流浪儿童求助困局——与流浪孩子共同走过的时光

年初一场沸沸扬扬的微博打拐,让流浪乞讨儿童这一特殊群体引起了广泛的社会关注。今年两会,“困境儿童保护”成为热点问题之一。     

犯罪流浪儿童的司法保护

目前我国流浪儿童的数量不断上升,流浪儿童犯罪也成为社会普遍现象.这些犯罪的流浪儿童在进入司法程序之后应该得到有效的保护,这在联合国立法中已有规定,并且在世界上不少国家已经成功实践,然而目前我国针对犯罪流浪儿童的司法保护制度存在明显不足,为此本文对联合国相关立法和相关国家有关做法进行了初步整理和探讨,希望借他山之石,促进我国犯罪流浪儿童司法保护制度的完善.     

关于流浪儿童可持续性救助的思考

流浪儿童问题日益严重源于我国经济结构不断变化发展的进程,这个问题很大程度上反映了我国社会保障制度体系的不健全,同时宏观上也加剧了流浪儿童问题。对流浪儿童的救助过程中需将救助办法本土化、专业化,形成地区性、针对性救助。通过可持续性的救助消除流浪儿童的重复流浪现象。     

职业化流浪传统与儿童发展

本文回顾了有关史料和文献中对职业流浪者的记载与研究,在此基础上分析了在这种生存状态中沉浮的儿童群体产生和维系的原因.文章认为中国文化对于流浪者有一种特殊的宽容,在这种宽容下,为了通过一种比较容易的方式获得经济利益,部分家庭形成了流浪的传统.在这种传统的熏陶下,部分儿童的认知扭曲,自愿选择流浪这种不被常态社会认可的生存和谋生方式,同时对自由的过度要求令他们已经无法适应正常的社会生活.虽然学界广泛认同流浪生活对儿童健康发展不利,但现有的救助制度却仅限于部分非自愿或无家可归的流浪儿童.如何采取有效的方式来帮助这类"自愿"的、有家庭的流浪儿童也是一个值得关注和讨论的问题.     

论流浪儿童的被害与预防

家庭破裂、教育不当、经济贫困等多种因素导致儿童流浪现象的产生。这些流浪儿童离开监护人，流落街头，他们的生存权、发展权等基本生活权利难以得到有效保障，成为特殊的社会弱势群体。深入了解流浪儿童的生存状况、犯罪状况和被害状况，进而有效地救助、保护流浪儿童，是一项关系国计民生的重要事业。本文对我国城市流浪儿童现状进行了简要分析，概括了流浪儿童被害的几种主要类型．提出预防流浪儿童被害的防治对策。     

社会工作介入流浪儿童救助体系的路径探究

流浪儿童是一个社会性问题,当前我国对流浪儿童的救助主要停留在程序化的救助层面,救助效果有待提升。文章从社会工作视角出发,分析专业社工介入流浪儿童救助体系的优势性,并探索社工介入救助工作的路径,从而打破传统程序化的救助方式,真正以儿童为中心,维护流浪儿童合法权益,促进流浪儿童的自我发展。     

流浪儿童问题的治理对策：儿童社会福利的视角

从上世纪80年代开始,大量流浪儿童开始在我国城市公共街头流浪。民政部门每年救助的流浪儿童的数量在15万人次左右。考虑到很多流浪儿童实际上无法获得或者不想获得民政救助,我国流浪儿童的实际数量可能要远远超出15万。据国务院妇女儿童工作委员会委托进行的一项研究估计,当前,我国流浪儿童的总数大约在100万至150万之间。这些儿童在街头过着颠沛流离的生活,缺乏最基本的生存资料,面临饥饿、寒冷、居无定所、疾病、歧视、暴力与性侵犯等严重威胁,构成引入注目的人道危机。     

关于完善流浪儿童救助体系的思考

我国的流浪儿童问题是伴随着我国改革开放,经济政治体制的转型而逐步严重的。市场经济的改革破坏了原来的社会福利制度,使得大量的儿童流落街头。本文主要通过两个面来探讨关于完善流浪儿童救助体系:一是通过构建适合我国实际国情的儿童社会福利保障制度,从根本上解决流浪儿童的问题。二是有效利用非政府组织参与社会救助中的重要作用,积极发挥非政府组织在对流浪儿童的救助中的优势。     

流浪儿童救助保护体系的模式探索

构建规范、有效的流浪儿童救助保护体系,必须将之置于国家——社会关系背景下考量,并对体制内的机构救助者和民间主体之间职能的分工、关系的协调予以兼顾。有鉴于此,本文提出流浪儿童救助保护体系构建的五个原则,在此基础上建构一个国家、社会与流浪儿童的家庭三者共同担负流浪儿童救助保护与回归社会责任的理论模型,以期有效整合国家与社会的资源,引导流浪儿童顺利回归正常社会生活。     

流浪儿童在中国的主流论述与研究新取向

本文重点回顾了中国社会主流论述对于流浪儿童尤其是问题流浪儿童的＂严重社会问题＂的认识,以及相应的＂社会救助、矫治改造及社会适应＂的政策与服务,由此基于文献述评提出了问题流浪儿童研究的新取向及意涵。     

Political Correctness and the Banal Routines of Daily Life

In response to the need for increased understanding of the identity process of transracial adoptees, the Cultural-Racial Identity Model (A. L. Baden &; R. J. Steward, 1995) was developed; however, the model has yet to be empirically validated. The model allows distinctions to be made between racial identity and cultural identity, resulting in 16 proposed identities. Identities are based on the degrees to which individuals (1) have knowledge of, awareness of, competence within, and con1fort with their own racial group’s culture, their parents’ racial group’s culture, and multiple cultures, and (2) are comfortable with their racial group membership and with those belonging to their own racial group, theirparents’ racial group, and multiple racial groups. Four dimensions of the model were determinedfor study: the Adoptee Culture Dimension, the Parental Culture Dimension, the Adoptee Race Dimension, and the Parental Race Dimension. In this study, the Cultural-Racial Identity oftransracial adoptees was assessed by a modified version ofthe Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM; J. S. Phinney, 1992). Psychological adjustment was assessed by the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI; L. R. Derogatis &; P. A. Cleary, 1977). The sample consisted of 51 transracial adoptees who completed mail survey questionnaires. The exploratory findings supported the Cultural-Racial Identity Model by demonstrating that the modified version of the MEIM successfully yielded variation in the potential CulturalRacial Identities that the transracial adoptees reported. Findings also did not yield support for differences in psychological adjustment among transracial adoptees     

Ten Research Questions for Family Therapy

A growing evidence‐base shows that family therapy works, but many gaps in our knowledge remain about the conditions under which family therapy is effective and how it works. In this paper, ten critical research questions about family therapy that need to be addressed are considered. In short these are:

• 1 Is family therapy as effective in community settings as it is in specialist clinics?
• 2 For what problems is family therapy cost‐effective?
• 3 Does family therapy work for under‐researched problems and populations?
• 4 Do social‐constructionist and narrative approaches to family therapy work?
• 5 Can family therapy protocols be enhanced for non‐responders?
• 6 Can family therapy be combined with other psychotherapies to effectively treat specific problems?
• 7 Can family therapy be combined with pharmacotherapy to effectively treat specific problems?
• 8 What specific factors contribute to the effectiveness of family therapy with particular problems?
• 9 What common factors contribute to the effectiveness of family therapy?
• 10 What therapist and client factors contribute to the effectiveness of family therapy?

     

中日美中学生日常生活比较

日本青少年研究所于去年对中国、日本、美国的初高中生进行了有关日常生活的问卷调查。调查所涉内容广泛 ,包括三个国家初中和高中学生在放学后的活动内容、课外学习时间 ,休息天的活动 ,学生对学校生活的感受和对老师的看法等等。被调查对象为 :中国２７１２人（九个地区的初高中各１８所学校）、日本２１０９人（初中 :１４个地区的１４所学校、高中 :１５个地区的１５所学校）、美国２４２９人（初中 :１７个地区的１７所学校、高中 :１２个地区的１２所学校） ,调查方式为随机抽样。以下是部分调查结果的概要。放学后的活动内容比较放学…     

Environmental Influences on Infants’ Native Vowel Discrimination: The Case of Talker Number in Daily Life

Both quality and quantity of speech from the primary caregiver have been found to impact language development. A third aspect of the input has been largely ignored: the number of talkers who provide input. Some infants spend most of their waking time with only one person; others hear many different talkers. Even if the very same words are spoken the same number of times, the pronunciations can be more variable when several talkers pronounce them. Is language acquisition affected by the number of people who provide input? To shed light on the possible link between how many people provide input in daily life and infants’ native vowel discrimination, three age groups were tested: 4‐month‐olds (before attunement to native vowels), 6‐month‐olds (at the cusp of native vowel attunement) and 12‐month‐olds (well attuned to the native vowel system). No relationship was found between talker number and native vowel discrimination skills in 4‐ and 6‐month‐olds, who are overall able to discriminate the vowel contrast. At 12 months, we observe a small positive relationship, but further analyses reveal that the data are also compatible with the null hypothesis of no relationship. Implications in the context of infant language acquisition and cognitive development are discussed.     

Penny for Your Thoughts: Beggars and the Exercise of Morality in Daily Life1

Urban sociology has tended to study interactions between passersby and “street persons” with an emphasis on the ways street persons become bothersome, harassing, or dangerous. This article moves away from the focus on the ways interactions in public go awry and focuses on how individuals account for the mundane, everyday exchanges they have with strangers who seek their help. Based on interview data (N = 31) and qualitative analysis of data from an Internet survey (N = 110), this article suggests that the presence of beggars does not inherently symbolize urban decay to passersby and does not necessarily elicit anxiety, but instead provides a valuable texture of urban life. Further, the article argues that individuals, when justifying their responses to requests for help from needy persons (beggars) in urban spaces, use a variety of cultural strategies to maintain their perception of themselves as moral persons, both when they choose to help and when they refuse. Drawing from these findings, the article suggests that urban sociology and the sociology of risk would benefit from sensitizing their studies of public interactions to the diverse meanings individuals assign to them, rather than presupposing annoyance, anxiety, or fear as their predominant characteristic.     

Earn as You Learn: Connections Between Doing Qualitative Work and Living Daily Life

Qualitative Sociology -     

Some Questions for Don Goodwin on Research Accountability in Occupational Alcoholism

No abstract available for this article.     

失业青年的日常生活与社会排斥——一个新社会政策分析视角

本文采用新社会政策或社会政策的社会生活分析视角，以失业青年的个人消费、娱乐和时间安排为例，解释和分析了人们日常生活中的社会排斥现象。研究发现．贫穷和低收入家庭的失业青年不仅成为“被排斥的消费者”，还成了“有缺陷的消费者”或“新贫穷者”，被排斥于所谓的“常规生活”或“快乐生活”。