灵活就业形式对女性就业的影响及对策

本文在揭示中国灵活就业现状的基础上,着重分析了灵活就业的发展对女性就业的积极影响即:使女性有更多的就业机会;有利于女性竞争力的增强;促进了社区就业;缓解了女性家务与工作的矛盾等。而灵活就业的发展也同时带来女性职业不稳定、女性劳动报酬普遍偏低、女性社会保障水平偏低等负面影响。最后提出了大力发展灵活就业,制定有关法律、改革社会保障制度等应对措施。     

新世纪初安徽省劳动力供给趋势及相关政策选择

新世纪初(2001-2010年),安徽省劳动力市场将主要表现为一种不均衡的状态,即安徽省自身劳动力供给与有效劳动力供给过剩,同时,劳动力供给结构与劳动力需求结构存在差异。本文通过对新世纪初安徽省劳动适龄人口、在校学生规模、外来劳动力人口、迁移人口以及老年就业人口发展状况的分析,预测新世纪初安徽省劳动力供给发展趋势。最后,在此基础上探讨了未来安徽省劳动力供给方面的就业政策选择。     

农村妇女就业现状和就业对策研究—以成都为例

实践经验表明,农村女性在劳动就业市场上面临诸多限制,就业弱势地位十分明显,促进农村妇女就业是社会就业政策的重要组成部分。本文通过对成都市10个区（市、县）2000份调查问卷表的分析,结合座谈和实地调查感悟,对成都市在城乡综合配套改革试验区建设中农村妇女的就业现状、就业障碍和就业意愿等进行了详细分析,在此基础上提出促进成都市农村妇女充分就业的三大政策、制度和工作举措。     

农村劳动力转移就业的空间决策及其个体属性影响——以安徽省四个样本村为例

农村劳动力转移就业空间决策是农村劳动力在特定目标指引下,通过具体就业途径和就业方式,进行就业地决策的过程。通过SPSS17．0的频率分析、聚类分析、交叉分析等方法,以安徽省四个样本村为例,探讨了农村劳动力在转移就业目标决策、就业途径决策、就业方式决策和就业地决策等方面的基本特征．分析了个体属性差异对转移就业空间决策的影响。研究结果表明,除外部环境外,个体属性因素深刻地影响农村劳动力转移就业空间决策,而提高人力资源,消除阻碍转移的户籍、社会保障、定居等障碍因素是提高劳动力就业质量的重要方面。     

就业、就业形势与就业对策——人口学视角的思考

本文从人口学角度入手分析我国就业问题,认为就业的内涵需要拓展;从人口发展形势分析,就业形势极其严峻,就业问题难以得到根本解决;人口学角度出发的缓解就业的对策包括普及高中阶段教育和实行城市妇女（部分人口）阶段性就业,并认为阶段性就业与社会性别平等并无冲突,而是对其有益的补充。     

论我国的就业政策与大学生就业问题

我国20世纪90年代以来采取了多项就业政策。当前,我国就业压力大、就业需求严重不足。因此,需要进一步分析大学毕业生供求的调节、市场就业环境的塑造、相关的高等教育体制改革、高校就业指导工作的强化和对大学生的观念教育与职业生涯指导问题。     

农民工就业与就业促进问题实证研究——以北京市为例

随着中国城市化进程的加快,大量的农民从农村来到城市,从事着各种各样的劳动。在中国的产业大军中,农民工数量在迅速增长,农民工日益成为不可或缺的重要力量。由于户籍等原因,作为就业弱势群体的农民工比城镇劳动力面临着更大的失业风险和保障缺失。他们的就业状况究竟如何、他们参加失业保险以及受到就业培训的状况如何,如何促进农民工的就业是值得全社会高度关注的重大问题。本文以北京市为例,就农民工的就业与就业促进问题进行一些分析和探讨。     

社区就业与城市发展:城市社区就业状况与对策研究

20世纪90年代以来,在体制转轨和企业改制深化的背景下,我国城市下岗、失业人员逐年递增,城市社区在发展过程中创造了大量的就业机会和就业岗位,社区就业已成为劳动力市场的重要组成部分和新增就业的重要来源。对促进我国城市就业和城市发展具有重要意义。     

非正规就业群体社会保障问题研究

按照两种不同的理念,我国非正规就业社会保障的发展衍生出两种主要操作方案:“直接吸纳”和建立独立体系,即:一种方案是扩大原有社会保障覆盖面,直接将非正规就业群体纳入其中;另一种方案是针对非正规就业群体的特点,为其建立独立于原有体系的新体系。这两种方案均从不同程度上照顾了非正规从业者的特殊需求,但由于历史遗留问题与现实矛盾的交错使得非正规就业社会保障的发展仍困难重重。     

高校大学生就业的现状及对策

随着金融危机对全球经济影响的加深,我国经济增长开始放慢,就业岗位需求相对减少。与此同时,高校毕业生将越来越多。面对这些情况,理性看待大学生就业难题,调节好大学毕业生的供求;塑造全面的市场就业环境;改革高校教育模式;研究"新政",拓宽毕业生就业渠道;帮助大学生树立正确择业观念十分重要。     

African-American and white inequality in the nineteenth century American South: a biological comparison

The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economic history. By using a new source of nineteenth century Texas state prison records, the present study contrasts the heights of comparable blacks and whites between the Civil War and Reconstruction in the American South. White stature exceeded black stature. Between 1850 and 1870, black stature declined by more than 1 cm but recovered toward the end of the nineteenth century. Postbellum white stature declined by more than 1 1/2 cm over the same period yet never recovered.

The magnitude of the problem of obstetric violence and its associated factors: A cross-sectional study

BackgroundIn recent years, the concept of obstetric violence has become visible among women and professionals, but its prevalence and the factors with which it is related in our healthcare environment are unknown.AimTo determine the prevalence of obstetric violence in the Spanish healthcare system and identify the associated factors.MethodsA cross-sectional observational study was conducted during 2019 and included 899 women who had given birth in the last 12 months. An online questionnaire was distributed through midwives and women associations in Spain. The questionnaire included sociodemographic, clinical, and assistance practices variables. The primary outcome variable was obstetric violence and its verbal, physical, and psycho-affective types. Crude odds ratios (OR) and adjusted OR (ORa) were estimated using binary logistic regression.ResultsObstetric violence was reported by 67.4% (606) of the women; 25.1% (226) verbal, 54.5% (490) physical, and 36.7% (330) psycho-affective. Overall obstetric violence was observed more frequently in women who attended maternal education programme (ORa 1.56, 95% CI 1.05–2.32), those who presented a birth plan but it was not respected (ORa 2.82, 95% CI 1.27–6.29), those who received regional analgesia (ORa 1.61, 95% CI 1.13–2.30), those who required an urgent caesarean section (ORa 3.46, 95% CI 1.79–6.69), underwent an episiotomy (ORa 3.34, 95% CI 2.21–5.38), and whose newborn was admitted to an intensive care unit (ORa 2.73, 95% CI: 1.21–6.15). The presentation of a birth plan was observed as protective factors, and the possibility of skin-to-skin (ORa 0.34, 95% CI 0.18–0.62) and felt respected (ORa 0.61, 95% CI 0.43–0.85).ConclusionsTwo out of three women perceive having suffered obstetric violence during childbirth. Practices such as skin-to-skin contact, and the use of respected birth plans, were protective factors against obstetric violence.     

新农村建设中的农村劳动力供求：基于安徽省的研究

本文基于安徽省的研究,得出关于我国新农村建设中的农村劳动力供求的基本结论是:劳动力供给总体上大于劳动力需求;经济增长的速度将成为决定劳动力供求缺口大小的决定性因素;农村地区还存在农村科技人员的劳动力短缺的特征。根据我国新农村建设的实际情况,扩大劳动力需求和解决农村就业问题的关键之举在于,走农村产业化道路,加快农村剩余劳动力的转移就业。与此同时,农村科技人员的短缺问题,也应该引起我们的关注。     

Lockdown babies: Birth and new parenting experiences during the 2020 Covid-19 lockdown in South Africa,a cross-sectional study

BackgroundPerceived birth experiences of parents can have a lasting impact on children. We explored the birth and new parenting experiences of South African parents in 2020 during the Covid-19 lockdown.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional online survey with consenting parents of babies born in South Africa during 2020. Factors associated with negative birth emotions and probable depression were estimated using logistic regression.ResultsMost of the 520 respondents were females (n = 496, 95%) who gave birth at private hospitals (n = 426, 86%). Mothers reported having overall positive birth emotions (n = 399, 80%). Multivariable analysis showed that having a preterm baby (aOR 2.89; CI 1.51–5.53) and the mother self-reporting that Covid-19 affected her birth experience (aOR 4.25; CI 2.08–8.68) increased the odds of mothers reporting predominantly negative emotions about their birth. The mother having her preferred delivery method reduced the odds of having negative birth emotions (aOR 0.41; CI 0.25–0.66). Multivariable analysis showed that having predominantly negative emotions about the birth increased the odds of probable minor depression (aOR 3.60; CI 1.93–6.70). Being older reduced the odds of having probable minor depression (25?34 years aOR 0.36; CI 0.10–1.32; 35 years or older aOR 0.25; CI 0.06?0.91).ConclusionsLockdown exacerbated many birth and parenting challenges including mental health and health care access. However, overall experiences were positive and there was a strong sense of resilience amongst parents.     

21世纪我国人口身体素质问题分析

控制人口数量,提高人口素质是我国的基本国策。本文通过论述我国人口的身体素质现状与存在的主要问题,分析当代人口身体素质与社会发展的双向影响因素,提出了面向21世纪全面提高我国人口身体素质的对策建议。     

A note on the under-registration of births in Britain in the nineteenth century

In this note an attempt has been made to estimate the incompleteness of birth registration in Great Britain in the first decades of civil registration. For Scotland, registration appears to have been reasonably complete after 1861. For England and Wales, however, there seems to have been a considerable initial deficiency, with a consistent improvement over time and no sudden change following the 1874 amending Act. The estimates given in this note suggest that, to allow for under-registration in England and Wales, registered births should be multiplied by a factor of about 1.094 for the period 1841-5, the factor falling steadily to 1.o by 1880. It should be emphasized that the methods of estimation used in this note are indirect and the results very approximate. In the view of the writer, the estimates tend in general to be somewhat too low, especially for the earlier part of the period covered.     

甘肃省人口分布变化及其原因分析

本文从甘肃省人口的数量分布和自然密度着手,对人口分布的决定因素进行了分析,并结合耕地密度和人口综合经济密度状况对甘肃省人口分布的现状做出了评价,最后提出了引导人口在地区间合理分布的建议。