商业秘密侵权中的善意第三人责任浅析

通过对各国商业秘密法的比较,探析了商业秘密侵权中的善意第三人责任,并就完善我国相关立法提出了构想。     

供应链中信用交易的演化博弈分析

本文运用演化博弈理论研究了供应链中信用交易的演化过程,建立了供应商和零售商信用交易的演化博弈模型。分析了两类个体在守信与失信两种策略下的行为特征,根据复制者动态方程得到了两者的行为演化规律和政府失信惩罚机制下的行为演化和演化稳定策略,给出了从根本上消灭失信动机的惩罚区间,分析了政府失信惩罚机制的有效性,探寻国内信用制度建设的发展路径。最后,通过数值分析证明了结论的正确性。     

FROM MAIZE TO HAZE: AGRICULTURAL SHOCKS AND THE GROWTH OF THE MEXICAN DRUG SECTOR

Understanding how economic incentives affect illegal drug production is essential for crafting policies in response to the international drug trade. Policymakers typically face a choice between two strategies: targeting criminal groups via law enforcement, and offering producers incentives to engage in alternate activities. Yet, little is known about how the returns to alternate legal activities affect drug supply. We contribute to this literature by examining how shocks to legal commodity prices affect the drug trade in Mexico. Our analysis exploits exogenous movements in the Mexican maize price stemming from weather conditions in US maize‐growing regions, as well as exports of other major maize producers. Using data on over 2200 municipios spanning 1990–2010, we show that lower prices differentially increased the cultivation of both marijuana and opium poppies in municipios more climatically suited to growing maize. We also find impacts on downstream drug‐trade outcomes, including drug cartel operations and killings perpetrated by these groups. Our findings demonstrate that maize price changes contributed to the burgeoning drug trade in Mexico, and point to the violent consequences of an expanding drug sector.     

Prospects for industrial co-operatives—An alternative to industrial democracy?

There is a growing interest in industrial co-operatives, although the idea itself is by no means a modern one, having long been regarded as the ideal of a socialist system. There are comparatively few worker co-operatives in the United Kingdom, but rather more of them on the Continent. The article examines the reasons for this and the problems facing co-operatives —particularly in relation to the law, taxation and the trade unions.     

Book Reviews

Book Review in this article:
Petroleum Contaminated Soils, Vol. 1: Remediation Techniques, Environmental Fate, Risk Assessment Edited by Paul T. Kostecki and Edward J. Calabrese Chelsea, Michigan: Lewis Publishers, 1989 260 pp, $55.50 hb
Managing Industrial Hazardous Waste: A Practical Handbook Gary Lindgren Chelsea, Michigan: Lewis Publishers, 1989 350 pp., $59.95 hb
Risk Analysis Section, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Chinn Building, MS-6492, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831.
Health Effects of Drinking Water Treatment Technologies Drinking Water Health Effects Task Force Chelsea, Michigan: Lewis Publishers, 1989 145 pp., $37.50
Chemical Hazards in the Workplace Ronald M. Scott Chelsea, Michigan: Lewis Publishers, 1989 196 pp., $39.95
Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology of Aluminum Edited by Timothy E. Lewis Chelsea, Michigan: Lewis Publishers, 1989 344 pp., $59.95 hb
Light Water Reactor Safety Bengt Pershagen New York: Pergamon Press, 1989 470 pp., $90.00
Biologically Based Methods for Cancer Risk Assessment Edited by Curtis C. Travis New York: Plenum Press, 1989 355 pp.
Social Decision Methodology for Technological Projects Edited by Charles Vlek and George Cvetkovich Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1989 343 pp., $87.00     

Insolvency Proceedings and Workers’Rights: the Italian Case

ABSTRACT: In this paper the author analyses different types of insolvency proceedings in the context of the Italian legal system, focusing on the possible effects of bankruptcy law on employment relationships. The concept of‘privileged workers’claims is discussed, taking into account their rank of preference as stated by statutory law and according to the interpretations offered by jurisprudence. One section is expressly devoted to the recent legislation providing a Guarantee Fund for severance allowance claims in case of insolvency, but also in the event of mere nonpayment by the employer. After having covered the concept of 'super-privileged claims', the paper discusses more widely possible forms of protecting workers in a situation of company crisis and links between social legislation on the one hand, and bankruptcy law on the other. Finally, the author emphasizes the more effective protection now offered by the Italian legal system to workers’claims, although the trade unions have considerable difficulty in keeping the workforce united when insolvency proceedings are opened.     

私营部门:劳资关系及协调机制

中国的劳资关系失衡,主要表现是雇主主导劳动市场,违法违规现象严重,劳资纠纷快速增加。同时,劳资协调机制滞后于私营部门和改制企业的发展。近几年来,加快完善劳资协调机制任务的紧迫性在不断提升。解决这个问题,既需完善政府、工会、雇主组织的职能和组织建设,也需要调整或校正存在于政府和工会某些部位中的不当目标和行为。治理失衡的劳资关系,首先要完善“吏治”。发展企业外的区域/行业性集体谈判机制,对于完善私营部门工会的维权职能具有重要的意义。为此,应该修改《劳动法》和配套法规的有关条款。     

Factors Affecting Planned Unit Development Implementation

Planned unit developments (PUD) have been celebrated as one of the few means of escape from the stranglehold of Euclidean zoning but little is known empirically about their use and implementation. In this paper, I present quantitative data from Michigan exploring the factors affecting successful PUD implementation. Results indicate that citizen participation, emphasis of PUD regulations, PUD appeal and differences among key players during PUD review have significant impacts on successful PUD implementation. I also find that Michigan municipalities are more successful at achieving mixed-use, density, preservation, affordable housing, community facilities and design through PUDs than through other regulatory vehicles.     

Managerial Hubris,Trade Associations and Regulatory Knowledge in Micro‐Firms

To avoid breaking the law for regulatory non‐compliance, it is essential that micro‐firm owner‐managers are aware of deficiencies in their knowledge, so that they can seek improvement and avoid over‐confidence (i.e. hubris) in their knowledge levels. Using newly collected survey data from micro‐firms in the English accommodation sector and multivariate techniques, the authors explore the possibility of hubris by making a novel distinction between the Perceived‐Knowledge and Actual‐Knowledge of regulation held by micro‐firm owner‐managers. Both Perceived‐Knowledge (from self‐assessment) and Actual‐Knowledge (from a simple test) over four core areas of regulation are found to be different, generally poor and suggestive of hubris. The relationship between these knowledge levels is further explored by considering the role of trade association membership (since they support members) and attitude (since it effects learning). Attitude is found to be positively associated with both forms of knowledge, while trade association memberships are also found to be associated with enhanced Perceived‐Knowledge, but not Actual‐Knowledge. In light of the results, the authors suggest several priority areas for improving Actual‐Knowledge and self‐assessment skills, and areas for future research.     

交易、风险与所有权——解释中国经济转轨路径及其绩效的一种新视角

本文试图为解释中国经济转轨过程提供一个新的视角 ,并通过强调有效交易和所有权的重要性来恢复与修补一些经典理论对经济转轨过程的解释力 ,以便将其最终整合到日见丰富和成熟的转轨经济理论的一般框架之中。本文的理论贡献可以归纳为:第一 ,阐发有效交易理论 ,认为经典理论所坚守的互利信条只是达成有效交易的必要条件 ,所有权的完整性才是充分条件。在所有权存在缺陷时 ,一种对当事人双方有利的交易极有可能伤及社会。第二 ,提出内生风险命题 ,经典资产选择理论所关注的外生风险主要源自宏观经济政策及企业经营层面 ,而内生风险则与微观经济基础尤其是所有权制度密切相关。第三 ,揭示出所有权、交易与产权之间的逻辑联系 ,并阐明所有权不一定是有效的但必须是完整的和神圣不可侵犯的观点。第四 ,指出内生贸易模型的隐含条件 ,发现在主管政府充当贸易者的场合 ,交易效率条件完全可以被超越 ,国际贸易就不一定非要以国内贸易为前提 ,而这种贸易也就极有可能成为贸易双方合谋算计国家和社会的博弈。本文的政策含义是 ,中国经济转轨的实际绩效与有效交易的规模和市场份额直接相关 ,而有效交易的成长既不依赖于政府推进市场化的决心 ,也不仰仗于法律与行政部门对交易主体的监督和惩罚力度 ,而最终取决于完     

Trade Credit and the Propagation of Corporate Failure: An Empirical Analysis

Using an exhaustive data set on claims held by trade creditors (suppliers) on failed trade debtors (customers), we quantify the importance of trade credit chains for the propagation of corporate bankruptcy. We show that trade creditors experience significant trade credit losses due to trade debtor failures and that creditors' bankruptcy risks increase in the size of incurred losses. By exploring the roles of financial constraints and creditor‐debtor dependences, we infer that the trade credit failure propagation mechanism is driven by both credit losses and demand shrinkage. Finally, we show that the documented propagation mechanism constitutes a significant part of the overall bankruptcy frequency, suggesting that it has measurable implications for the aggregate level.     

Nonhomotheticity and Bilateral Trade: Evidence and a Quantitative Explanation

The standard gravity model predicts that trade flows increase in proportion to importer and exporter total income, regardless of how income is divided into income per capita and population. Bilateral trade data, however, show that trade grows strongly with income per capita and is largely unresponsive to population. I develop a general equilibrium Ricardian model of trade that allows the elasticity of trade with respect to income per capita and with respect to population to diverge. Goods are of various types, which differ in their income elasticity of demand and in the extent to which there is heterogeneity in their production technologies. I estimate the model using bilateral trade data of 162 countries and compare it to a special case that delivers the gravity equation. The general model improves the restricted model's predictions regarding variations in trade due to size and income. I experiment with counterfactuals. A positive technology shock in China makes poor and rich countries better off and middle‐income countries worse off.     

贸易信贷的分析与国际比较

伴随贸易规模的扩大,贸易信贷已成为影响一国对外资产和负债的重要因素。本文利用翔实的历史数据,全面分析了主要国际贸易国(地区)贸易信贷资产、负债和差额情况。实证结果表明,贸易信贷的影响因素十分复杂,国别贸易信贷没有明显的统计规律。各国贸易信贷规模和比例的差异较大,但保持相对稳定,当前我国贸易信贷资产负债的规模和比例基本正常,这对于我们制定有效的贸易信贷管理政策有一定的指导意义。     

Technology,Geography, and Trade

We develop a Ricardian trade model that incorporates realistic geographic features into general equilibrium. It delivers simple structural equations for bilateral trade with parameters relating to absolute advantage, to comparative advantage (promoting trade), and to geographic barriers (resisting it). We estimate the parameters with data on bilateral trade in manufactures, prices, and geography from 19 OECD countries in 1990. We use the model to explore various issues such as the gains from trade, the role of trade in spreading the benefits of new technology, and the effects of tariff reduction.     

Trade and Labour Markets: Vertical and Regional Differentiation in Italy

The labour market misfortunes of the less skilled and rapid growth of international trade in manufactured goods with less advanced countries are linked by the paradoxical observation that trade theorists are in the forefront of those denying the importance of trade in income distribution. This paper analyses this conclusion by stressing the importance of vertical differentiation of trade flows and regional differentiation of skills in order to identify labour market effects of trade integration. Vertical and regional differentiation in trade and labour markets are analysed for a country, Italy, where these two elements seem to play a crucial role. The results show a likely displacement effect on unskilled labour due to trade flows with less advanced countries. Given the characteristics of Italian trade and labour markets, a stronger trade‐induced displacement effect on demand for unskilled labour takes place in the North of the country. Thus the vertical differentiation in Italian intra‐industry trade is a warning against understating the effect of trade on labour markets if product heterogeneity is not adequately considered. The regional differentiation of skill intensity is another warning against understating the effect of trade on labour markets whenever cross‐sectoral effects and the change in relative specialization are not adequately considered.     

论战略贸易理论与中国的科技兴贸

战略贸易理论与战略性贸易政策产生于现实世界对自由贸易理论前提的背离,自70年代以来对发达国家和发展中国家的贸易和产业政策都产生了较大的影响。中国“入世”已进入倒计时,实践证明只有通过出口贸易结构的优化与升级才能在国际市场中获得竞争力,科技兴贸是我国成为贸易强国的必由之路。     

全球价值链视角下我国对外依存程度分析

嵌入全球价值链可促进我国经济发展，却也使我国更加依赖于外国市场，从而增加了国家风险。本文以全球价值链为视角，基于世界投入产出模型构建了增加值对外依存程度的测算方法，对当前的不同测算方法进行了比较，提出了传统贸易、全球价值链的简单和复杂参与下的对外依存程度。最后，利用2000-2014年的世界投入产出表进行测算。结果表明：我国的对外依存程度呈现先升后降的态势；传统贸易下对外依存程度的变化是我国对外依存度变化的主要原因。这意味着：平衡全球价值链嵌入和国家风险的关键是提高全球价值链的参与程度。本文的方法和结论可以为我国政府管理国家风险和贸易谈判提供支持。     

Efficacy of Risk-Based, Culturally Sensitive Ogaa (Walleye) Consumption Advice for Anishinaabe Tribal Members in the Great Lakes Region

The Great Lakes Indian Fish and Wildlife Commission (GLIFWC) has produced Ogaa (walleye— Sander vitreus ) consumption advisories since 1996 for Anishinaabe from GLIFWC member tribes in the 1837 and 1842 ceded territories of Wisconsin. GLIFWC's advisory maps were revised in 2005 to address cultural sensitivities (to protect tribal lifeways), to utilize recent mercury exposure information, and to incorporate changes in advisory levels for methyl mercury. Lake-specific, risk-based, culturally sensitive consumption advice was provided on color-coded maps for two groups: children under age 15 years and females of childbearing age, and males 15 years and older and females beyond childbearing age. The maps were distributed to, and a behavioral intervention program developed for, the six GLIFWC member tribes in Wisconsin as well as member tribes in Minnesota and the 1842 ceded territory of Michigan. Tribal fish harvesters, tribal health care providers, women of childbearing age or with young children, tribal leaders, elders, and children were targeted specifically for the behavioral intervention. The efficacy of the behavioral intervention was assessed using surveys of 275 tribal fish harvesters from Wisconsin, 139 tribal harvesters from Michigan and Minnesota, and 156 Wisconsin women of childbearing age. Significant increases in the percentage of survey participants who indicated awareness of advisory maps occurred among Wisconsin harvesters (increase from 60% to 77%), Michigan and Minnesota harvesters (29% to 51%), and women of childbearing age in Wisconsin (40% to 87%). A significant increase in preference for smaller Ogaa occurred among tribal harvesters in Wisconsin (41% to 72%) and tribal harvesters in Michigan and Minnesota (49% to 71%), although not among women of childbearing age. The GLIFWC map-based advisory program did not adversely affect tribal harvest of Ogaa, which increased from 63,000 to 88,000 fish in the three states after the intervention.     

信任、忠诚与家族主义困境

马克斯·韦伯在《儒教与道教》中指出：“……经济伦理往往是十分复杂的东西 ,受到多方面的限制;另外 ,我们也会看到 ,表面上相似的经济组织形式与一种极不相同的经济伦理结合起来 ,就会按照各自的特点产生出极不相同的历史作用。经济伦理不是经济组织形式的简单的‘因变量’ ,同样 ,经济伦理也不是反过来从自己一方去塑造经济组织形式。” (中译本 ,１９９９)。我们在这里研究的信任属于经济伦理的范畴 ,长期以来被排斥在规范经济学的研究范围之外。近年来 ,对于东亚经济奇迹的研究表明 ,缺乏经济伦理与文化维度的研究 ,就不能很好地理解…     

全球价值链贸易网络分析与国际风险传导应对

在全球化生产不断演进的背景下，参与国际分工各国在共享分工福利的同时，如何避免 外部世界的冲击?关于这一问题，若从一国所处的与其他国家的价值链贸易网络的视角给予 考察，或许能够得到一些答案.本文基于2000年~2014年世界投入产出数据，研究发现全球价值链贸易网络具有“小世界现象”和“无标度特性”等复杂网络性质，且整个网络的演化是一个循序渐进的过程.接着指出，在全球生产网络分析框架下，一国可通过强化其在全球价值链贸易网络中的集约性和广延性特征，实现自身重要程度的提高，弱化来自外部波动的影响.最后，从进口(投入)和出口(产出)两个方向对上述结论给予验证，即一国可通过增加上下游贸易对象数量并降低贸易强度分布集中度，做广做均全球外贸发展布局，弱化内外部之间风险互相传导的冲击，稳健全球价值链贸易网络.