健全社会福利制度 发展社会福利事业

落实好党的十八大精神,要求我们必须始终把实现好、维护好、发展好人民群众的根本利益放在首位,积极健全社会福利制度,为全面建成小康社会做出更大的贡献。各级民政部门要积极完善老年人福利制度,落实《中国老龄事业发展"十二五"规划》和《社会养老服务体系建设规划(2011～2015年)》,统筹居家养老、社区养老和机构养老服务发展,加快推进建立高龄补贴和养老服务补贴制度;大力加强残障人福利工作,落实《中国残疾人事业"十二五"发展纲要》,推动建立困难残障人生活补贴和重度残障人护理补贴制度,加强精神病人福利机构建设,促进残障人集中就业;加快发展儿童福利事业,落实《中国儿童发展纲要(2011～2020年)》,进一步拓展儿童福利保障范围,加强儿童福利机构基础设施建设和功能转型,完善孤儿基本生活、教育、医疗、就业和住房等保障政策,逐步建立困境儿童分类型、分层次、分区域、分标准的保障制度。     

论性侵未成年人案件中被害人权利保障

近年来，我国性侵未成年人刑事案件频发，引起社会各界广泛关注。在这种背景下，最高人民法院等四机关联合出台《关于依法惩治性侵害未成年人犯罪的意见》，以依法严惩性侵未成年人犯罪、保护未成年人合法权益。由于犯罪人与被害人所处地位、立场不同，二者在刑事诉讼中的利益诉求更多表现为对立和冲突，《意见》就蕴含了未成年被害人保护与正当程序的价值冲突，集中体现在程序的参与性与被害人侵害恢复、程序的对等性与被害人法律援助、程序的公开性与被害人隐私保护等方面。基于利益权衡原则，《意见》在程序层面规定了合适成年人在场、法律援助、隐私保护、获得告知等保护制度，在实体层面规定了民事赔偿、禁止令、司法救助等救济制度，在被害人保护与正当程序的价值冲突中选择了对未成年人“特殊、优先保护”。但《意见》在未成年被害人保护上也存在诸多不足，包括精神康复治疗费用不能涵盖性侵案件中被害人遭受的全部精神损害，由法院予以被害人司法救助有悖于其中立性和独立性，被害人获得法律援助的诉讼阶段和案件范围较小。因此，需将精神损害赔偿纳入对未成年被害人赔偿范围，实现对被害人由司法救助转为国家救助，扩展法律援助的适用范围和诉讼阶段。     

日本绿色消费方式的发展与启示——基于理念演进、制度构建的分析

经历了环境污染和公害问题后,近年来日本积极构建"低碳"、"循环型"和"与自然共存"社会,并于2000年正式实施《绿色消费法》,进一步完善了循环经济法律体系。日本在推进绿色消费方面处于世界领先地位。已经形成了以法律为基础,财政、税收、采购和激励等政策相结合的绿色消费制度体系。他山之石,可以攻玉。日本绿色消费的理念演进和制度构建,对中国创建可持续发展的经济社会体制具有重要的借鉴意义。     

日本对家庭暴力受害妇女的保护及启示

2001年4月,日本制定《防止来自配偶的暴力及保护被害者的法律》(简称《家暴防止法》),这是日本为解决家庭暴力问题而制定的专门法律,并于当年10月开始正式实施。为防止配偶的暴力以及保护受害者,《家暴防止法》创设保护命令制度并设置配偶暴力咨询援助中心。在这部法律的相关规定中,通过建立妇女保护设施、创办妇女咨询所和配备妇女咨询员,保护受害妇女,力争使受害妇女过上正常人的生活。日本通过立法、官方和民间机构合作形式解决家庭暴力受害妇女的做法,对我国解决家庭暴力受害妇女问题可以提供一些有益的启示。     

西安历史街区的保护——以七贤庄历史街区保护为例

西安作为"中国历史文化名城"之一,其历史景观的保护一直备受关注。2008年5月6日,第四次《西安城市总体规划(2008-2020年)》正式获得国务院批复。在这次城市总体规划中,七贤庄街区作为红色革命教育基地、西安近代建筑群,首次被纳入西安历史保护街区范围。通过对七贤庄保护地区的历史文化要素的实地调查,明确了这一保护地区的红色遗产价值、传统民居价值、社会价值等。同时根据这个地区的保护现状以及历史建筑物的特点,结合日本历史街区保护的理念和经验,提出改造这一地区的一些基准和原则,以期避免历史街区修复保护中的一些问题。     

完善刑事被害人社会救助制度的思考

我国的社会救助制度已经可以在一定的程度上对刑事被害人实施社会救助。但存在的问题是:在治疗费用、生活照顾和心理救助方面考虑不够。完善刑事被害人社会救助制度的基本思路是:在医疗保险制度中明确规定,刑事被害人也属于医疗保险的保障范围;建立刑事被害人生活照顾制度;建立刑事被害人心理救助制度。     

中国产品召回制度的适用及完善——兼谈《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》

产品召回是消费者权益保护的一项重要制度,《缺陷汽车产品召回管理规定》的颁布在中国首次正式确定了产品召回制度,它在保护汽车消费者权益方面起到了很大的作用,但它还有很多不足之处,需要进一步加以完善,以适应保护消费者权益,协调人与自然发展的需要。     

日本现代化之谜新解——评王家骅著《儒家思想与日本的现代化》

日本现代化之谜新解——评王家骅著《儒家思想与日本的现代化》李更生平南开大学日本研究中心的王家骅教授是日本研究界颇具实力的中年学者之一。《儒家思想与日本的现代化》（浙江人民出版社１９９５年版）是他继《日中儒学的比较》（日本东京六兴出版社１９８８年版）和...     

试论和谐社会进程中的犯罪被害人国家补偿制度

被害人是犯罪行为的直接侵害者,而在司法实践中,他们的权益往往无法得到有效的救济。为了更好地保护被害人,一些国家先后建立了犯罪被害人国家补偿制度。在建设社会主义和谐社会的进程中,立足中国国情,借鉴国外经验,建立有中国特色的犯罪被害人国家制度不仅是必要的,也是可行的。     

两大法系保护未注册商标之比较研究

商标权保护制度的完善在于商标注册制度和未注册制度的完美结合,我国目前对未注册商标只注重“管理”,不注重“保护”。本文通过比较两大法系国家对未注册商标的保护,认为我国《商标法》第三次修正时,应借鉴两大法系的立法经验,扩大商标法的范围,并明确规定未注册商标受保护的条件等,以完善我国的未注册商标保护制度。     

论集成电路布图设计保护法的特点

2001年4月2日,我国颁布《集成电路布图设计保护条例》。集成电路布图设计保护法作为一个独立的知识产权法律部门,它有自己本质的特点。首先,集成电路布图设计保护法有自己的保护对象。集成电路布图设计保护法所保护的不是集成电路产品,而是集成电路中的布图设计这一无形财产。其次,集成电路布图设计保护法有独特的保护条件,集成电路保护法并不保护所有的布图设计,得到法律保护的布图设计,必须具备以下条件:1.布图设计必须具有独创性;2.布图设计必须具有客现表现形式和可复制性;3.布图设计必须登记。再次,集成电路布图设计保护法有独特的权利保护期。     

A transnational feminist policy analysis of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act

A transnational feminist policy analysis of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act: Noyori‐Corbett C., Moxley D.P. A transnational feminist policy analysis of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act Although originally the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) sought to prosecute traffickers, protect victims, and prevent trafficking, the most essential aim of the act involving prevention, especially in victims’ countries of origin, has not been dominant in combating trafficking. The authors used a transnational feminist framework of policy analysis to reveal the TVPA's limitations in addressing the diminished status of poor women in the developing world. Using five key questions emanating from transnational feminism, the authors illuminate the extent to which the act is unresponsive to the economic realities that make women in developing countries vulnerable to human trafficking. Based on their analysis, the authors offer considerations for the future re‐authorization of the Act, emphasizing a shift from a paradigm involving the criminalization of victims to one embodying prevention.     

Researching Vulnerable Groups: Ethical Issues and the Effective Conduct of Research in Local Authorities

The Data Protection Act 1998 and Research Governance Frameworkfor Health and Social Care (Department of Health, 2003a) havebrought consideration of ethical issues in the conduct of researchinto sharper focus. This paper, based primarily on the authors’experiences of conducting research on children in need and outcomesfor vulnerable children, examines the impact these changes havehad on the research process. The difficulties experienced byresearchers in gaining access to research participants in orderto develop evidence-based policy and practice are explored.Finally, the paper outlines some practical steps that can betaken to facilitate the effective conduct of research.     

南海周边主要国家海底文化遗产保护政策分析及启示

我国海底文化遗产面临着的保护压力不仅来自国内,也来自国外,尤其是南海周边主要国家的开放商业打捞政策导致的挤压效应。联合国教科文组织在《保护水下文化遗产公约》中确定的＂就地保护＂和＂禁止商业开发＂原则在现实的压力下很难实现。目前,我国海底文化遗产保护只能依靠国内立法和《联合国海洋法公约》,而南海周边主要国家在制定海底文化遗产保护政策时都考虑了各种价值的平衡,这些国家平衡各种价值的经验值得我国借鉴参考。我国海底文化遗产具体情况千差万别,应当在摸清大致情况后制定具体而灵活的保护政策。     

The impact of India’s food security policy on domestic and international rice market

Food security policy making in India is at crossroads. India has emerged as a leading rice exporter. The Government of India has introduced the National Food Security Act which requires 33.6 million tons of rice per year for its public food distribution system. In this study, we modeled India’s rice market and analyzed policy implications of the long-term impact of India’s food security act on domestic and international rice market. We developed a structural economic demand and supply model for India’s rice market and further added subsidy equations to trace the consequence of National Food Security Act on domestic rice consumption and on the international market. We specifically focus on three different scenarios: subsidy as price effect, subsidy as inelastic income effect, and subsidy as elastic income effect under the broader framework of National Food Security Act. We found that at the end of the projection period (2024–2025), as a result of rice subsidy program, the consumption of rice increases significantly in the case of price effect while the inelastic income effect has no or less impact on production, consumption, and export of rice. Hence, the policy implication of our study is that if the objective of the National Food Security Act is to increase consumption then it needs to be implemented as price effect.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

Duty and discretion in a wayward agency: The U.S. environmental protection agency implementation of the hazardous waste laws

In the early 1980s the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under Anne (Gorsuch) Burford became a battleground between President Reagan's appointees and the career civil servants. The new administration wanted to ease the regulatory burden, cooperate with industry, and reduce inflationary costs. The civil servants wanted to continue the existing policies of the Carter administration, or as they saw it, to implement the laws. The hazardous waste program, headed by Rita Lavelle, serves as a case study of the tension between the agency's duty (to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act) and the administrative discretion to carry out President Reagan's policy.     

Obamacare and the Politics of Universal Health Insurance Coverage in the United States

In the USA, universal coverage has long been a key objective of liberal reformers. Yet, despite the enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) (commonly known as ‘Obamacare’) in 2010, the USA is not set to provide health care coverage to all, even if and when that reform is fully implemented. This article explores this issue by asking the following question: Why was a clear commitment to universal coverage, the norm in other industrialized countries, excluded as a core objective of the PPACA and how has post‐enactment politics at both the federal and the state level further shaped coverage issues? The analysis traces the issue of universal coverage prior to the debate over the PPACA, during the 2008 presidential race, and during consideration of the bill. The article then looks at the post‐enactment politics of coverage, with a particular focus on how states have responded to the planned use of the Medicaid programme to expand access to care. The article concludes by discussing how an explanation of the limits of the PPACA, in terms of both its commitment to universal coverage and, more importantly, the failure to provide comprehensive health insurance to all, requires an understanding of complex institutional and policy dynamics.     

Rehabilitation,reintegration and recidivism: a theoretical and methodological reflection

ABSTRACT

The reintegration of ex-offenders into the community has emerged as a key concern of the criminal justice system as prison populations have increased globally. High recidivism rates indicate that prisons have not adequately prepared many prisoners for life after prisons. There are three issues this article explores: first, to unpack the theoretical and methodological issues in understanding the nebulous concept of ‘recidivism’; second, to provide a critique of the ‘risks–needs–responsivity’ model which has formed the basis of prison rehabilitation; and third, to suggest ways to mitigate the effects of institutionalisation to achieve positive rehabilitation and reintegration outcomes.