论我国家庭教养方式中的人格培育

我国家庭教养方式中的人格培育理念是现代社会结构变迁中所引起的代际关系处理颇具争议的问题.日益突出的青少年犯罪现象投射出了青少年早期教养方式的人格培育的误区及缺陷,这不仅关系到家庭的健康和谐,而且关系到中华民族的振兴和人类社会的和谐发展与进步.在适当的时候,家庭社会工作在其中能起到很好的调节作用.本文试图在这些论述的基础...     

论我国家庭教养方式中的人格培育

我国家庭教养方式中的人格培育理念是现代社会结构变迁中所引起的代际关系处理颇具争议的问题。日益突出的青少年犯罪现象投射出了青少年早期教养方式的人格培育的误区及缺陷,这不仅关系到家庭的健康和谐,而且关系到中华民族的振兴和人类社会的和谐发展与进步。在适当的时候,家庭社会工作在其中能起到很好的调节作用。本文试图在这些论述的基础上,探讨家庭教养方式中的人格概念认知误区问题及培育方法,谈点看法。     

家庭社会资本与青少年犯罪行为关系探究

青少年犯罪是当今社会的顽疾,它已成为世界各国普遍关注的社会问题。家庭是青少年适应社会的基本媒介,家庭社会资本的影响是决定—个儿童是否成为犯罪者的重要因素。本文主要综述了家庭社会资本与青少年犯罪行为之间的关系,具体分析了决定家庭社会资本的因素以及家庭社会资本的缺乏对青少年犯罪行为产生的可能性影响。研究探索青少年犯罪与家庭社会资本的关系,也是为了制定积极有效的措施,更好地预防和减少青少年犯罪。     

引发青少年犯罪的四种家庭因素

青少年犯罪问题已成为严重的社会问题。对青少年犯罪原因的探讨,过去更多地归结于社会的、环境的因素。但笔者认为,家庭因素在青少年犯罪诸因素中起着非常重要的作用。家长教育方法不当、家庭残缺、家长的不良行为和家庭贫困,是导致青少年犯罪的几大诱因。     

家庭社会资本与青少年犯罪行为关系探究

青少年犯罪是当今社会的顽疾,它已成为世界各国普遍关注的社会问题。家庭是青少年适应社会的基本媒介,家庭社会资本的影响是决定一个儿童是否成为犯罪者的重要因素。本文主要综述了家庭社会资本与青少年犯罪行为之间的关系,具体分析了决定家庭社会资本的因素以及家庭社会资本的缺乏对青少年犯罪行为产生的可能性影响。研究探索青少年犯罪与家庭社会资本的关系,也是为了制定积极有效的措施,更好地预防和减少青少年犯罪。     

女性犯罪的心理特征

女性犯罪行为是社会情况的一面镜子。了解女性犯罪的现实状况,分析女性犯罪的内部结构及变化情况,探索犯罪心理特征,对于社会安定团结有着重要的意义。根据某省某市调查结果表明,1983年审理的女性犯罪案件主要表现出这样一些特点:首先,案件迅速增加,绝对数几乎比1982年增加一倍。第二,犯罪种类构成发生很大变化。侵犯人身权利罪、妨害社会管理秩序罪及妨害婚姻家庭罪,无论从绝对数和相对数来说都占显著地位。第三,从犯罪表现方式看,在“文化大革命”前,女性犯罪主要表现为盗窃;前几年主要表现为诈骗;近来,流氓集团、贩毒等严重刑事犯罪和重婚犯罪成倍增加。这就是说,犯罪虽说也有象以往那样求物、求财的动机,但足为了寻求刺激的倾向大大加强了。第四,数罪并罚情况多了。1982年审理的女性犯罪中双重犯罪的仅1人,1983年犯双重罪的4人,犯三重罪的1人。这表明,女性犯罪的社会危害性严重了。     

家庭暴力在青少年成长中的负效应及预防对策

家庭是青少年成长的最重要的环境,亲密和谐的家庭是青少年幸福的摇篮、温馨的港湾,而家庭暴力污染了青少年健康成长的家庭环境,为此,笔者从家庭暴力对青少年的负面效应进行阐述,建议采取各种措施,遏制家庭暴力,构建和谐家庭,减少青少年犯罪。     

谁之过?——青少年犯罪的社会因素透视

我国当前犯罪主体为青少年,青少年犯罪已经成为一个严重的社会问题,导致青少年犯罪的原因是多元的。本文着重就其中的社会因素作一粗浅透视。一、典型调查和众多个案表明:“家庭结构缺陷,家庭教育失误”是导致青少年犯罪的一大原因。据杭州、上海、北京市统计,在5,021名违法犯罪青少年中,由家庭的不利因素导致犯罪的,有1,274名,占25.2%,四起青少年犯罪案件中就有一起与家庭有关。据某工读学校对三年来入学的297名学生的家庭调查,其中因家庭溺爱而导致失足的学生竟占一半以上。在国外,由于家庭各方面原因所造成的青少年犯罪也占相当比例。据美国一个调查报告指出,他们国家青少年犯罪原因,与家庭有关系的占60—70%;苏联     

西方性别理论话语中的女性问题研究——以马克思异化理论为视角

女性在社会发展进程中扮演着重要的角色,同时女性面临的各种问题一直以来也备受社会关注。西方女性主义马克思主义者借鉴了马克思的异化理论,并将其运用于家庭和私人生活领域,创造性地提出了性别异化理论。她们认为,当代社会女性异化表现在两性关系领域、家务劳动领域、心理和精神智力领域等。而消除异化实现女性解放需要通过消除性别角色、提高女性经济地位、扩大女性政治参与权等途径来实现。她们的探索为人们理解两性问题、实现性别和谐发展提供了有益的理论借鉴与指导。     

和谐家庭：构建和谐社会的基石

党的十六届四中全会提出了构建社会主义和谐社会的任务。建设和谐社会是我国全面建设小康社会的重要内容之一,是一个复杂的系统工程,包括整个社会的方方面面,其中不可缺少的重要组成部分是和谐家庭。因为家庭是社会的基本组织形成,构建和谐家庭是构建和谐社会的重要组成部分,社会的和谐是以家庭和谐为基础,家庭和谐的基础又是建立在和谐婚姻之匕。     

我国重新犯罪现状与发展趋势研究

我国尽管1997年刑法将累犯的构成期限从3年延长至5年,但刑满释放人员的重新犯罪率不仅没有下降,反而呈现持续升高的走势。从不同地域之间的比较看,重新犯罪作为社会犯罪的一个重要组成部分,随着社会犯罪的增长而增长,只是增涨的幅度要小于社会犯罪。预计我国刑释人员重新犯罪将在今后一个相当长的历史时期内,呈现总量波动上升,高位持续振荡的发展态势。     

Social disorganizations and crime rates in U.S. central cities: Toward an explanation of urban economic change

Little attention has been paid to the simultaneous impacts of urban economic change, in particular the effects of industrial restructuring from manufacturing to service industries in central cities and the suburbanization of employment, on both central-city social disorganizations and crime rates in central cities. This study first assumes that urban economic decline aggravates central-city social disorganizations (family disruption, and population mobility). Second, this study proposes that urban economic decline increases central-city crime rates (seven index crime rates). This study used four predictors of economic transformations in an intrametropolitan area between 1980 and 1990 to measure urban economic change. Three of these measures were indicators of central-city economic change (changes in central-city employment ratio of service to manufacturing sectors, unemployment rate, and poverty rate), and one was an indicator of suburban economic change (suburban employment rate). Results from a sample of 153 central cities confirmed that a rise in the central-city employment ratio accelerated suburban population mobility. After including two measures of social disorganizations, urban economic change had a significant effect on central-city crime rates, in which a decline in manufacturing employment, relative to service employment, increased three central-city crime rates: aggravated assault, larceny, and burglary rates. Two central-city crime rates, rape and larceny, increased with a rise in central-city poverty rate, as well. In contrast, suburban employment growth was related to a decrease in central-city violent crime rates.     

源于身份的隔阂:人口多样性、社会信任与犯罪

本文以2014年中国劳动力动态调查（CLDS）数据为基础，构建了一个人口多样性指数，并将其与288个城市的数据相匹配，检验了人口多样性与犯罪率之间的关系。实证结果表明，人口多样性是导致城市犯罪率上升的原因之一，且这一发现是稳健的。作用机制检验结果表明，社会信任是一个重要的中介变量，即人口多样性通过削弱社会信任水平导致犯罪率的上升。进一步，从地区制度环境和民生支出水平两个角度展开的实证检验发现，产权保护越完善、民众对法庭越有信心，政府在公共教育和社会保障上的财政支出越高，人口多样性对犯罪率的影响越弱，说明良好的制度和较高的社会福利支出具有显著的犯罪治理效应。本文的发现为城市化进程中我国各级政府的犯罪治理政策选择提供了经验证据，有助于科学把握犯罪治理的着力点。     

The New Social Policy in Britain

This paper starts from the proposition that approaches to crime and penal policy in contemporary Britain are of a piece with approaches to social policy across a number of fronts. "The New Social Policy" is examined in terms of "the stakeholder idea", its implications for how people are meant to behave, and the distance between this and socio-economic realities. The paper then explores various sectors of stakeholder social policy in their new order of importance—employment and training, education, health care, social care, housing, social security—before commenting on policies in respect of crime and crime prevention, in the light of the foregoing observations and with particular reference to the "lock-'em-up" tendency. The paper concludes that stakeholdership is no recipe for crime prevention.     

Social work in South Africa at the dawn of the new millennium

The article examines recent developments in social policy and its implications for social work education and practice in South Africa. It traces the changes from the birth of democracy in South Africa to the dawn of the new millennium as these crucial years marked the beginning of a new era in South Africa's welfare history. It examines the challenges to social work and provides an example of the integrated, holistic developmental interventions, which are needed to combat social problems such as crime, AIDS and poverty. It ends with an examination of the implications of developmental welfare policy for social–work education as social workers are called to address mass poverty, unemployment and social deprivation through greater use of diverse social work methods, such as advocacy, community development, empowerment, consultation, networking, action research and policy analysis.     

未成年犯罪社区矫正的理论视角与路径选择

未成年人犯罪成为继环境污染、毒品泛滥之后的第三大社会公害,引起世界各国的广泛关注。目前,社区矫正逐渐成为处理未成年人犯罪的有效途径。未成年犯罪社区矫正工作既要注重从人类行为和社会环境关系、系统理论视角去分析其犯罪诱因,也要将众多社会工作理论模式寓于社区矫正过程中,增强未成年人与其社会环境之间关系的适应性。未成年犯罪社区矫正注重未成年人自身适应能力增强、家庭系统功能完善,更关注社区矫正的预防、治疗及矫正康复整体功能的实现。未成年犯罪社区矫正工作,不能单从处理未成年犯罪问题这个单一角度和层次去理解,而应该全面、多层次地去工作,建构一个令未成年人在各方面都可以得到支援的社会环境,最终能够有效地实现预防和减少未成年犯罪问题的目标。     

Revisiting Eight Decades of Social Work Education in India

Social work education commenced in India in 1936 with the establishment of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences. This paper examines the historical evolution of professional social work education in India. It also critically examines the growth of social work education, fieldwork practice, and social work as a profession in India to discern its limitations. Various alarming situations have hampered the growth of social work in India and as such the profession suffers a credibility problem. We offer recommendations for the growth and success of social work education in India.     

Framing the Other: Criminality, Social Exclusion and Social Engineering in Developing Singapore

This paper examines the issue of criminality as it is expressed in social policy in Singapore. This small South-east Asian country is characterized by great social and ethnic diversity, high rates of economic growth, but low crime rates. The relationship between these is pursued by examining the authoritarian political system and the social policies that have arisen from this to socialize and discipline the ethnically disparate and class-divided population. A brief survey of the social structure of Singapore, the role of colonialism in shaping the legal system, the legal measures introduced during the pre-independent anti-colonial and anti-communist struggles and the adoption of many of these by the new government of independent Singapore as weapons of social control introduces the paper. This is followed by an examination of the single-minded pursuit of developmentalism and security in the post-independent period and of the emergence of crime in political discourse as the paradigm of social disorder and self-exclusion from the developmental state, and the relationship of these to the dominant political problem of the management of ethnicity and social differences expressed as concern with classification, a commitment to socio-biology and the constant attempts to define a field of "Asian values" based on a local reading of Confucianism as the basis of social cohesion. The essay concludes with a discussion of the relationship between Singaporean images of social order and the pursuit of a distinctive form of positivist modernism and the question of whether a "Singapore model" is applicable elsewhere in the world.     

暴力重新犯罪行为特点及成因实证分析

随着社会变革日益深化，犯罪数量不断上升，其中暴力犯罪有加剧的趋势。尤其在2009年，我国暴力犯罪总量经过了几年下降后，突然有所上升，广大公众的社会安全感受到严重威胁。特别是一些重新犯罪人员在暴力犯罪中起到“领头羊”的作用。针对这一社会现象，本文对当前暴力重新犯罪行为特点及形成原因进行了实证研究。     

Economic adversity and crime: old theories and new evidence

In this article we make a case for the continuing relevance of economic adversity and social policy in the understanding and prevention of crime. We begin by discussing early theories positing a causal relationship between economic adversity and crime and examine the factors that have led to a loss of confidence in these theories. We then summarise two prominent strands of research investigating important indirect criminogenic effects of economic adversity. The first deals with the long‐term impact of economic adversity on parenting. The second analyses the impact of economic adversity on crime through its effect on informal social controls within a community. Finally, we review recent empirical studies that use modern econometric techniques to explore the direct effects of economic adversity on crime, highlighting research focused on factors such as wages, employment, housing, and income support programs. The paper concludes by suggesting a number of areas for future research.