中国上市公司股权结构和公司绩效关系的实证分析

为了研究股权结构对公司绩效的影响,本文以企业资本回报率为公司绩效的度量,对上市公司股权结构与公司绩效的相关关系进行了分析。实证结果表明,股权结构对公司绩效有显著的影响。主要体现在:股权集中度与公司绩效间呈现显著的正相关关系。国家股比例与公司绩效间显著的正相关关系,法人股及流通股比例与公司绩效间具有负相关关系。     

股权分置改革下股权结构与公司绩效的实证研究

本文利用192家上市公司3年的面板数据,对股权分置改革下我国上市公司股权结构与公司绩效的相关性进行了实证分析.首先通过因子分析确定公司绩效指标.接着分别从股权构成、股权集中度及股权制衡度3个方面考查股权结构与公司绩效的关系,结果表明,公司绩效与国有股比例、第一大股东持股比例呈显著的U型关系,与流通股比例负相关,与前五大股东持股比例、股权制衡度正相关.     

股权结构与公司治理效率:中国上市公司的实证分析

本文从股权结构的“质”和“量”两个方面 ,对我国上市公司的股权结构与公司治理效率进行了实证分析。结果表明：国家股比例与公司绩效显著负相关 ,法人股比例与公司绩效显著正相关 ,流通股比例与公司绩效不存在显著相关性 ,这说明国家股东治理效率低下 ,法人股东在公司治理中起到积极作用 ,分散的流通股东在证券市场浓重的投机气氛下很难在公司治理中有所作为；股权集中度与公司绩效呈显著的倒Ｕ型曲线关系 ,这说明适度集中的股权结构更有利于公司治理机制的发挥 ,使公司治理效率趋于最大化。一、文献回顾(一 )股权集中度与公司绩效 ①的关…     

股权集中、股权制衡与上市公司的技术效率

上市公司以“一股独大”、“股权分置”、“同股不同权”等为特征的股权结构向来被认为是造成目前中国上市公司以及证券市场众多弊疾的根本原因,并成为目前股权分置改革的理论依据。但我们认为,在股权结构选择的问题上,应该以股权结构能否促进上市公司效率水平的提高为标准,毕竟作为国民经济中极其重要的部分,上市公司的效率直接影响着宏观经济效率的高低。本文从股权集中和股权制衡两个方面,对我国上市公司股权结构与技术效率的关系进行了实证分析。结果表明:股权集中度以及控股股东的持股比例与上市公司技术效率以及技术效率水平的提高显著正相关;股权制衡度与上市公司技术效率显著负相关,而与技术效率水平提高的相关性却并不显著。这说明,在现行的制度安排下,较高的股权集中度和较高的持股比例会激发控股股东的“支持行为”,其“掏空行为”并不严重,而大股东之间的制衡则往往成为企业效率提高的障碍。     

关于股权结构、治理机制与盈余管理的关系研究——来自中国上市公司的经验数据

本文以2005年我国A股上市公司的公司治理和财务数据为基础,实证检验了股权结构、治理机制与盈余管理水平之间的关系。结果表明,盈余管理与股权集中度、控股股东性质、董事会规模（公司法规定的合理范围内）、独立董事的比例、管理者薪酬显著负相关。为了抑制上市公司的盈余管理行为,应当改善公司股权结构,加强董事会的独立性,强化对管理者的激励措施,优化上市公司的质量。     

上市公司股权结构对企业经营绩效的影响:浙江样本

股权结构与公司绩效的关系是近几年来财务理论及企业理论研究所关注的热点问题之一.利用浙江上市公司公开披露的数据,考察了浙江省117家上市公司股权结构与经营绩效的相关关系.实证研究结果表明,股权集中度在0.05水平下对企业绩效有显著正向影响,而国有股比例,法人股比例,流通股比例对企业经营绩效没有显著影响.     

现代公司治理结构与会计舞弊关系的实证研究

本文以我国证券交易所成立至2003年12月31日期间被证监会公开查处的财务报告舞弊的上市公司为样本,比较全面地选取了分别代表公司治理结构中董事会特征、监事会特征、经理层特征、股权结构等方面的14个指标对公司治理结构与会计舞弊之间的关系进行了实证研究。研究结果发现内部人控制度、国家股比例、股权制衡度与财务报告舞弊显著正相关,法人股比例、股权集中度、高级管理层持股比例与财务报告舞弊显著负相关。     

我国家族上市公司资本结构影响因素实证分析

从获利能力、公司规模、公司成长率、家族因素、股权集中度、股权离散度、区域因素和上市方式等方面对我国146家家族上市公司的资本结构影响因素进行了实证分析.实证结果说明上市方式对资本结构存在显著影响;企业规模与资本结构正相关;经营绩效与资本结构负相关;家族持股比例与资本结构成反比,表明家族企业倾向于保持家族控制权,与债权融资正相关,与股权融资负相关.     

股权结构与企业资本支出决策:理论与实证分析

以中国上市公司为样本,对股权结构与企业资本支出决策关系进行了理论与实证分析。结果表明,经理人员持股比例和流通A股比例与资本支出水平正相关;股权集中度,包括第一大股东持股比例和国有股比例与资本支出水平负相关;法人股比例与资本支出水平基本无关。此外,研究还发现,公司年龄与资本支出水平显著负相关;内部现金流和企业规模与资本支出水平显著正相关;经济周期因素和行业效应可能也是影响企业资本支出的重要因素。没有证据表明资产负债率和成长性是影响企业资本支出的重要因素。     

股权集中度、董事会独立性与治理环境

采用中国A股上市公司2003～2005年的数据,考察了治理环境对公司股权集中度和董事会独立性的影响.实证研究发现:地区治理环境指数与公司股权集中度显著负相关,上市公司所处地区的政府对经济的干预程度越低、法治化水平越高,公司的股权集中度越低,但在非政府控制的上市公司样本中,这种相关性不显著;地区法治化水平与公司董事会独立性显著正相关,上市公司所在地区的法治化水平越高,公司董事会独立性越高;上市公司所在地区的政府干预经济的程度对公司董事会的独立性无显著影响.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Power,authority and legitimacy

Management, human resources, organization, control, leadership, etc., all seem to be just so many euphemisms for power, and this suggests a discourse of management and organization that calls things by their proper name. This paper on the contrary stresses the need to resolve the concept of ‘power’ itself into more differentiated notions, and proposes that clarification may be derived from distinctions once explicit in the vocabulary of Classical antiquity, but lost in modern European languages. It argues that nothing but confusion in thinking about organizations, management and legitimation can result from the failure to recognize that the phenomena this vocabulary identifies and distinguishes are irreducibly different.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.     

The Danish psychosocial work environment and symptoms of stress: the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to explore the main, mediating and moderating role of sense of coherence (SOC) on stress symptoms and on the association between perceived psychosocial work environment and stress symptoms. The sample includes 2053 Danish employees from 52 workplaces. Hierarchical regression models were applied for each measure of stress. The results strongly supported the presence of a main effect for SOC. People with high levels of SOC experienced fewer stress symptoms. A mediating effect of SOC was also supported. Thus, SOC in part explained the association between work environment and stress symptoms. In addition, some support for a moderating effect of SOC was found, suggesting that people with higher SOC coped more efficiently with work environmental strain that people with lower SOC. Taken together the regression models explained 11-32% of the variance in stress symptoms. The results suggest that measures of individual factors such as SOC should be included in analyses of the effects of work environmental factors on stress and well-being.     

Control at work: a generalized resource factor for the prevention of musculoskeletal symptoms?

During the last two decades two potent groups of predictors for work-related musculoskeletal problems have been identified: physical work load and poor psychosocial working conditions. However, little is known about their combined effects. In this study the buffering effect of control at work with respect to the negative effects of psychological demands and physical work load on musculoskeletal problems is examined. All study variables were sampled from 431 people working in geriatric nursing homes in Germany by means of questionnaires. Main effects and interactions were tested with multiple regression analysis. The results showed that control buffered the effects of high psychological demands, but not of high physical work load; the buffering effect of control was observed only when physical work load was low. The combined effects of demands and physical work load were over-additive. Thus, the power of different predictors for musculoskeletal symptoms depended on the level of other predictors. This suggests that the efficiency of certain strategies for the prevention of musculoskeletal problems is likely to depend on the level of risk factors, with different strategies being appropriate for different levels of risk.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.