加拿大社会工作的发展、现状及挑战简

加拿大是拥有良好社会福利制度的西方发达国家,其社会工作源自慈善服务和社会改革运动,经历了从志愿形式为主的社会救济向专业化社会福利服务的转变。加拿大社会工作在社会保障体系、管理体制,社会工作职业门槛和社会地位,以及服务专业化和多样化等方面都具有其特点。在加拿大,社会工作实务既面向个人之间的专业服务,也为政府和社会机构提供服务,从儿童青少年和老年、残疾人和妇女利益保护,到原住民、移民及少数族裔社会工作等都具有鲜明的本土特色。目前,系统化社会服务已经覆盖加拿大社会各领域,社会工作成为被社会认同和广泛接受的专项职业。加拿大已建立了包括专业、继续教育和职业培训以及专门教育管理和认证制度在内的完整社会工作教育和培训体系。当然,加拿大社会工作也面临着来自内外部的压力、争议和挑战,这些都促使其在变革中寻求平衡以及进一步发展。借鉴加拿大社会工作的经验和做法,可以为建立符合中国国情的社会工作体系提供有益的启示和参考。     

袁方教授的社会工作教育思想与学科建设实践

袁方教授是我国社会工作专业恢复重建的领军人物,是中国社会工作教育协会创会会长。他有深邃的社会工作教育思想,他认为社会工作是以社会学为理论基础,以社会福利和社会保障制度为依托、面对困难群体需要的专业社会工作。社会学是社会工作的宏观视野,社会福利和社会保障制度是开展社会工作的制度依托,专业社会工作是切实达致解决困难群体问题的手段。他认为社会工作应该走专业之路,社会工作教育要与实际部门密切结合。他的思想在社会工作专业恢复重建中发挥了指引方向的重要作用。     

日本的社会工作

社会工作的作用及功能直接服务在日本 ,社会工作专业技能广泛应用于对于有问题的个人或家庭的个案处理社会工作。在这种个案社会工作中 ,主持公益服务的社区服务职员与那些受益人（接受服务者）共同寻求解决问题的方法。诸如福利部、儿童指导中心以及医院等公共设施机构都开始着手社会个案工作。日本的公共社会救济制度是由经济上的资助和提供专业意见来帮助当事人达到独立和自助两方面组成。这种制度要求社会工作者有责任定期探访受救助人员 ,并提供咨询与指导。经济上的救助和个案社会工作的结合引发了一些批评意见 ,但这种结合使日本社会…     

社会工作专业人才培养模式本土化建设的理念与实践——以沈阳化工大学为例

进一步加强和完善我国高校社会工作专业人才培养模式的本土化建设,是目前高校社会工作专业建设的重要任务之一,是高质量全面提高高校社会工作专业教育教学水平的有效途径,是进一步加强和完善我国社会建设、提高社会管理科学化水平的重要基础。我们认为做好我国高校社会工作专业人才培养模式本土化建设工作的基本前提是思路清晰、认识到位,坚实基础是选好模式、凝炼特色,关键环节是师资培训、实务建设。     

社会管理背景下拓展社会工作专业方向的思考——基于重庆科技学院2011级社会工作人才培养方案改革实践

目前我国社会工作专业教育在不断探索中发展,但到目前都还不能确定地说中国的社会工作专业教育有了确定的方向。专业社会工作是嵌入在一定的社会、经济、文化和政治体制之中的,社会工作专业人才培养也必须紧密结合一国的政治、文化和社会管理体制及发展变化。根据我国加强和创新社会管理体制改革要求,文章首先分析社会工作与社会管理的关系,两者在理念、方法及内容上都有着密切联系。然后在重庆科技学院2011级社会工作人才培养方案研制过程中,将社会工作纳入中国特色社会主义和谐社会建设的管理与服务工作这个范畴。所以,社会工作专业人才培养模式在大社工理念下,可以尝试建立两个专业方向:社会管理方向和社会服务方向。     

德国儿童与青少年专业工作的法律体系

社会工作职业化发展的先决条件之一是社会工作立法。从德国社会工作职业化进程来看,德国社会工作立法为促进社会工作职业化提供了先决性的法律依据。本文以德国为例,阐释"儿童与青少年专业工作"的法律体系、思想特征和主要任务。尤其是《社会法典》第八部/《儿童与青少年专业工作法》的主要任务体现于两方面:面向儿童青少年自身的工作和面向其所处社会生态环境的工作,而支持和协助家庭是所有工作的重心。该法典的社会教育学思想、对儿童青少年"成长发展""教育"的科学理解、面向个体与环境工作的双重视角以及以预防为主、兼顾干预的原则,为中国在儿童青少年和家庭工作领域的社会工作立法提供了宝贵的思考框架。     

从应然到实然的追求:少年司法视野下的社会调查制度——以审查起诉阶段为视角

新修订的刑事诉讼法增加的未成年人刑事案件诉讼程序无疑反映了中国构建独立的少年司法制度的倾向。作为未成年人案件不可或缺的社会调查制度应弃旧扬新,从少年司法理念中获得正当化基础。检察机关在审查起诉中要以此为指导构建细致的社会调查制度,并探索建立其适用规则,为包括附条件不起诉在内的未成人年转处提供参考和借鉴。     

研究、服务、训练:民国时期高校社会工作专业人才培养机制的构建——以燕京大学、金陵大学为例

社会工作本土化自社会工作引进我国以来都是一个重点研究的课题,社会工作的发展或者本土化离不开人才的培养与建设,如何培养一批具有本土化社会工作特色的社会工作人才队伍,也许可以从民国时期高校社会工作专业人才培养机制中找到些许借鉴.民国时期高校如燕京大学、金陵大学着力从社会调查研究、社会服务模式与实习训练三方面探索构建"研究、服务、训练"三位一体的社会工作专业人才培养机制.这一培养机制对今天社会工作专业人才的培养有着重要的启示:明确培养目标,强化社会工作专业认同感;加强师资建设,健全社会工作专业教育层次;依托政府,多渠道开展高校社会工作人才的实习训练.     

农村社会工作：高等农业院校社会工作专业发展特色定位

目前中国的农村,生活着社会中最大量的弱势群体——农民,发生着当前中国最严重的社会问题——"三农"问题,农村应该成为中国社会工作的重心之一。高等农业院校社会工作专业将专业发展特色定位为农村社会工作,把自身打造成农村社会工作专业人才培养的摇篮,不仅是必要的,而且是可能的。农村社会工作这一专业发展特色的培育,需从专业价值教育、课程体系建构、教师队伍建设、实践平台搭建和制度建设等方面协同推进。     

结合案例分析游戏在儿童社会工作个案辅导中的运用

游戏是儿童表达想法和感受的重要媒介,在儿童的成长生活中占据着非常重要的地位。社会工作实务辅导有必要重视游戏对儿童的意义,将之融合进实务辅导之中。但目前我国社会工作专业领域中尚缺乏相关的理论和实践经验。本文结合自身实务经验,提出专业社工可在三个层面借鉴西方儿童游戏治疗理论的经验,指导个案辅导中的游戏运用,以期可以促进儿童个案社会工作实务的新发展。     

论社会创新

社会创新是当代以知识为基础的全球社会发展和我国新型社会转型时期社会变迁的主导形式 ,它同技术创新相互结合 ,共同满足着当代社会发展的全面需要和构成社会可持续发展的综合动力基础。社会创新研究是对于中国现代化具有重大理论与现实意义的前沿型课题 ,应纳入多学科的研究视野 ,并在探索中使之学科化和使学科创新化     

Social work is beautiful On the characteristics of social work

Social work is frequently described as a problem-solving activity. Social workers are expected to identify social problems, thoroughly investigate them and take proper measures to solve them. Superficially, this kind of definition is unassailable and harmless (and, of course, partly valid), but in a deeper sense it denies us access to important concepts, perspectives and, hence, possibilities of interpretation, regarding the activity we call social work. Following this line of thought, there is a blind spot in the self-understanding of social work. This article outlines an alternative perspective on social work emphasizing making visible new possibilities of interpretation and action rather than solving problems. In connection with a recently reported research project, Organization and Human Change in Social Work, specific features of social work are suggested and discussed. The aim is to contribute to the development of a theoretical identity of social work, based on its own specific characteristics.     

Dilemmas in the daily work of social insurance officers

Social insurance officers, through their work with rehabilitation, have become an important part of the welfare state. The aim of this study was to explore the nature of the dilemmas they experience in their daily work using the critical incident technique. Dilemmas reported concerned 1) cooperation with other agents in the rehabilitation process, 2) internal social insurance routines and 3) direct client management. Consequences of dilemmas were delayed handling, extra work, emotional strain and ethical conflicts. The dilemmas were handled through continued rehabilitation, coordination measures and decision-making. The findings showed the division of medical investigation and benefit decision in two authorities, the lack of education in behavioral sciences among the officers and divergent goals in different authorities. Further studies are needed on the rehabilitation process as well as the daily practice of social insurance officers.     

Modernizing social security: Changing responsibilities and individual choice

Social security needs to be reformed to make it sustainable. We argue that it is necessary to consider not only system characteristics (such as the level and duration of benefits, insured population), but also the division of responsibilities. Social security is not solely a state matter; firms, trade unions, industrial sectors and the individual play a role as well. As social risks are to some extent endogenous, insurance ought to be taken care of at the level at which the risk can be most directly influenced in order to improve efficiency. This may partly take place within the public system, for example through risk rating. Alternatives would include shifting from collective to more individual arrangements, prominent examples being multipillar systems and savings accounts. Multipillar systems mainly imply a new division of responsibilities, taking the endogeneity of social risks and the implications of modern life cycles into account. At the same time they offer more individual choice. Savings accounts reduce moral hazard without affecting individual choice. Either way, in reforming social security a balance needs to be found between competing goals or principles: between equity and efficiency, between solidarity and freedom of choice, between the risks of moral hazard and adverse selection. This choice is difficult because social security is not only about "security". It is an important part of the way we organize our society and embodies many of society's values.     

The social condition of the New Zealand people: a pre-election review of social indicator information

ABSTRACT

Many social commentators have considered that alongside the fiscal transparency enjoined by contemporary New Zealand governments, there should be a complementary social responsibility reporting. This task is usually assigned to social indicator frameworks. However, at present (as the 2017 election looms) there is a faltering in the provision of social indicators which have been in place in New Zealand for almost two decades, with the exception of the recent 2016 survey data from Statistics New Zealand and Ministry of Social Development that were made available within a month of writing this article. Having commented on the current status of the New Zealand social indicator system, we present data from the General Social Survey and the Quality of Life survey to at least convey recent trends in subjective social well-being and reported behaviours and experiences. References are also made to the accumulating literature on social well-being in New Zealand, followed by suggestions for more systematic indicator development and underpinning research.     

系统视角下社会工作实习督导模式的探讨

社会工作是一门应用性科学,专业实习在社会工作学习中扮演着重要的角色,而督导是促进实习顺利进行的必不可少的要素之一。由于内地社会工作发展起步较晚,社会工作专业教育者与学习者对实习督导的重视程度较低。笔者根据社会工作专业发展的现状,在系统理论的指导下探讨合适的社会工作实习的督导模式。     

系统视角下社会工作实习督导模式的探讨

社会工作是一门应用性科学,专业实习在社会工作学习中扮演着重要的角色,而督导是促进实习顺利进行的必不可少的要素之一。由于内地社会工作发展起步较晚,社会工作专业教育者与学习者对实习督导的重视程度较低。笔者根据社会工作专业发展的现状,在系统理论的指导下探讨合适的社会工作实习的督导模式。     

The "X component" in Shanghai's social security reforms

In 2003, the Shanghai Bureau of Labour and Social Security launched the zhenbao (town insurance) programme, now widely known as 25 plus X. This scheme is regarded as an important experiment in social security reform and has been lauded for extending social security to areas where previously only segments of the population had mandatory coverage. Using data from 103,000 individuals enrolled in 25 plus X, we examine the extent to which the scheme represents an extension in social security coverage. Our analysis suggests that while it does represent an extension of benefits for some, for many it represents a considerable dilution in benefits.     

The difficulties of extending social security in Tunisia's agricultural sector

The development of social security in the agricultural sector in Tunisia faces obstacles due to the particular social and economic conditions that apply. The desire of the public authorities to extend social protection to the rural population as a whole runs up against both technical and financial problems. The exact number of people employed in the agricultural sector is not known and it is difficult to define precisely the range of persons to be protected. The changes that have been made in the legal framework in order to adapt social security to the composition and the working conditions of the agricultural population have not achieved their objective. The lack of a coherent system is reflected in particular in the variety of legal provisions and schemes which may be applicable to employees engaged in the same work or working in the same firm. The precarious nature of agricultural employment, the low incomes and thus the low contributory capacity of the workers, the level of benefits offered — in the agricultural schemes sometimes very much below those in the general scheme — all these make social security appear impossible to achieve or not worth while. The resistance encountered by the social security institution may also be due in part to the failure of the Social Security Fund to make people sufficiently aware of the position in the face of some of the traditional structures of solidarity.     

Developing practice tools for social workers in end-of-life care

This article describes the National Association of Social Workers' (NASW) strategies for providing social workers with important practice and policy information about palliative and end-of-life care. With funding from a Soros Foundation's Project on Death in America grant, NASW developed practice standards, a Web-based continuing education course, and drafted a new policy statement to guide social workers in end-of-life care practice. The article provides an in-depth view of the development and scope of these resources for professional social workers.