具有后发优势的不完全信息专利竞赛

先发优势和后发优势会同时存在于专利竞赛中,它们的相对大小将决定两对称企业在专利研发投资时机选择博弈中所产生的均衡类型并影响企业的研发投资决策。考虑不完全信息和技术不确定性,引入信息披露及其滞后效应使得追随者和领导者分别具有后发优势和先发优势,建立实物期权投资决策模型。通过对各最优投资临界信念的计算和分析,结论表明,一定参数条件下,占先博弈和消耗战均有可能发生。信息披露滞后时间越长、技术不确定性程度越低、随机信号到达速度越快、信号质量越高,领导者先发优势就越明显,越易产生占先博弈;反之,追随者后发优势就越明显,越有可能发生消耗战。     

创新生态系统技术依存结构对企业集成创新竞争优势的影响研究

由分析技术依存结构对企业集成创新竞争优势的影响机理,发现在集成创新生态系统技术依存结构中,企业外部零组件、互补配套技术2种不同类型的技术体系,对本企业集成技术创新产生了明显的不对称性影响:外部零组件技术开发难度越大,越能增强集成创新技术领先者的研发竞争优势;外部互补配套技术开发难度越大,越能降低集成创新技术领先者的研发竞争优势;随着零组件与集成创新技术不确定性减弱,集成创新企业自主开发零组件技术比重越高,越能增强其研发竞争优势。     

竞争环境下基于服务约束的轴-辐式海运网络优化研究

针对同一海运市场中不同的海运企业——领导者与跟随者在设计多分配的轴-辐式海运网络时引起的竞争问题,突破已往枢纽港口集合是给定的假设,将航线连接设计扩展为可存在多条,引入基于服务约束（服务质量\价格\时间）的吸引力模型来定量表示托运人的选择行为,建立了竞争环境下基于服务约束的轴-辐式海运网络优化问题的数学模型,利用NCP函数、凝聚函数和增广Lagrange乘子罚函数法对这一问题进行求解。算例仿真结果显示：（1）跟随者在托运人考虑单位服务价格时,即使不存在规模经济效应,跟随者也可通过建立合适的枢纽港口来获取一定的市场机会;（2）跟随者在存在较大规模经济效应时其利润最可观,因采用比例模型,在不存在规模经济效应下跟随者在领导者决定设计不同数量的枢纽港口时其利润不会统一收敛于某一定值;（3）跟随者在领导者仅设计1个枢纽港口时可通过建立大量的枢纽港口来争夺丰厚的利润,但对于港口集合 N={1,2,…,12} 的海运市场,领导者只需设计2个以上枢纽港口时跟随者的利润空间便会受到较大挤压。     

后发企业智能制造技术标准竞争的动态过程机制——基于三一重工的纵向案例研究

随着全球新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展，智能制造技术标准制定权的争夺正成为企业竞争战略乃至国家战略的制高点。针对三一重工2007～2021年在全球范围内的智能制造转型实践，基于资源编排理论视角，探索了三一重工作为后发企业在智能制造技术标准中从跟随者到制定者的动态竞争过程和机制。研究发现：后发企业智能制造技术标准竞争经历了跟跑、并跑和领跑3个阶段，在标准竞争的不同阶段，由不同的技术赶超需求驱动资源编排，实现知识重组，进而支撑后发企业技术标准角色的跃升。具体而言：（1）跟跑阶段，在技术准入合法性缺失的驱动下，通过内化和嫁接两种资源结构化行动实现知识稳定式重组，支撑后发企业成为技术标准制定的跟随者。（2）并跑阶段，在技术扩散网络效应增强的驱动下，通过协同和互联两种资源能力化行动实现知识丰富式重组，支撑后发企业跃升为技术标准制定的参与者。（3）领跑阶段，在技术开源先发优势获得的驱动下，通过解吸和重构两种资源杠杆化行动实现知识解构式重组，支撑后发企业跃升为技术标准制定的主导者。本文由此构建了后发企业智能制造技术标准竞争的动态过程模型，从知识存量和知识关系两个维度解析了竞争过程中资源编排策略对知...     

企业或将进入技术年

从事技术创新既是摆脱当前困境的需要,又是长远发展的需要。2009年企业研发投入的力度将加大。在经济处于低谷时从事技术研发,可以建立新技术和新产品储备,从而在未来竞争中赢得优势     

利率竞争、市场预期与国有商业银行的竞争优势——基于不完全信息Bertrand混合寡占模型的分析

通过建立双头利率竞争的不完全信息Bertrand混合寡占模型,从理论上讨论了在国有商业银行拥有中国存款市场行情信息优势的情况下,外资银行对市场行情预期的变化,将给国有商业银行的均衡利润及存款市场的社会福利带来的影响。研究发现:①外资银行预期高自发存款量出现的概率越大,国有商业银行确定的均衡利率就越小;②外资银行对市场行情的乐观预期会增加国有商业银行的均衡利润与存款市场的均衡社会福利水平;③国有商业银行的信息优势能够转化为它与外资银行策略性互动中的竞争优势。     

从"点"优势到"链"优势——企业价值链的创新管理

传统的管理观念认为,竞争优势源于企业对某方面的专注,如专注于生产规模能产生低成本优势、渠道策略能产生市场营销优势、基础研发能产生技术优势等.这种把资源和精力都集中于某一方面的管理,就是"点"管理."点"管理产生"点"优势.     

创新网络嵌入视角下企业研发竞争的博弈研究

研发投入是创新发展的基础和源泉,如何促进企业研发投入是实施创新驱动战略的关键。本文基于创新网络嵌入的背景,构建同一创新网络内两个企业间的博弈模型,针对不同网络位置企业竞争博弈和相同网络位置企业竞争博弈两种情形,探究在研发竞争状态下企业研发投入受网络地位、网络关系的影响情况。研究结果表明:创新网络嵌入下,同质企业的竞争性研发投入与网络范围的技术溢出、网络平均吸收能力以及网络中心度均存在正向相关关系。研究结论丰富了企业研发投入影响因素的研究成果,也为有效激励企业创新提供一个有价值的思路。     

国际贸易对我国技术创新的影响

国际贸易是促进技术创新的一个重要因素。国际市场的竞争压力往往促使参与国际贸易的国家进行更多的技术研发以获取或维系比较优势。     

企业发展的新思路——开放式创新

<正>当企业纷纷运用创新的理念和方法来寻求和构建企业的竞争优势时往往依靠自己的力量进行技术研发。近年来,国际上众多研发传统深厚的企业开始转换创新模式,引领新的创新潮流,即开放式创新,开放式创新不仅奠定了企业的战略优势,还给企业带来新的发展机遇。20世纪80年代以前企业通用的创新模式是封闭式创新。它的实质是封闭的资金供给与有限研发力量的结合,目的是保证技术保密、独享和垄断,特点是劳动力流动性低、风险投资少、技术流动困难、对企业     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.