我国城乡居民生育意愿调查研究综述:2000-2008

通过对2000~2008年国内有关生育意愿的调查资料和研究文献分析,对我国城乡居民的生育意愿现状、差异及变化特征进行概括。城乡居民意愿生育子女数的差异逐渐缩小,但意愿生育性别的差异仍然显著;城市青年的生育意愿渐趋一致,独生子女与非独生子女的生育意愿差异不显著;外出流动对生育意愿与生育行为的影响较大,无论是生育意愿,还是生育行为,外出流动人口都更接近于目的地城市人口;生育年龄呈继续后移趋势;生育成本增高已成为生育意愿下降的主要原因。     

城镇外来农村流动人口的生育观念与行为分析--来自深圳调查的发现

本文利用2005年西安交通大学人口与发展研究所深圳外来农村流动人口调查数据,定量分析了流动前后城镇外来农村流动人口生育观念与行为的现状及其变化;并利用调查所得到的城镇户籍人口生育观念信息,比较分析了城镇外来农村流动人口与户籍人口生育观念的差异。研究表明,流动后农村流动人口的期望子女数减少,生育数量偏好与城镇户籍人口无显著差异;理想子女性别偏好观念有所弱化,但仍强于城镇户籍人口;农村流动人口初育年龄推迟,初育间隔缩短,一胎与二胎生育间隔延长,但仍具有较强的男孩偏好特征,男孩偏好行为的改变滞后于观念的变化。     

流动人口户籍迁移意愿的分层模型研究

将2016年中国流动人口动态监测调查数据和城市特征数据进行匹配,使用非线性分层模型分析了流动人口户籍迁移意愿的影响因素。结果表明,流动人口的个人基本特征、经济状况、流动特征对户籍迁移意愿存在单独的影响,流入城市特征不存在对流动人口户籍迁移意愿的直接影响,但通过流动人口个人层面特征跨层交互作用于流动人口的户籍迁移意愿。有子女随迁和在流入地居留时间越长的流动人口户籍迁移意愿越强,流入地的教育公共服务质量越好越会强化这种倾向;已在流入地购房、受教育程度越高、女性流动人口的户籍迁移意愿更高,流入地的人口规模越大越会加强这种作用。     

配偶随迁降低了流动人口生育意愿吗?

生育意愿是夫妻双方对生育行为的共同意向且夫妻双方相互影响。人口流动容易导致夫妻分居两地,那么流动人口的配偶随迁情况对其生育意愿会产生什么影响?本文使用二维交叉表和排序选择模型估计方法,利用2014年全国流动人口动态监测调查数据分析配偶随迁对流动人口生育意愿的影响。结果表明在"单独二孩"政策下,约21.5%的单独夫妇流动人口明确表示会再生育一个孩子,说明他们的生育意愿并不强烈,而且更倾向于选择在未来较远时间进行生育。配偶随迁显著地弱化了流动人口生育意愿,与配偶未随迁的流动人口相比,配偶随迁的流动人口想再要一个孩子的对数发生比降低0.135个单位,说明尽管夫妻一同流动会提高生育可行性,但由于流动人口夫妇一起进入新的环境中,生育观念发生显著变化,生育成本也大幅提高,最终降低了流动人口的生育意愿。对于明确有再生育意愿的流动人口,配偶随迁也会推迟再生育时间。另外,流动人口男孩偏好对其生育意愿及生育时间具有显著影响,当流动人口家庭仅拥有男孩时,他们更偏向于选择不再生育孩子,即使愿意再生育一个孩子,也更倾向于在未来较远的时间生育,存在明显的生育时间的推迟效应。总体而言,伴随着人口流动家庭化趋势,流动人口生育意愿存在弱化效应,生育时间存在推迟效应。     

流动人口对当前生育水平的影响

改革开放以来我国人口流动大潮形成了社会变革与城乡变迁中最令人瞩目的人口现象,但是在生育率研究方面,人口流动的影响到底如何仍然并不十分清楚。本文根据2005年全国1%人口抽样调查的样本数据,对流动人口进行了识别,并通过计算和比较流动人口与非流动人口在生育率水平与孩次和年龄模式方面以及户籍性质方面的差别,表明人口流动极为显著地降低了农业户籍人口的生育水平,并进而在全国层面产生了降低生育率的显著影响。因此,流动人口不仅对推动经济社会发展有巨大贡献,而且还在降低生育率方面发挥了重要作用。我们应当破除流动人口就是超生游击队的陈旧观念,并认识到人口流动实际上是生育率降低的有力促进因素之一。     

流动人口的生育意愿与生育行为差异研究

文章利用中国人民大学人口与发展研究中心于2009年在北京朝阳区、广东东莞市和浙江诸暨市组织进行的流动人口调查数据,分析了流动人口的生育意愿与生育行为之间的关系。研究发现,流动人口中既存在生育意愿与生育行为悖离的一面又有一致的一面,在4个维度上均有所表现,在时间、间隔和性别上二者更多的表现为悖离,在数量上更多的表现为一致。研究还发现,年龄、初婚年龄、初育年龄、受教育程度、职业角色、已有孩子的性别结构等对生育意愿与生育行为的悖离有显著影响。     

昆明市部分女性流动人口生育意愿和避孕状况调查

近年来对流动人口计划生育问题的研究逐渐增多，但大多数研究侧重于对流动人口计划生育的管理，对其生育意愿和避孕状况的研究还鲜见报道。了解流动人口生育意愿和避孕状况能为有关部门制定切实有效的管理服务措施提供科学依据。为此，我们对昆明市的部分流动人口进行了上述问题的调查。一、调查对象与方法调查对象为户口不在昆明市两城区但在两城区做生意、打工等的流动人口妇女，包括已婚和未婚两种人群。对未婚者只调查生育意愿，对已婚者除调查生育意愿外还调查其避孕状况。具体方法是由受过统一培训的女性调查员深入到流动人口聚居区向…     

中国生育水平的空间与社会趋同研究——基于“五普”和“六普”微观数据的比较分析

本研究以2010年中国第六次人口普查微观数据为基础,采用35岁妇女平均曾生子女数作为终生生育率的估计指标对当前中国的生育水平进行分析。研究发现,当前中国妇女的终生生育率为1.52,通过教育部9岁学龄儿童人数估算的妇女终生生育率也介于1.5¹.6之间,因此,当前中国已经处于低生育水平国家行列。不同省(自治区、直辖市)、民族、文化教育程度、职业、城乡、农业户籍和非农业户籍、流动人口与户籍人口的生育水平有趋同的发展态势。     

中国妇女生育水平变动考证和未来人口发展的策略选择

1990年以来各类人口调查和相关学者的研究结果显示,目前的低生育水平的实现有外在政策强力的作用,更有中国社会经济发展内生化的作用;真实的生育水平既不是调查包括人口普查所显示的那样低(低于1.5),也不是有关部门和政府所想象的那样高。调查显示农村居民平均生育意愿不会高于2个孩子,这是生育率持续稳定的根本。众所周知,为了保证人口稳定持续的发展,应使妇女生育率保持更替水平或至少接近更替水平。从人口发展规律和人口发展与社会经济发展相适应的规律出发,结合当前我国居民生育意愿和生育水平走低的实际,我们应该抓住生育政策调整的最佳时期,调整应该在最佳时期即未来5-10年内完成。     

中国低生育水平下的生育意愿与生育行为差异研究

在国家实行全面两孩政策背景下,认清生育意愿与生育行为的差异,是把握中国未来人口形势变化的关键。文章利用2010年以来的四次全国性抽样调查原始数据,对中国育龄人群的生育意愿与生育行为的差异及影响因素进行分析。研究发现:中国目前意愿生育水平在1.82~1.88的区间范围内,其点估计值在1.86左右,已显著低于更替水平;越年轻的出生队列其生育意愿越低,中国未来的意愿生育水平可能会继续降低;育龄人群的意愿生育水平要显著高于其终身生育水平,且二者差异随年龄的减小呈递增趋势,中国未来生育水平存在进一步下降的可能性;没有生育政策限制下的终身生育水平仅为1.68,这可以作为生育政策调整对中国生育水平影响的上限。生育政策对当前育龄人群生育意愿与生育水平差异的贡献度在33%左右,全面两孩政策对中国生育水平的提升作用有限。     

中国超大城市常住外来和常住户籍人口居住－就业的空间错位--基于北京、上海和广州的实证

以北京、上海、广州作为中国超大城市的代表,探讨中国超大城市常住外来和常住户籍人口居住－就业空间错位的差异及其影响因素。总体而言,常住外来人口的居住－就业空间错位要高于常住户籍人口,且不同户籍属性人口的错位形态存在差异。分行业来看,公共管理和社会组织等公共服务业常住外来人口居住－就业空间错位程度相对较高,而制造业、居民服务和其他服务业常住户籍人口居住－就业空间错位程度相对较高。由计量分析发现,住房价格水平、就业集聚规模、高端产业比重和地区地方财政支出对不同户籍属性人口就业－居住空间分布差异均产生相似的影响;而租赁户数比重和低端产业比重对不同户籍属性人口的就业－居住空间分布则产生差异性的影响。     

Poverty in the Philippines: the impact of family size

The people of Asia are beginning to realize that lower fertility translates into increased family wealth and educational attainment. This is the message that population and development efforts have been focusing on. In the Philippines, the goal is to lower fertility with a strategy based on the assumption that increased capacity of the economy will support a growing population at a higher standard of living. In the Philippines, over 33% of the households have 7 or more family members, while 20% of urban and 27% of rural households have 4 or more. The risk of poverty associated with increased number of children are 44-50% for 1 child and 60-78% for those with 5. Households spend up to 10% of their total income to raise 1 child, 18% for 2, and 26% for 4 children. Because many families lack the resources to raise children the per child share drops dramatically with each child, a household with 4 children spends 25% less per child than does 1 with 2 children. Occupation also affects income as the highest poverty rates are among heads of household who are: laborers (60%) and agricultural workers (73%). The best solution is an integrated approach with increases in family planning, education, and agricultural reform.     

China's population policy successful

Survey data collected in 1985 from birth histories of women in 2 provinces, Shaanxi and Hebei, and 1 city, Shanghai, show remarkable success for China's population policy. The total fertility rate fell from 1.9 to 1.1 in Shanghai, and from 5.0 and 4.6 to 2.5 and 2.2 in the provinces in the last 15 years. The infant mortality rate fell 73% in Shanghai and 50 and 59% in the provinces during the period. The proportion of babies delivered in hospitals or clinics rose; the proportion of those delivered by health professionals increased; the proportion of prenatal check-ups rose; and the immunization rate increased 49 to 96%. The mean birth weights of newborns was 3350, 3250 and 3150g in these provinces and in Shanghai. Length of lactation stood at 20.2 and 20.4 months in the provinces with no decline. Lactation lasted mean 12.4 months in Shanghai, a decline of 3 months in 10 years. Women interviewed expressed a desire for 2 or fewer children: proportionally more wanted only 1 child at younger ages. Most stated that their reasons were to curb population growth, although 10-20% believed that small families protect maternal and child health. These data show that broad masses of rural and urban residents support the government's population policy.     

流动人口的生育意愿及其变迁——以广州市流动人口为例

根据“广州市流动人口的调查问卷”数据,采用定量分析方法,阐述了流动人口的生育意愿现状,包括意愿子女数、意愿性别偏好、意愿生育时间及其在年龄、性别、婚姻状况的差异。在此基础上,探讨流动人口生育意愿的变迁,揭示出生育意愿的变迁主要取决于与城市文明的融入程度及变迁方向。     

Characteristics of the statute of China's population census in 1982]

China's 1982 census is described. The purpose was to contribute to the modernization of socialism. It was based on current conditions in China and conducted under government supervision using the international experience of the US, Canada, the Philippines, and Japan and with UN assistance for census sampling methods and computer data processing techniques. The census was taken with a strong emphasis on procedural quality control. Its target was Chinese citizens living in China and its territories; each individual was to be registered in his own domicile. The 1982 census listed 19 category items, over twice as many as the 1953 and 1964 censuses. Added to the basic information items of name, relationship to head of household, sex, age, ethnic origin, and education, were new items including employment, marital status, total number of births, number of children still living, and number of births, deaths and age at death in the previous year. The new categories instituted progressive approaches such as recording children of unwed mothers; and in education, recognizing experience level of older workers having little formal education but considerable practical expertise, including temporary employees in employment categories. Major difficulties were encountered in the data collection process: wide differences in education level among residents of the various geographical locations; registration of permanent residents using the household registration; registration of the transient population and people living on boats; determining employment classifications; and rendering the data suitable for data processing. However, the census was performed scientifically; census-takers interviewed each family and individual, and data was meticulously collected, calculated, and processed twice.     

We must pay attention to the difference between the original intention and the current status of family planning]

Due to imperfections in the current family planning (FP) policy, and the differences un program implementation in urban and rural areas, the fertility of the urban population with higher IQ scores is under control but this is not the case for the rural population. Among rural couples, one child is rare and two or three are commonplace, while in cities over 70% of couples are having one child. In the metropolitan cities, this figure is about 90%. In the rural areas, provision of education is a serious problem because of insufficient resources, a lack of qualified teachers and inadequate facilities. At the present, at least 3 million school age children in rural areas can not go to primary school. Besides there is a big contrast in FP practice between Han nationality and minorities. Population growth is basically under control among the more advanced Han nationally but not among the less advances minority nationalities. This growth rate among the minority population was about 50.27/1000 in the past five years, which is alarming. Furthermore, the couples given opportunity to have a second child are often those whose first child had birth defects or is mentally retarded, whereas couples with a normal child can have only one child. This has become a vicious circle, since subsequent children are more likely to have the same birth defects. It was discovered from a 1983-85 survey that the prevalence of birth defects was 12.8/1000. The current situation is that the fertility of urban, educated, and healthy people is restricted while the less educated, those living in less developed areas, and those with health defects are having more children. The outcome of this situation is the decline of national population quality, which greatly deviates from the original intention of the FP.     

对解放后我国居民生育意愿变化情况的历史考察

生育意愿是人口学和社会学领域的一个重要研究话题,其转变受社会经济发展水平的影响,是生育率下降和人口转变的前提条件。本文运用历史考察和文献分析的方法。主要从生育目的、意愿生育子女数和恚愚生育性别三个雏度来探讨我国居民生育意愿的变化情况,摸索其中的变化规律,进而提出国家和政府应针对不同地区和不同人群。制定相应的、灵活而更具可操作性的计划生育政策,使生育政策在调节生育率水平的同时兼顾人们的生育意愿。     

北京市流动儿童少年状况分析

本文根据北京市 1997年外来人口普查等资料对北京市流动儿童少年人口的基本状况 ,从人口规模、生活的户类型、外来人口最关心和希望解决的问题、北京市有关学校收费过高是造成 6至15岁流动儿童少年“未上学”的首要原因、在京滞留时间状况、流动儿童少年的童工状况等进行了分析和概括 ,由此希望引起社会各界对流动儿童少年的广泛关注