State and Regional Policy Implications of Elderly Migration

This paper uses the 1980 Census data to estimate the size of the economic transfers associated with the 1985 to 1990 interregional migration of older persons. Total economic transfers are estimated by multiplying interregional migration flows of older persons by the average income of older persons in each migration stream. Assuming an average life expectancy of 15 years for elderly migrants and an expenditure multiplier of 2, the total redistribution of income as a result of 1985 to 1990 elderly migration is estimated to be over $600 billion. The South Atlantic and Mountain regions are the recipients of the largest positive net transfers; the East North Central and West North Central regions have the largest negative net transfers.     

新兴大国与非洲关系的理论意义

新兴大国与非洲关系的快速发展,不仅有着重要的战略意义,更有着深远的理论意义。它不仅能提供来自新兴大国和非洲的非西方国际关系理论洞察,还可提供有潜力改变既有线性思维模式的非线性国际关系理论洞察,更可提供源于南南合作和应对非洲复杂情况挑战的非传统国际关系理论洞察,进而为丰富、完善和发展既有国际关系理论作出贡献。不仅如此,上述理论启示还对促进中非关系可持续发展以及中国特色的国际关系理论建构有着重要意义。     

Back to Inertia: Theoretical Implications of Alternative Styles of Logical Formalization

This article applies two new criteria, desirability and faithfulness, to evaluate Péli et al.'s (1994) formalization of Hannan and Freeman's structural inertia argument (1984, 1989). We conclude that this formalization fails to meet these criteria. We argue that part of the rational reconstruction on which this formalization builds does not reflect well the substantive argument in translating the natural language theory into logic. We propose two alternative formalizations that meet both of these criteria. Moreover, both derive the inertia theorem from much weaker, so much less constraining, premises. While both new formalizations draw information only from the original statement of the inertia theory, they reflect two different interpretations of inertia accumulation.
The two new formalizations are compatible with some recent theory extensions in organizational ecology. However, they lead to substantially different consequences when additional sociological considerations are added to their premise sets. The interplay between logical formalization and sociological content is highlighted using the example of Stinchcombe's (1965) liability-of-newness theorem. Even modest extensions of the proposed models lead to contrary implications about the age dependence in organizational mortality rates. Even faithful logical formalizations of arguments ordinarily involve implicit theory building.     

Regional Infrastructure and Convergence: Growth Implications in a Spatial Framework

In this paper we contribute to the debate on convergence, by presenting an overview of the catch up process of the European regions between 1995 and 2006, focusing on both absolute and conditional β convergence. Our focus is on the role of infrastructure stocks in shaping the growth and convergence process between EU regions and to what extent the spatial dimension of the data affects results. We also explicitly examine the link between infrastructure evolution and regional economic growth with a spatial panel data approach. Our results confirm an ongoing convergence process at the EU regional level, and assess the important role of transport and telecommunication infrastructure, with traditional and spatial estimation techniques. We also confirm, in a panel setting, the strong positive correlation between transport and TLC indicators and GDP growth at the regional level.     

The Cartagena Protocol: Implications for Regional Trade and Technology Development in Africa

The majority of African countries have ratified or acceded to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, and many have received support through the Global Environment Facility and the UN Environment Programme for development of their National Biosafety Frameworks. This article examines the extent to which these frameworks are aligned with the goals of the Regional Economic and Regional Research Communities of which they are members. Many national approaches lack alignment with regional trade, economic, science and technology policies. The strict application of the precautionary principle and the imposition of costly administrative hurdles are likely to hinder intra‐regional trade and technology development.     

Lurking Behavior in Online Psychosocial Discussion Forums: Theoretical Perspectives and Implications for Practice

Improving outcomes of telebehavioral psychoeducation requires rethinking program design when delivered wholly or partially for self-directed participation. Discussion forum participation often follows the “90-9-1 Rule” where 90% of participants lurk, rather than contribute content. A theoretical perspective on the behavior can help explain its adaptive functions, as well as the threats that this behavior poses to the lurker. Implications for practice require program redesign that actively links individual skills training and group-based discussion. The proposed linking design can synergize individual and group participation to support the development of mutual aid, as well as greater interaction with psychoeducation content and materials.     

Career Counseling With African Immigrant College Students: Theoretical Approaches and Implications for Practice

The purpose of this article is twofold: (a) to explore the career development needs and issues that are unique to Black sub‐Saharan African immigrants, with an emphasis on college students, and (b) to discuss how career development professionals can implement strategies to better serve these students. The number of Black immigrants from sub‐Saharan African countries has increased recently. Many immigrants are confronted with complex life decisions. Career counselors are in a unique position to assist. Theoretical approaches, with a focus on contextual factors, are discussed. Six strategies for career counseling practice, suggestions for their application, and implications for practice are highlighted.     

Toward an Integrated Theoretical Model of Risk Factors for Post-Deployment PTSD and its Implications for Justice-Involved Veterans

At present, very little knowledge exists about individual differences in susceptibility to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after combat trauma. Two differing perspectives have emerged. Some researchers maintain that a distinct linear dose-response relationship exists between the severity of combat trauma and the later development of PTSD. Conversely, others have questioned whether differential exposure to combat alone is sufficient to explain differences in the prevalence of post-deployment PTSD. This debate has implications for military veteran offenders who suffer from PTSD. In this paper, I propose a cumulative stress model that posits that it is the particular combination of psychosocial factors and combat exposure that interact to predict the likelihood of developing and maintaining PTSD after deployment. Therefore, PTSD influences post-deployment offending and antisocial behavior through this mechanism. Finally, this paper will discuss implications for criminal justice policy and practice.     

Individuation In Facework: Theoretical Implications From A Study Of Facework In Medical School Admissions*

In analyzing the process of facework engaged in by medical students in applying for medical school admission, data were collected on a number of theoretical problems which are in need of greater research and empirically-based theorizing. In terms of theory on facework, it was found that future research is needed into the stages of individuation and normalization. In terms of theory on professional socialization, analyses are required which reveal (1) the interpenetration of multiple socialization processes which invididuals participate in simultaneously; and (2) how individuals may use specific socialization processes to prepare them for multiple identities and roles.     

湖南教育投入对区域经济发展动态影响的研究

选取资本、劳动力、教育经费投入变量,建立湖南区域经济发展的非线性生产函数模型,运用1978—2011年的数据资料进行实证分析,得到结论：时间因素对经济发展影响是显著的,同时高等教育经费投入、资本和劳动力对区域经济发展有促进作用,教育投入每增长1％,将会促进GDP增长0．206％,但其作用不是很明显,需要采取措施促进湖南教育经费投入与区域经济的协调发展。     

Erratum to: Institutional Variation Among Russian Regional Regimes: Implications for Social Policy and the Development of Non-governmental Organizations

VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations -     

从伊拉克战争看美国中东战略之变化及战后中东格局

伊拉克战争是海湾战争后中东地区最重要的政治事件，它标志着美国中东战略正在发生重大转折．当前的美国领导层对美国在中东地区利益的认识发生了很大变化，意识形态色彩更为浓厚，推行民主成为关系到美安全核心利益．伊战打破了中东地区原有的力量平衡，战后的中东格局面临新一轮重组．     

从伊拉克战争看美国中东战略之变化及战后中东格局

伊拉克战争是海湾战争后中东地区最重要的政治事件,它标志着美国中东战略正在发生重大转折.当前的美国领导层对美国在中东地区利益的认识发生了很大变化,意识形态色彩更为浓厚,推行民主成为关系到美安全核心利益.伊战打破了中东地区原有的力量平衡,战后的中东格局面临新一轮重组.     

Informal Labor and Social Relations in Northern Malawi: The Theoretical Challenges and Implications of Ganyu Labor for Food Security*

Abstract Food insecurity is a problem faced by smallholder farmers in Malawi. In any given year between 70 and 85 percent of households run out of food stocks several months prior to the next harvest. Once food stocks are depleted many households obtain food by doing ganyu, a type of piecework labor. Limited research has been carried out on ganyu. This paper uses qualitative data to examine ganyu in relation to food security in one area of northern Malawi. Using the livelihoods framework, I argue that the most common form of ganyu is both a livelihood strategy and a measure of vulnerability, rather than a type of social capital as suggested by other authors. High reliance on ganyu points to increased social stratification related to a rise in smallholder tobacco production. Women in female‐headed households appear to rely more on ganyu than in married households. Policy implications of these findings are considered.     

Book Review: The Death Knell of the Utilitarianism: A Review and Theoretical Implications of To Profit or Not to Profit

This paper uses the edited volume To Profit or Not to Profit; The Commercial Transformation of the Nonprofit Sector as an opportunity to review the theories of the nonprofit sector based on the utility maximization behavioral model linked to neoclassical economics. The existence of a large nonprofit sector and its increasing commercialism undermines the logical sufficiency of these theories to explain organizational behavior. The book in question is an effort to solve that problem and reconcile the utility maximization model with seemingly contradicting evidence. In the end, however, these efforts are not very successful and lead to the partial acceptance of an alternative model, grounded in the neo-institutional theory of organizations.     

The Loss of the Protective Effects of Relationships of Incarcerated African American Men: Implications for Social Work

This article examines the loss of the protective effects of marital and non-marital relationships of incarcerated African American men, and the effects on their mental well-being. The unintended consequences of policies on African American men, their families and communities are discussed. The role of social work is evaluated, and research needs are identified.