出发,拉长农业产业链,关注、支持、发展涉农产业,促进更多的农业剩余劳动力转移。     

SPECIAL ISSUE： MIGRANT WORKERS IN THE COURSE OF URBANIZATION Migrant workers in China： a general survey

本文通过对相关实证研究文献的疏理,从农民工总量规模、结构分布、对输出地贡献和对输入地影响四个方面对中国农民工的总体性状况进行了描述与分析。在总量规模的分析中,我们需要注意各调查的统计口径,值得注意的是,根据最新发布的农普调查数据,农村外出从业劳动力已达1．3亿,此处数据不含随外出从业劳动力外出的非劳动力人口。外出务工经商者以初中文化的青壮年为主,行业分布以制造业、建筑业和服务业为主,长距离迁移占很高比例。农民工跨区域转移这种就业结构变动对我国经济增长贡献巨大,已有研究估计对GDP增量贡献在20％左右。从输出地来看,总的影响是积极的,特别是收入状况的改善,但也留下了数量庞大的留守族。     

中国未来农村剩余劳动力转移问题及其出路

中国农村 ,由于人口增加、土地资源有限 ,现代生产方式的日益应用 ,农村人口流动和剩余劳动力转移的规模、压力越来越大。怎样解决问题并稳定社会 ?战略上讲 :从时间、数量上稳定推缓转移农村剩余劳动力 ;创造条件 ,积极快速地转移农村剩余劳动力 ;政府进行宏观调节和微观管理 ,安全地转移农村剩余劳动力 ;推进城市化 ,合理发展小城镇转移农村剩余劳动力 ,是促进经济增长的强劲动力     

我国农村富余劳动力转移与小城镇建设

农村富余劳动力在向二、三产业转移问题上遇到了重重困难。而小城镇在农村剩余劳动力转移问题上具有重要作用 ,是农村富余劳动的“蓄水池”和“节流闸” ,可以很好地满足农业富余劳动力转移的成本需要。必须合理布局 ,科学规划 ,加快小城镇建设。     

论发展旅游业对黑龙江县域经济的推动作用

黑龙江是农业大省,县域经济在全省经济中占有十分重要的地位。我省旅游资源丰富,这些资源是发展县域经济的物质基础和宝贵财富。搞好旅游资源开发,培育旅游产业,对于推动县域经济结构调整,解决农村剩余劳动力,带动第三产业发展,推动城镇化建设将起到非常积极的作用。     

关于发展县域经济的战略思考

大力发展县域经济与加快城镇建设、建设社会主义新农村是我国经济发展战略的重要组成部分。缩短城乡差距、转移农村剩余劳动力、建设社会主义新农村等方面都需要大力发展县域经济。新形势下,研究县域经济发展问题,具有深远的历史意义和现实指导意义。     

区域经济一体化背景下京津冀劳务协作分析

十二五规划提出推进京津冀区域经济一体化发展、打造首都经济圈的国家战略,在此背景下,加强京津冀劳务协作成为实现区域经济合作必不可少的人力支撑。开展京津冀劳务协作具有现实依据,既可以满足河北省与京津的双重需要,也符合农村富余劳动力转移就业的成本收益比较规律。但同时也存在着一些制约京津冀劳务协作的因素,主要有京津地区低技能要求类岗位因就业质量低下对河北省农村富余劳动力缺乏吸引力问题,河北省农村转移劳动力素质较低无法胜任高技能岗位问题,开展京津冀劳务协作的组织、人力、信息支撑不足问题等。应通过提高农村转移劳动力就业质量、加大政府和企业的培训投入、开展京津冀培训协作、设立村级劳动保障协管员、建立京津冀信息合作机制等办法解决这些障碍问题,进一步促进京津冀劳务协作,为京津冀区域经济一体化提供有力支持。     

中国农民专业合作经济组织的经济效用分析

在入世后我国农业与世界农业全面接轨的大背景下.如何将一家一户分散经营的小农户有效组织起来以应对竞争激烈的大市场.成为解决"三农"问题的一道必答题.该问题的解决程度,事关我国农业竞争力提升、农村劳动力转移、农村经济社会稳定等诸多方面.通过研究农民专业合作经济组织在降低交易成本、实现规模经济、促进生产要素合理流动、降低风险、促进农民增收等方面的经济有效性,可为农民专业合作经济组织发展方向提供参考.     

Rural-urban migration and socioeconomic development in Ghana: some discussions

This article presents a discussion of rural-urban migration as a source of social and behavioral change in Ghana. It explores the extent to which the urban social environment in Ghana generates conflicts for migrants with a different value orientation and the degree of influence of the urban social environment on migrants' behavior. The first part of the discussion focuses on the nature of Ghana's urbanization process, the motivation and characteristics of rural-urban migrants, and the nature of the social interaction between migrants and the social urban environment. Migrants contribute directly and indirectly to rural development in many ways. Some urban migrants achieve economic and material wealth and, through their attachment to voluntary tribal associations, assist local community development. Government can augment this process of migrant investment in rural life by identifying these actions as patriotic efforts and awarding citizenship medals or challenge grants. Governments need to review their citizenship laws carefully in light of the "brain drain" issues in the new world order and maximize the flow of resources, technical skills, and ideas from international migrants. A high-quality rural labor force can be enticed to live in rural areas by offering higher salaries and benefits, low income tax rates, better housing, and rural electrification and sanitation. Private firms should be offered incentives to locate in rural areas and increase employment opportunities for rural labor. Career advancement of development planners should be tied to program success or some form of public accountability for careful allocation of resources in rural areas. Fertility policies should be sensitive to urban subgroups. Urban and rural social differences are minor and do not impede urban assimilation, but unemployment and underemployment are problems for many.     

The E nigma of Under-urbanization: An Explanation Based on International Trade

To study the relationship between under-urbanization and international trade, we set up a model of the transfer of surplus rural labor in an open economy using 1995-2010 data from 40 countries and regions where industrialization was incomplete. Our findings indicate that if, in an open economy, there is a substantial labor surplus and in which domestic goods and services can be sold to foreign markets, there will be a significantly positive correlation between the net export ratio and the degree to which urbanization lags behind industrialization; countries or regions with higher marketization level, lower urban unemployment rate and poorer public health facilities are more likely to be under- urbanized; and an inverted U-shaped relationship exists between under-urbanization and per capita GDP.     

THE MEXICAN STATE AND THE AGRIBUSINESS MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT IN THE GLOBALIZATION ERA

This article analyzes the relationship between the State and transnational capital manifested in capitalist agribusiness schemes in Mexican agriculture. It illustrates a model that has privileged one type of development in detriment to other forms of organizing rural agricultural production and labor (Real 1997). Current agricultural development in México is linked directly to the “Green Revolution”, México being prominent as its birthplace. Ironically, the Green Revolution contributed to a massive displacement of rural population to cities as human labor was replaced by machinery (1992). Development of capitalist agriculture in México and Latin America is closely related to the effects of the transnationalization of agroindustry. The importance of agribusiness has expanded in recent decades through a series of events, including the substitution of basic crops for more profitable ones and the contribution to the “new international division of labor” (Sanderson 1990). Recent trilateral transnational political and economic changes are linked to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between México, United States and Canada (Kearney 1995). In the case of agriculture, Palerm and Urquiola (1993) believe the relationship between United States and Mexico to be bimodal. From a perspective of Social Anthropology we provide firsthand information about two areas of agroindustry: production of vegetables for export and production of poultry where participation by different social actors was observed. Agro‐industrial entrepreneurs depend upon agricultural workers who wish to conserve a peasant way of life.     

反哺农业:寻求社会公平发展的有效途径

文章提出“三农”问题的实质是现代化过程中农民与其他社会利益主体之间的利益关系。目前,我国已进入工业反哺农业的时代。通过构建农村公共服务体系,实现城乡社会公平发展;依靠乡镇企业发展,实现劳动力转移促农,农产品加工和产业化经营促农;建农补农实现反哺促农;小城镇建设与乡镇企业发展相互促进实现以城带乡促农。     

Agricultural policies and migration in a U.S.-Mexico free trade area: A computable general equilibrium analysis

A United States-Mexico agreement to form a free trade area (FTA) is analyzed using an 11-sector, three-country, computable general equilibrium model that explicity models farm programs and labor migration. The model incorporates both rural-urban migration within Mexico and international migration between Mexico and the United States. In the model, sectoral import demands are specified with a flexible functional form, an empirical improvement over earlier specifications, which use a constant elasticity of substitution function. Using the model, we identify trade-offs among bilateral trade growth, labor migration, and agricultural program expenditures under alternative FTA scenarios. Trade liberalization in agriculture greatly increases rural- urban migration within Mexico and migration from Mexico to the United States. Migration is reduced if Mexico grows relative to the United States and also if Mexico retains farm support programs. However, the more support that is provided to the Mexican agricultural sector, the smaller is bilateral trade growth. The results indicate a policy trade-off between rapidly achieving gains from trade liberalization and providing a transition period long enough to assimilate displaced labor in Mexico without undue strain.     

A "Migration of Despair": Unemployment, the Search for Work, and Migration to Farms During the Great Depression

Objective . This study examines migration to farms during the Great Depression, when many displaced workers moved to farms in nearby rural areas searching for a means of livelihood. Methods . Regression analyses of data from the USDA, Census Bureau, and other sources are used. Results . (1) The rate of migration was greatest in places where the search for work by the unemployed was most intense. (2) The "push" of economic dislocation was a more significant factor in the migration than was the "pull" of the expected payoff to the movement. (3) Those who moved tended to be the long-term unemployed and labor force dropouts, suggesting that the migration was most sensitive to lengthy spells of joblessness. Conclusions . The results support hypotheses derived from theory and research and are most consistent with the classic "push-pull" model, which holds that the jobless will move to look for work or for other means of sustenance.     

传统农区走新型工业化道路分析

传统农区的经济发展路径应是在推进农业现代化、产业化和城市工业的前提下,因地制宜地探索农区新型工业化道路。传统农区走新型工业化道路并不单纯等同于在传统农区办工业,而是在农村社区范围内按照新型工业化的理念和方式建立和发展工业及其他非农产业,并改造包括传统农业在内的农村经济乃至整个农村社会,最终实现经济社会一元化的过程。这一发展道路的推进具有现实性和可行性,并有可能通过主导产业培育、承接产业转移、产业集群和生态工业发展这一路径获得实现。

Abstract：

The path of economic development in traditional agricultural areas should explore the road of new industrialization of agricultural areas according to local conditions,with the premise of promoting agricultural modernization,industrialization and urban industrial.Traditional agricultural areas taking a new road to industrialization are not simply the same as running industry in the traditional agricultural areas,but building and development of industrial and other non-agricultural industries with the new industrialization of the concepts and approach in the context of rural communities,transforming the rural economy including traditional agriculture even the entire rural community,and ultimately realizing the process of economic and social unification.Promoting this development path has its reality and feasibility,and probably are achieved by cultivating predominate industry,accepting industry to transfer,gathering industry cluster and ecosystem industry to develop the path.     

农村剩余劳动力转移的途径探析

农村剩余劳动力的产生及其转移是经济理论界长期以来关注的焦点问题,多年来专家们从小城镇建设、农业产业化、农业户籍制度改革、建立城乡一体化的劳动力市场等不同方面进行了广泛、深入的研究,但从农村剩余劳动力的劳动技能与现代农业及城市工业对劳动力的要求不对称角度看尚显不足。发展农村文化教育,提高农村劳动力的文化技术水平,是实现剩余劳动转移的重要途径。     

社会工作的优势理论——预防留守儿童犯罪问题的新视角

随着改革开放和市场经济的发展,农村剩余劳动力的不断转移,农村留守儿童规模越来越大,农村留守儿童犯罪呈上升趋势。本文在总结农村留守儿童犯罪现状及原因的基础上,引入社会工作的优势理论这一新视角,并运用优势视角对农村留守儿童犯罪问题进行解析,希望通过挖掘和发挥农村留守儿童自身及其周围环境的资源和优势,预防和控制农村留守儿童犯罪,让这一特殊群体可以健康成长。