认同而不“出柜” ———同性恋者生存现状的调查研究

中国现阶段同性恋者的普遍生存状态是＂认同＂而不＂出柜＂,即那些对自己的性身份有着良好认同的同性恋者却不愿意向周围的人透露自己的同性恋身份,尤其是不愿向父母＂出柜＂。由于中国传统儒家文化注重家庭和孝道,很多同性恋者生活在真实的异性婚姻里。同性恋者不＂出柜＂得以可能有两种替代性的选择,一种是步入异性婚姻,另一种则是结成形式婚姻,这两种婚姻形式事实上仍是躲在＂橱柜＂里的手段与方式。     

Gender,marital status,and body weight in older U.S. adults

Marital terminations are life transitions that may lead to changes in diet, activity, and body weight. This investigation examined how marital status was associated with relative body weight, underweight, overweight, and obesity among men and women in the United States using cross-sectional nationally representative data from the 1992 HRS cohort age 51–61 and the 1993 AHEAD cohort age 70 and older. Results in the HRS cohort revealed that even when adjusting for demographic and behavioral variables, widowed women were significantly more likely to be obese than married women, while men who were never married, divorced, or separated were more likely to be underweight. Results in the AHEAD cohort showed few significant associations between marital status and weight for either men or women when demographics were controlled. Clear gender variations appeared to exist in how marriage is related to body weight among unmarried older adults, with widows in their 50s being obese and divorced/separated/never married men being underweight. However, marital status differences in weight were not present among much older adults of either gender. Jeffery Sobal is a asociologist who is an associate professor at the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University. He has studied food systems, food choice, and is currently examining social aspects of body weight and obesity, particularly marriage and body weight. Barbara S. Rauschenbach is a sociologist who is a research associate in the Division of Nutritional Sciences at Cornell University. She has studied food insecurity and food assistance, and is currently examining marital status and body weight.     

“恐同症”的根源——基于宗教、现代性和文化的阐释

西方社会的宗教是产生恐同症的重要原因,然而在宗教话语和道德实践中同性恋行为与非生殖的异性恋行为共同遭受惩戒。促成同性恋身份的现代性条件本身孕育着恐同症,同性恋特质与工业社会的科层制组织形式以及资本主义的竞争性人格和商业精神格格不入。在“文化失范”和“道德恐慌”的压力下,社会倾向于将性越轨视为社会失序的象征,同性恋群体成为“社会病态”的替罪羊。在文化阐释的范式看来,恐同症是“性别主义的武器”,同性恋对居于支配地位的性别意识形态构成了威胁,攻击同性恋者有助于强化既存的性别阶级结构,因而恐同症成为对性别越轨行为的社会控制形式。     

Women are Victims,Men Make Choices: The Invisibility of Men and Boys in the Global Sex Trade

The invisibility of men and boys in scholarly discussions of the global sex trade was analyzed through a sample of 166 recent articles published in social science journals. Most failed to acknowledge the existence of male sex workers at all. When male sex workers were discussed, they were assigned considerably more agency than female sex workers, the chief danger ascribed to them was HIV rather than violence, and the question of their sexual orientation was always addressed, whereas female sex workers were always assumed heterosexual. The results are discussed in the context of world system theory, Orientalism, and heteronormativity.     

Wearing gender and sexuality “On your sleeve”: Dress norms and the importance of occupational and organizational culture at work

Gender scholars have long argued that workplace culture is an important key to understanding how informal norms create, maintain, and sometimes undermine gender and sexual inequality at work. Although most studies have defined workplace culture as occupational culture, less emphasis has been placed on the importance of organizational culture. This article addresses the importance of both aspects of workplace culture by examining the occupational and organizational dress and appearance norms of men and women who work as editors and accountants at a heterosexual men's pornographic magazine and at a feminist magazine. This comparative case study demonstrates that workers face different expectations about the appropriate split between “personal” and work identities, depending on what they do and where they work. These informal, unwritten occupational and organizational norms play a large part in workers' definitions of appropriate and inappropriate expressions of gender and sexuality at work and should be attended to more carefully in attempts to achieve equality for men and women in all workplaces. Kirsten Dellinger is an assistant professor of sociology at the University of Mississippi. Her research focuses on gender and sexuality in the workplace. She has published on organizational culture and sexual harassment (Social Problems, 2002), organizational sexuality (American Review of Sociology, 1999), and make-up at work (Gender & Society, 1997).     

The changing relationship between obesity and educational status

The increasing prevalence of obesity in the adult population has important implications for the health status of the population. Understanding the reasons for this increase will provide guidance in developing public health approaches to address the problem. In this paper we examine the changing relationship between educational attainment and obesity. We use annual cross-sectional survey data (National Health Interview Survey) of non-institutionalized adults aged 18 years or older conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control. Our results show that the educational advantage in obesity is declining. The prevalence of obesity among those with more than a high school education has increased at a faster rate than it has among those with less than a high school education between 1984 and 1994 (76 percent versus 41 percent among whites and 77 percent versus 27 percent among blacks). If the prevalence of obesity by educational level had stayed the same, the increased educational attainment of the population would have led to a decline in overall obesity prevalence. If the educational differentials in obesity had not changed, obesity would have been expected to increase from 11.77 percent to 15.62 percent of the population between 1984 and 1994, compared to the 18.21 percent observed. In contrast to expectations, the increased educational level of the adult population has not resulted in a decline in obesity. Although future cohorts of older adults are likely to be better educated, they also are more likely to be obese, leading to increased risk of heart disease and diabetes. Her research focuses on the patterns of health and illness in the elderly population, particularly the effects of obesity on later life health. Sandra L. Reynolds received her Ph.D.in Gerontology from the Andrus Gerontology Center at the University of Southern California in 1996, after which she joined the faculty at the University of South Florida's School of Aging Studies. Her research interests include guardianship, advance directives, elder abuse, trends in health and disability, obesity, and active life expectancy.     

Are the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Generations and Gender Surveys</Emphasis> Well Suited for Studying Same-Sex Couples?

Different studies of same-sex couples based on the Generations and Gender Survey (GSS) have been published in recent years. However, in this survey, people in gay and lesbian couples are not identified via a direct question but by comparing two separate variables: the sex of the respondent and that of the partner. But the identification of same-sex couples by comparing the sex of both partners is very unreliable. The few sex-coding errors of one of the partners in heterosexual couples generate a very high proportion of “false” same-sex couples among all couples considered to be of the same sex. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the problematic nature of the indicator in order to avoid inappropriate use of GGS data (and other surveys more generally) and to discuss the reliability of analyses of same-sex couples made with these data.     

Transgender Friendship Profiles: Patterns Across Gender Identity and LGBT Affiliation

The present study explores the close friendship patterns of transgender individuals by considering the role of gender identity (trans men, trans women, non-binary) and LGBT affiliation (affiliated, non-affiliated) on friends’ identities. Participants were 495 transgender individuals who completed a questionnaire reporting their identities as well as the identities of their close friends. Friendship patterns were explored based on the number of friends who identified as transgender/cisgender, sexual minority/heterosexual, and LGBT affiliated/non-affiliated. Overall, participants reported more cisgender (vs. transgender) friends and more sexual minority (vs. heterosexual friends), suggesting that the majority of their friendships are experienced in a cross-gender identity context. However, important friendship patterns were distinguished across LGBT affiliation and gender identity of the participant. Trans participants who were LGBT affiliated (vs. non-affiliated) reported more transgender friends, more sexual minority friends, and more LGBT affiliated friends. With regard to gender identity, trans men reported more sexual minority and more LGBT affiliated friends when compared to trans women. In addition, trans women reported more non-affiliated friends than both trans men and non-binary individuals. Discussion focuses on the implications of the findings regarding the distinct experiences of trans individuals across gender identity and the common assumptions behind research that frames transgender experience within the larger LGBT community.     

The Effect of Children on Men’s and Women’s Chances of Re-partnering in a European Context

This work examines what role children play in the re-partnering process in five European countries (Norway, France, Germany, Romania, and the Russian Federation) by addressing the following research questions: (1) To what extent do men and women differ in their re-partnering chances?; (2) Can gender differences in re-partnering be explained by the presence of children?; (3) How do the custodial arrangements and the child’s age affect the re-partnering chances of men and women? We use the partnership and parenthood histories of the participants in the first wave of the Generations and Gender Survey (United Nations, Generations and Gender Programme: Survey Instruments. United Nations, New York/Geneva, 2005) to examine the transition to moving in with a new partner following the dissolution of the first marital union, separately for men and women. The story that emerges is one of similarities in the effects rather than differences. In most countries, men are more likely to re-partner than women. This gender difference can be attributed to the presence of children as our analyses show that childless men and women do not differ in their probability to re-partner. Mothers with resident children are less likely to re-partner than non-mothers and a similar though often non-significant effect of resident children is observed for fathers. In most countries we find that as the child ages, the chances to enter a new union increase. In sum, our study indicates that children are an important factor in re-partnering and a contributor to the documented gender gap in re-partnering, and this holds throughout distinct institutional and cultural settings.     

Galloping contradictions: Sexual harassment in academe

In the space of barely twenty years, the concept of “sexual harassment” has gone far toward redefining the relationships between men and women. Rooted in a feminist view of men’s sexual overtures in the workplace as manifestations of male dominance, legal recourse against it, both on the job and in schools, quickly became a game anybody could play. What happens, then, when a feminist is caught in the web? By examining in detail Jane Gallop's recent book Feminist Accused of Sexual Harassment, this essay exposes the contradictions that the discourse on sexual harassment has generated. Furthermore, it traces these contradictions to the influence of some radical feminist theories that are both anti-male and anti-heterosexual. Gallop's defense, from this perspective, is a weak one, aimed merely at protecting her own position while carefully distancing herself from the main targets of the sexual harassment industry—men.     

Consent or coercion? Sexual relationships between college faculty and students

The issue of sexual harassment has gained in prominence over the last few decades. On some college campuses, this has resulted in attempts to put a ban on consensual relations between college faculty and students. Proponents of such a ban argue that students can never give consent, hence all sexual relationships are coercive and exploitative in nature. In this paper, I explore the issues of power and consent in student-faculty relationships, arguing that students can give true consent for such relations. I also examine some possible consequences of such a ban, arguing that eventually such policies will harm the very women they seek to protect. In conclusion, I assert that future debate in this area must be shaped by the results of empirical research rather than conflicting personal opinions. Afshan Jafar is a doctoral student in sociology at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst. In addition to the issue of consensual relationships in higher education, her research interests include Pakistani immigrants in the United States and gender and development in third-world countries. Her dissertation examines the role of women's NGOs.     

The different voices of helping: Gender differences in recounting dilemmas

Carol Gilligan (1977, 1982) has proposed fundamental gender differences. Women typically conceptualize interpersonal dilemmas in terms of people and their relationships, whereas men often orient to dilemmas as practical problems. Although considerable research has explored these gender differences, they have usually been treated as psychological traits or abstract moral orientations. In this article we show how Gilligan’s theory accounts for gender differences when interviewees described their efforts to prevent others from driving under the influence (DUI intervention). This result extends Gilligan's theory by showing how it can account for real life differences between men and women. By demonstrating the relevance of Gilligan's gender differences to everyday life, we lay a foundation for further sociological exploration of her ideas. His interests include divorce, social demography, and research methods. His book on the intergenerational transmission of divorce will be published by Stanford University Press. Jerome Rabow has been a professor of sociology at the University of California-Los Angeles since 1965. He has published more than 100 articles in the areas of drunk driving intervention, gender and money, education, and race relations. He recently completed Tutoring Matters: Everything You Always Wanted to Know About How to Tutor (Temple University Press, 1999), a book based on the tutoring experiences of his UCLA students. Professor Rabow is also a psychotherapist in private practice in Los Angeles. He is also Research Psychologist and co-director of the Substance Abuse Research Center in the Psychology Department at the University of California, Los Angeles. Professor Newcomb has published over 200 papers and chapters and has written three books. His research interests include: etiology and the consequences of adolescent drug abuse; structural equation modeling, methodology, and multivariate analysis; human sexuality; health psychology; attitudes and affect related to nuclear war; and cohabitation, marriage, and divorce.     

平等与合作：行政主体与相对方新型关系的构建

随着我国法律制度的不断完善,行政主体与行政相对方的关系也在发生着变化,研究这种变化是推进依法行政及建设服务型政府的有效途径。文章通过对当代中国行政法治进程中行政主体与行政相对方合作关系构建的可能性和必然性进行分析,并对二者合作的现实意义及表现形式进行系统阐释,指出了二者之间合作关系的排除领域,认为建立合作关系的有效路径是转变思想观念、变革行为方式、向相对方赋权。     

精英女同性恋运动员的生存态探讨--竞技体育中的“底比斯圣军”现象

当性倾向这个敏感话题披上精英女运动员的外衣,加之媒体有意识的过滤机制,公众舆论甚嚣尘上。随着里约奥运会的临近,奥运女选手的性倾向问题将再次“被消费”。2012年伦敦奥运会经历了23位同性恋运动员公开出柜的爆发性事实,让学界必须为此发声。运用文献资料法、数理统计法和个案分析法对近两届奥运会公开出柜的女同性恋运动员的竞技表现和生活样态进行研究,得出敢于公开出柜者中女同性恋多于男同性恋,精英女同性恋运动员参与的项目和国家地域呈现集中分布趋势等初步结论。同时,对运动场上同性伴侣作战的历史渊源进行剖析,从而为理解精英女同性恋运动员的现实选择提供依据。在体育运动领域,也要尽量争取改变性倾向问题上一切做二元对立的思维方法,推翻同性恋与异性恋、男性与女性的两分结构,建造一个包含一系列间色的谱系。     

弱势的和强势的——白先勇小说中的男女角色易位

白先勇以弱势的男性和强势的女性作为建构其小说世界的基点。男女角色易位颠覆了男强女弱的传统人物塑造方式,揭示出单个人边缘化生存所不为人知的痛苦。父辈影响、生活经历及其性取向是产生这一特色的根本原因。     

“制造同性恋”——话语、身份建构与现代性的视角

同性恋身份是现代性的产物。作为19世纪的发明,“同性恋”这一标签重构了同性爱欲者并使之成为具有共享身份与特性的族群。同性恋的历史书写、话语争夺、性主体意识与现代性等要素共同参与了“制造同性恋”的进程。大体而言,同性恋身份的建构过程可以分为历史寻根、经验阐释与族群建构三个阶段,在不同的社会与文化中可以区分出年龄-结构化、跨性别、职业化以及平等主义等不同的同性恋类型。现代性为同性恋亚文化的创造与发展提供了社会空间,现代同性恋世界呈现出一系列独特的结构性特征。     

合伙理论与中介组织的性质

合伙理论是解释市场中介组织制度和行为的重要理论之一。近年来通过引入契约经济学的核心思想和分析工具,合伙理论的研究取得了长足的进步。学术界已有的研究成果表明:人们之所以选择合伙,是因为规模效率、抑制道德风险、减轻套牢、激励人力资本和行为效率等因素在起作用。但从行为的角度(人的承诺效应、愧疚厌恶、权力偏好)分析合伙的动因,同样具有很强的解释力,这可能是合伙理论未来的一个重要研究方向。     

当代大学生性观念现状调查、成因分析及其政策维度

文章采用随机整群抽样的方法,从性容许度、爱与性的认知、异性交往与婚前性行为、性压抑与性交易等四个维度对S市若干大学在校本科学生进行问卷调查和统计分析.当代大学生性观念特征主要表现三个方面:性生理发育提前,性观念更为开放且呈现多元化;对性知识的认识相对缺乏,性生理成熟与性心理发展滞后之间的不平衡;性观念具有流动性和可塑性,性失范行为产生.家庭、学校与社会作为大学生性观念形成的三种最主要影响因素,在学生社会化的过程中未承担起各自的角色,未完成好相应的任务与教育职责.引导当代大学生树立科学的性观念可以进行多维的政策设计:教育理念人性化和科学化;师资人员多元化和专业化;教育目标同步化和内容系统化;教育形式多样化和适宜化;学校社会工作的理念嵌入和技术应用.     

Serial Cohabitation among Men in Britain: Does Work History Matter?

This article asks three research questions: Do serially cohabiting men form a selected group via their work histories? Are serial cohabitors less likely to marry but more likely to separate than single-instance cohabitors? If so, what part is played by features of their work histories in explaining these outcomes? The analyses are based on two British birth cohort studies relating to men born in 1958 (N?=?7,333) and 1970 (N?=?6,126). I find that serial cohabitors are less likely to marry but are more likely to separate. Although serial cohabitors do form a selected group via their work histories, the negative effect of serial cohabitation on marriage and the positive effect of serial cohabitation on separation remain significant and strong even after I control for cohabitors’ before-cohabitation and within-cohabitation work histories. It appears that the experience of serial cohabitation itself that affects the attitudes of men towards marriage.     

The Connections between Family Formation and First-time Home Ownership in the Context of West Germany and the Netherlands

Using data from retrospective life course surveys held in West Germany and the Netherlands in the 1980s and early 1990s, we investigate the interconnections between first partnership, first marriage, and first childbirth, on the one hand, and first-time home ownership, on the other. We consider the temporal connection between events in the family life course and home ownership from various angles, proceeding from survival analyses to analyses of the timing and ordering of the distinct events and a multivariate analysis of the transition to home ownership. We find marked differences between countries and cohorts in this temporal connection.