父母外出对农村留守儿童的影响研究

城市化进程中,农村人口的不完全流动产生了大量留守儿童。父母外出对这些儿童的学习生活造成不利影响。一方面,已有的流出地环境极大地制约着留守儿童的生存发展;另一方面,留守家庭成员也会通过积极、消极抑或是不自觉的行动来回应现实需求。因此在分析父母外出对家庭结构和个人所带来制约的同时,进一步考察父母外出后家庭成员能动因素的作用就显得尤为重要。本文利用2013年CEPS调查数据对农村留守儿童的身心健康、认知水平、学习成绩和综合发展状况及影响因素进行回归分析。研究发现母亲外出的流动安排对农村留守儿童造成极不利影响;良好的家庭经济状况和氛围、家庭及个人的自致性因素都显著正向影响农村留守儿童的综合发展;学校和朋辈群体环境中阻碍因素的影响大于支持因素;性别差异主要体现在留守男生的身心健康状况和认知水平优于留守女生,但留守女生的成绩和综合发展能力更好;农村留守儿童与非留守儿童的主要差异在于身心健康。基于此,解决留守儿童问题应兼顾眼前和长远利益,减少发展代价;公共政策和制度设计应嵌入家庭视角,自觉顺应人口流动家庭化趋势;强化家庭责任、发掘能动性,联结多方资源为农村留守儿童建立友好支持环境。     

父母外出模式与农村留守儿童的学习成绩——基于两期CEPS数据的再探究北大核心CSSCI

关于中国农村留守儿童的大量研究表明学习成绩最差的不是父母均外出的留守儿童,而是父亲在家、母亲外出(以下简称仅母外出)的留守儿童。主导观念认为这是“养不教,父之过”的反映,但基于后天形塑论的理论视角不能在实证层面完整解释此现象。基于经验观察,结合基因社会学的理论逻辑,认为这一现象应是此类留守儿童在健康状况、认知能力、非认知能力三类个体特质上的先天性不足导致的。本文通过逐步线性回归分析中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)基线数据检验三类特质对学习成绩是否有独立影响,进一步通过固定效应模型(FEM)分析CEPS两期追踪数据,尽可能消除在估计先天与后天影响时可能存在的内生性偏误,对理论判断进行交叉检验。实证结果表明:仅母外出类留守儿童不仅健康状况(患先天性特征更强的慢性疾病数)最差,且认知能力水平、非认知能力水平(尽责性)最低,共同导致其成绩最差;认知能力与父母的教养和教育参与无显著关联,非认知能力少部分受到父母教养和教育参与的影响,认知能力对学习成绩的影响远大于非认知能力,此类留守儿童成绩最差的主因并非“养不教、父之过”,而应是先天遗传性的不足。由于父母后天努力对此作用有限,这类儿童的境况亟待社会各界的重点关注和特别帮扶。     

父母外出务工对留守儿童健康与教育的影响北大核心CSSCI

伴随中国流动人口的日益增多,由于父母外出务工而导致的留守儿童规模不断扩大,城乡留守儿童的健康与教育水平受到一定程度的影响。文章运用中国营养与健康调查(CHNS)1997~2011年六轮家庭数据,研究了父母外出务工对留守儿童健康和受教育情况的影响,并进一步分析了该影响的城乡差异。为解决内生性问题,文章运用工具变量法构建了内生处理效应模型。主要结论为:父母外出务工对留守儿童的受教育情况造成显著负面影响,尤以农村儿童突出;对儿童身高产生显著负面影响,尤以城市儿童突出;对儿童体重产生显著改善作用,超重减少,尤以农村儿童突出;对儿童过去四周内的患病没有显著影响;这些影响也因儿童年龄群体的不同而有所差异。     

父母外出务工对农村留守儿童心理健康的影响研究北大核心CSSCI

留守儿童心理健康问题引起了社会和学界的广泛关注。由于选择性偏差和测度方法的差异,父母外出务工与留守儿童心理健康的因果联系在当前没有得到充分的论证。为此,文章基于2017年湖北省农村留守儿童健康调查数据,运用反事实方法,从父母缺席的理论视角分析了父母外出务工对农村留守儿童心理健康的影响,并深入探讨了父母外出务工对留守儿童社交心理维度的作用机制。研究发现,留守儿童总体心理健康水平与非留守儿童相比没有显著差异。但在社交心理维度上,父母外出务工会使留守儿童出现自我孤独感和社交回避的概率分别提高10.63%、10.96%。与父亲相比,母亲外出务工更容易使留守儿童产生自我孤独感。留守儿童年龄越小,产生自我孤独感的概率越高。随着年龄的增长,留守儿童更容易产生社交回避。因此,应高度重视留守儿童各阶段的心理状况并给予疏导和帮助。     

留守儿童自我意识评价及影响因素研究——以江苏省阜宁县为例

基于抽样调查数据．本文对农村留守儿童自我意识评价状况及影响因素进行研究。结果表明：留守儿童自我意识评价正常的比例为46．7％,评价偏低或偏高的比例分别为25．6％和27．7％;留守儿童与非留守儿童的自我意识评价没有显著差异,但留守儿童的焦虑感显著高于非留守儿童,幸福与满足感显著低于非留守儿童;留守儿童所在年级、学习成绩、父母文化程度、父母与孩子交流情况、班主任老师的关心程度对其自我意识评价状况有显著影响。针对研究结果,从家长、学校和社会三个不同层面提出了相应的对策建议。     

劣势处境对农村儿童身体健康的影响——基于社会支持和饮食摄入视角的分析北大核心CSSCI

相比于和父母居住在一起的农村儿童,农村留守儿童、回流儿童处于更加不利的社会结构和环境之中。在这种环境下,劣势处境儿童所接受的社会支持来源主体和数量具有差异性,所形成的饮食习惯也有所不同,从而对他们的身体健康产生差异性的影响。文章从社会支持和饮食摄入视角入手,使用多重链式中介效应模型,分析处于劣势处境对农村儿童身体健康的影响。通过对陕西省以及四川省农村儿童调查数据的分析发现:处于劣势的农村儿童其社会支持状况明显劣于农村其他儿童;在家庭支持功能缺失的情况下,同伴是劣势处境儿童获得社会支持的主要途径,同伴影响作为劣势处境对农村儿童身体健康影响的中介效应显著;饮食习惯的中介效应同样显著,但是饮食习惯作用于留守儿童、回流儿童身体健康的途径具有差异性。城市生活经历以及较好的经济条件导致回流儿童形成了比农村其他儿童更为健康的饮食习惯,这是回流儿童区别于农村其他儿童的重要特征;家庭支持对处于劣势的农村儿童及其健康产生影响的内部机制存在差异,父母亲对留守儿童、回流儿童健康的影响路径具有差异性。干预农村劣势处境儿童身体健康发展需要从不同社会主体出发,根据不同影响机制和渠道制定具有针对性的政策。     

农村成年子女外出务工对留守父母健康的影响研究

本文利用中国健康与营养调查(China Health and Nutrition Survey)1997-2015年数据,采用倾向值匹配分析方法(Propensity Score Matching)评估农村地区成年子女外出务工对留守家乡父母的健康造成的影响。研究发现相对于没有成年子女外出务工的对照组,农村成年子女外出务工会使留守父母过去四周患病的概率显著增加2.7%,65岁及以上的留守父母IADL受损概率显著增加6.1%。这种负面影响也显著地体现在对留守父母心理健康的影响上。研究发现留守父母的生活满意程度显著低于非留守父母。在此基础上,文章进一步从性别差异角度进行分析,研究发现子女外出务工对留守父亲的身心健康产生的负面影响比母亲更大;和女儿相比,儿子外出务工对留守父母身心健康的负面影响更大。文章的研究结果表明,在我国实现"健康老龄化"的道路上,农村地区留守父母的健康状况令人担忧。因此,政府部门应出台支持家庭老年照料的政策,加强对农村地区社区和机构照料的投入,减少子女外出务工引发照料缺失给父母健康带来的负面影响。     

农村中小学教师对留守儿童的认知

留守儿童能否得到优质的学校教育,与教师的认知与态度是分不开的。本次调查发现,绝大多数农村中小学教师认为留守儿童与非留守儿童之间存在较大的差异,父母外出后,给孩子成长带了较大的负面影响。因绝大多数农村中小学教师主要是根据他们日常生活中与留守儿童的接触,从而形成对其的总体印象,因此,我们可以认为,农村中小学教师对留守儿童的总体评价与判断是比较可靠的。同时,调查也发现农村基层教育系统尤其是处在农村教育第一线的教师对留守儿童教育问题比较重视,但要警惕将留守儿童＂标签化＂的危险。     

留守经历对农村儿童非认知能力发展的影响效应与作用机理

本文利用CEPS基线调查数据,采用泛精准匹配模型(CEM),考察了留守经历对农村儿童非认知能力的影响效应,构建中介效应模型,考察父母时间投入和家庭教育投入的中介作用,并基于倾向得分匹配法(PSM)进行了异质性分析。研究发现:留守经历显著降低了农村儿童的宜人性和情绪稳定性,对农村女童、独自留守儿童的负效应更大,寄宿制和同伴支持一定程度上弱化了留守的负效应。此外,农村留守儿童并未获得较多的家庭教育投入,且家庭教育投入对非认知能力发展的作用不显著,留守经历完全通过减少父母时间投入,负向作用于农村儿童非认知能力。构建减少“留守”的制度体系和有利于我国农村留守儿童全面发展的社会支持体系,以最大化消除留守的不利影响。     

亲子分离对留守儿童的影响——基于亲子分离具体化的实证研究

针对既有留守儿童研究把留守儿童作为一个整体,忽视留守儿童内部可能存在的差异性特征,本研究从分离的形式、时间、空间、时机等多个维度来还原具体的亲子分离模式,并藉此考察不同模式的亲子分离在劳动负担、自闭倾向、厌学情绪、学习成绩和主观幸福感五个方面对留守儿童造成的影响。结果发现,在上述五个方面,不同模式的亲子分离对留守儿童所产生的影响呈现出差异。特别是,这种影响具有显著的性别效应,与母亲分离显著影响儿童的自闭倾向、幸福感等主观方面,与父亲分离对儿童的学业表现具有一定的影响。这些论点深化了目前有关留守儿童问题的研究,对农民工的家庭决策具有重要的参考价值。     

流动儿童家庭教育期望的影响因素探析——基于北京市某区的问卷调查

利用"人口迁移与儿童发展的跟踪研究"基期数据,本文讨论了流动儿童家长对其子女的教育期望及影响因素,旨在回答流动儿童家长的教育期望是否存在差异,以及家长的个人生活经历与社会态度是否会影响到家长的教育期望这两个问题。结果发现,希望子女能够接受更高层次的教育仍然是中国社会较为普遍的现象;就读于不同学校儿童的家长,其教育期望的确存在差异,但这与家庭的经济条件无关;儿童的学习成绩、家长的受教育程度、家长对家庭教育的重视程度、对学历重要性的认识程度等家庭的文化背景及家长的社会态度乃是影响家长教育期望的主要因素;并且,父亲和母亲对子女的教育期望是不同的。但教育选择(就读何种类型的学校)与教育期望之间的因果关系等问题尚需进一步讨论。     

人口流动与儿童心理健康的异质性

利用中国家庭动态调查（ CFPS）2012年数据,以儿童问卷中心理健康量表的测量结果为因变量,以反事实因果推论框架为基础,利用倾向得分匹配方法和异质性效应模型,探讨了人口流动对儿童心理健康的异质性影响作用。分析结果表明,儿童自身的流动会改善部分儿童的心理健康,但并不适用于全部儿童;越不可能流动的儿童,如果他们流动以后,其心理健康改善的幅度也越大;而父母亲的流动在某种意义上并不会影响留守儿童的心理健康。这些结果反映了人口流动的异质性影响作用。     

Childbearing and family in remarriage

Proportional hazards models are used to test hypotheses about the effect of women’s prior childbearing on the probability of having a birth in remarriage and to analyze the effects of other factors. Results indicate that the number of children at the time of remarriage has no effect on childbearing probabilities, but the age of the youngest child has a significant effect. These findings support the view that having a child is important to confirm the marriage, but that individual and family life course factors also affect the decision to have a child in a remarriage.     

中国农村人口结构与居民消费研究

本文运用生命周期模型、家庭储蓄需求模型和家庭生育决策理论等分析了人口结构变化对居民消费的影响渠道,并利用2001～2009年中国农村省际面板数据对人口年龄结构、性别结构与居民消费的关系进行了经验分析。研究表明,农村少儿抚养比与农村居民消费率显著负相关,农村老年抚养比与农村居民消费率显著正相关,而农村人口性别比系数的稳健性较差。     

Neighborhood Characteristics,Parenting, and Children’s Safety

Recent studies highlight the importance of neighborhood context for child and family well-being. Yet challenges to research on neighborhood effects remain; research on young children is sparse, as is research on neighborhood effects on parenting. Measurement also continues to challenge researchers, particularly in devising non-invasive means of gauging neighborhood characteristics. The present study seeks to address these issues by using data from a newly developed observational measure of neighborhood characteristics to examine parent reports of the safety of neighborhood children in the home and self-reports of parenting. The results showed that neighborhood characteristics accounted for 23% of the variance in parent perceptions of children's safety in the home, with neighborhood physical appearance strongly predicting children's safety. Neighborhood effects on self-reported parenting were more modest, accounting for just 6% of the variance in parents' reports of nurturing interactions with their children; vigilance for the safety of the neighborhood was a significant predictor. The study has implications for observational measurement of neighborhood effects and for policy and program practices to improve child and family well-being through neighborhood change.     

Sequential Neighborhood Effects: The Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Concentrated Disadvantage on Children’s Reading and Math Test Scores

Prior research has suggested that children living in a disadvantaged neighborhood have lower achievement test scores, but these studies typically have not estimated causal effects that account for neighborhood choice. Recent studies used propensity score methods to account for the endogeneity of neighborhood exposures, comparing disadvantaged and nondisadvantaged neighborhoods. We develop an alternative propensity function approach in which cumulative neighborhood effects are modeled as a continuous treatment variable. This approach offers several advantages. We use our approach to examine the cumulative effects of neighborhood disadvantage on reading and math test scores in Los Angeles. Our substantive results indicate that recency of exposure to disadvantaged neighborhoods may be more important than average exposure for children’s test scores. We conclude that studies of child development should consider both average cumulative neighborhood exposure and the timing of this exposure.     

The Receipt of Subsidized Housing across Generations

In this paper, I ask whether children who grow up in subsidized housing return to the program as adults. I use the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (IPTW) to compare children who grew up in subsidized housing to those who did not but lived in households eligible to receive the subsidy. I find that children who grew up in subsidized housing have small albeit statistically significant probabilities of returning to subsidized housing as adults.     

Cheaper by the dozen? The marginal time costs of children in the Philippines

The important relationship between fertility rates and economic development has prompted many researchers to try and better understand the determinants of family size. It has repeatedly been shown that the costs of children, both direct and indirect, are one of the most important determinants of fertility, exerting a significantly negative effect on birth rates in both developed and developing countries. Many studies which investigate the relationship between the costs of children and family size have assumed that these costs do not vary with parity. However, there is substantial evidence that the marginal costs of children are not constant but decrease with birth order in developed countries. In this paper, the hypothesis that there are diminishing marginal time costs of children is tested using household data from the developing country setting of the Philippines. By examining the determinants of additional time spent in childcare before and after the birth of a child, it is found that the marginal time costs are not the same across households of various sizes. Firstborn children cost significantly more in terms of additional mother's time than children of higher birth orders. In addition, the time costs of the second child are found to be significantly greater than those of the third child. However, these economies of scale in childcare are limited and do not extend beyond three children. The effect of birth spacing on the marginal time costs of children is also found to be significant.     

One or two parents? Half or step siblings? The effect of family structure on young children's achievement

Do children who live with both biological parents fare better than children in other types of family structures? Does the presence of step or half-siblings affect child well-being? This study examines the effect of family structure on young children's achievement addressing two sources of potential bias: (1) misclassification of blended families and (2) the omission of within-family and individual time-invariant unobserved characteristics. The results show that family structure, when defined using traditional classifications, has little effect on young children's achievement test scores. When the definition of family type is expanded, living in a blended family and living in some types of single mother families, appears to have a small, unfavorable relationship with children's achievement.     

<Emphasis Type="Bold">Neighborhoods,Schools, and Academic Achievement: A Formal Mediation Analysis of Contextual Effects on Reading and Mathematics Abilities</Emphasis>

Although evidence indicates that neighborhoods affect educational outcomes, relatively little research has explored the mechanisms thought to mediate these effects. This study investigates whether school poverty mediates the effect of neighborhood context on academic achievement. Specifically, it uses longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, counterfactual methods, and a value-added modeling strategy to estimate the total, natural direct, and natural indirect effects of exposure to an advantaged rather than disadvantaged neighborhood on reading and mathematics abilities during childhood and adolescence. Contrary to expectations, results indicate that school poverty is not a significant mediator of neighborhood effects during either developmental period. Although moving from a disadvantaged neighborhood to an advantaged neighborhood is estimated to substantially reduce subsequent exposure to school poverty and improve academic achievement, school poverty does not play an important mediating role because even the large differences in school composition linked to differences in neighborhood context appear to have no appreciable effect on achievement. An extensive battery of sensitivity analyses indicates that these results are highly robust to unobserved confounding, alternative model specifications, alternative measures of school context, and measurement error, which suggests that neighborhood effects on academic achievement are largely due to mediating factors unrelated to school poverty.