The relationship between ethnicity and fertility in New Zealand

While there is a global shift towards smaller families, some groups maintain relatively high fertility rates. The 2013 New Zealand census data were used to investigate the nature of fertility between ethnicities in New Zealand. The NZ Deprivation Index 2013 was used as a measure of socioeconomic status to determine the relationships with fertility. The results mirror research outside of New Zealand in that socioeconomic status is inversely correlated to fertility. Using crude average fertility rates, sole-ethnicity Pasifika and Māori ethnic groups still have substantially higher fertility than sole-ethnicity Europeans and Asians ethnic groups, even when simultaneously accounting for age, socioeconomic status, education, and religious affiliation. Christians have more children than individuals reportedly without any religion, and fertility rates drop on average for mothers who have higher formal qualifications. Our findings suggest that cultural, or other ethnic-specific factors differentially affect fertility for Māori, Pasifika, New Zealand European, and Asians as aggregated ethnic categories, respectively.     

新制度经济学意识形态理论对我国意识形态安全的威胁透析

新制度经济学意识形态理论以新政治经济学切入,鼓吹的却是资本主义意识形态,以新自由主义开出,对我国意识形态安全形成了诸多威胁。它具有多种表现形式:泛意识形态化、非意识形态化与攻击马克思主义;科斯定理与促动产权私有化改革;政治科斯定理与推行西方式民主;经济学帝国主义、话语霸权与生搬硬套;工具理性肆虐与信仰缺失;对外扩张与肢解民族国家。清醒认识新制度经济学意识形态理论,是展开针对性应对的必要步骤。     

‘Going through the doors of pain’: asylum seeker and Convention refugee experiences in Aotearoa New Zealand

A qualitative study by ChangeMakers Refugee Forum and the National Refugee Network of the experiences of 18 Convention refugees has highlighted that the standards of safety and protection that Aotearoa New Zealand is obliged to extend to Convention refugees are inadequately met; most notably that there is a significant disparity between United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees quota refugees and Convention refugees, despite there being no distinction between the two within the 1951 Refugee Convention. Themes relating to participants' experiences of destitution, discrimination, and the deterioration of their physical and mental health during the process of seeking asylum and protection emerged from the study. Lack of resources, information and insufficient policies amounts to a lack of security and protection for Convention refugees in Aotearoa New Zealand, revealing an environment where funding, collaboration, and political and public goodwill are minimal.     

中国核电安全规制的研究——理论动因、经验借鉴与改革建议

本文针对核电低常规性风险、高灾难性风险的特点,从社会性规制的视角,对核电安全规制进行了供求分析,并从核电安全的外部性和信息不对称两个方面阐述了核电安全规制的理论动因和依据。研究表明,日本核电站的泄露事故带来的危害将直接促使中国公众增加对核电安全规制的强烈需求,进而推动政府相应地增加核电安全规制供给的数量。本文在理论分析基础上,从规制机构、法规体系、规制力量三个方面分析了我国现行的核电安全规制框架,并援引核电发达国家的核电安全规制模式,对我国加强核电安全规制提出了相应的改革建议。     

User Empowerment or Family Self-Reliance? The Family Group Conference Model

Correspondence to Carol Lupton, Social Services Research and Information Unit, University of Portsmouth, Halpern House, 1/2 Hampshire Terrace, Portsmouth PO1 2QF, UK. Summary Towards the end of the 1980s, the concept of ‘user’empowerment emerged as a central idea in debates about the organizationand delivery of health and social care services. Politicallyattractive to left and right, the concept contains both ‘liberatoryand regulatory’ implications (Baistow, 1994/5). Whileoffering the possibility of greater control and self-determination,it may also involve expectations about increased self-relianceand individual responsibility. Although not inherently contradictory,these different objectives may prove difficult to reconcileif the promotion of self-reliance is primarily driven by a concernto reduce the provision of state services. This paper sets out to explore the issue of empowerment in thecontext of the new Family Group Conference (FGC) initiative.Originating in New Zealand (NZ), the FGC model explicitly aimsto shift the balance of power between families and professionalswithin the child-care dicision-making process. Political interestin the model, however, may also be generated by its perceivedpotential for reducing the dependency of families on state-providedservices. Drawing on research from NZ and the UK, the paperexamines the quality of empowerment provided by the FGC modelfrom the perspectives of the families involved and sets outto assess the particular balance that obtains within the modelbetween the different and potentially contradictory objectivesof promoting user empowerment and encouraging family self-reliance.     

中国食品贸易竞争力及食品安全体系的变迁与展望

本文在回顾中国食品贸易竞争力与食品安全变迁的基础上,以提升中国食品贸易竞争力和食品工业的国际竞争力为目标,提出在全球食品安全背景下发展中国食品工业、增强中国食品安全、提升中国食品贸易竞争力、树立中国良好贸易形象的展望。     

The Dynamic Deprivation Index: measuring relative socio-economic deprivation in NZ on a monthly basis

The standard measures of relative socio-economic deprivation within New Zealand are the NZDEP studies and the NZ IMD. Although both sets of studies are extremely rigorous, high quality research outputs they are only able to provide a snapshot of the national distribution of relative socio-economic deprivation at fixed points in time. The inability to express deprivation levels as an extended and current time series means that not only are policy analysts and researchers working with outdated information, but also that it is often unfeasible to associate changes in deprivation levels to specific events or policy implementations. The Dynamic Deprivation Index (DDI) assigns a deprivation score and deprivation index to each area unit in New Zealand on a monthly basis. In this paper we look to describe the methodology behind the construction of the DDI and to validate the results therein. We argue that if public bodies were to make the data they hold more easily accessible, then there is no reason why New Zealand should not be able to benefit from a measure of socio-economic deprivation that combines the sophistication of the NZDEP studies or IMD with the contemporaneousness of the DDI.     

An exploration of the offset hypothesis using disaggregate data: The case of airbags and antilock brakes

The offset hypothesis predicts consumers adapt to innovations that improve safety by becoming less vigilant about safety. Previous tests have used aggregate data that may confound the effect of a safety policy with those consumers who are most affected by it. We test the hypothesis using disaggregate data to analyze the effects of airbags and antilock brakes on automobile safety. We find that safety-conscious drivers are more likely than other drivers to acquire airbags and antilock brakes but these safety devices do not have a significant effect on collisions or injuries, suggesting drivers trade off enhanced safety for speedier trips. JEL Classification L5 · R4     

‘My daughter is a drug addict’: grandparents caring for the children of addicted parents

This article reports on one aspect of a large multi-method survey of grandparents raising grandchildren, carried out in 2016. The research report [Gordon L. (2016). The empty nest is refilled: the joys and tribulations of grandparents raising grandchildren in New Zealand. Auckland: Grandparents Raising Grandchildren Trust (NZ)] notes that the most commonly cited reason for children coming into care was parental drug addiction. This article reports on the circumstances and well-being of families where parental drug addiction was cited as a reason for the children living with grandparents. Common causes of grandparents struggling to care for their grandchildren were personal health issues, housing, financial problems and dealing with traumatised or unwell children. Contact with parents was often random, with non-contact caused by parental death, imprisonment, parents moving away or re-forming families, children not wanting to see the parent or parents not turning up for scheduled visits. As noted in another article [Gordon L. (2017). Experiences of grandparents raising grandchildren in getting income support from Work and Income offices in New Zealand. Kotuitui. 12(2):134–145], many of the families had difficulty getting income support from Work and Income. Many of the children suffer from a range of emotional and behavioural problems, leading to concerns about their future. The conclusion considers the policy and service implications of these findings, in the context of the growing ‘epidemic’ of methamphetamines and other drug use in Aotearoa.     

食品安全风险评估诠释及其在水产品中的应用解析

随着全球食品安全监管以及溯源工作的开展,食品安全风险评估工作已经在我国持续开展了数年。我国食品安全法规定我国的食品安全风险评估由卫生部负责,并成立食品安全风险评估专家委员会开展评估,但普通消费者对此还并不熟悉。文章旨在对食品安全风险评估的概念、原则和做法以及具体应用进行诠释和分析,以期提升公众对食品安全的客观认识和科学态度。     

论开放条件下我国的石油安全问题

我国现阶段在石油方面的基本国情是资源相对不足。在开放条件下我国石油安全的出路:1.建立“风险采购”方式的安全屏障;2.建立能够模拟国际市场运行成本的生产基地;3.建立预警系统,实施石油战略储备;4.加大国内企业到海外进行石油勘探开发力度,以确保国家资源平衡。     

Found in (survey) translation: lessons learned while engaging with a wharekura in Southland,New Zealand

We liaised with a wharekura (Māori language immersion school) to translate and disseminate an online survey for a group of Māori youth in Southland, New Zealand (NZ). The focus of this article is not results, but the processes of respondent orientation and engagement to more genuinely include Māori in a youth survey. An online survey about transport and well-being was conducted with older teenagers from 12 schools, including the wharekura. After working with wharekura staff and students, the survey was translated from English into te reo Māori using best-practice methods. Steps were taken to safeguard authentic engagement, including how the survey translation was conducted, and how the survey data were shared. This NZ-specific experience adds to the literature about the practice of applying the principle of respondent orientation to the process of translating an existing survey into te reo Māori, demonstrating commitment to some Treaty of Waitangi principles. While this is not a kaupapa Māori research project, it is informed by some kaupapa Māori principles. This may be seen as a limitation of this work; however, we believe there are many positive experiences and lessons to be learned from our approach.     

A comparison of the NZDep and New Zealand IMD indexes of socioeconomic deprivation

ABSTRACT

The aims of this study were to compare the NZ Indices of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) with the NZDep index of socioeconomic deprivation in terms of their: (1) theoretical and methodological approaches; (2) use of small areas; (3) rankings of small areas; and (4) relationships with various health and social outcomes. Literature sources were reviewed for aim 1. The data sources for aims 2–4, all contained within Statistics New Zealand’s Integrated Data Infrastructure, were: (1) 2013 Census, (2) health data sets, (3) Police database, and (4) 2014 General Social Survey. Outcomes were smoking, mortality, respiratory disease, crime, self-assessed health status. Spearman’s rho was used as a measure of correlation. Deciles were treated as categorical in the stepwise logistic regressions. The key finding is that there is a range of theoretical and methodological differences between the indexes. Despite these differences, the indexes behave in a similar, but not identical, manner in their ranking of small areas and in their associations with health and social outcomes. In conclusion, for practical purposes for many applications the two indexes give similar results when analysing very large data sets, although there are some important caveats related to this conclusion for both large and small data sets.     

中国病人安全立法问题研究

在新医改政策所要达成的长远目标中,病人安全占其首位。解决中国病人安全问题,需要有一个病人安全文化环境。为此,必须重视病人安全立法,创造一个好的制度框架和制度文化环境。本文借鉴丹麦、美国等国家病人安全立法经验,从病人安全事件的定义、建立病人安全事件网络报告制度、病人安全事件自愿报告制度、报告者匿名报告与隐私保护制度、病人安全数据库法律制度、病人安全组织法律制度和政府支持法律制度七个方面,设想了中国病人安全立法的制度安排。     

Reference points,loss aversion,and contingent values for auto safety

This article is concerned with the possible role of reference points and loss aversion (as suggested by prospect theory) in subjects' judgments about the value of increments and decrements in automobile safety. The contingent valuation method is employed in two experiments, both of which consider subjects' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for increased safety and compensation demanded (CD) for decreased safety in hypothetical new vehicle purchases. The results establish that disparities exist in subjects' WTP and CD values for the same increment of auto safety, even for a close-to-market context such as hypothetical new vehicle purchases. The results also indicate that evaluations can be manipulated by changing the perception of the reference point: losses can be recast as forgone gains and forgone gains as losses, altering (or even eliminating) differences between WTP and CD values.I would like to thank Mark Kamlet, Greg Fischer, and Granger Morgan for advice and help in structuring the research for the first experiment; Paul Slovic and Jack Knetsch for suggestions regarding the structure and content of the second experiment; Robin Gregory and two anonymous referees for insightful comments on earlier drafts; and the subjects who provided their time in the two experiments. Michael McNickle provided able research assistance for the second experiment. The survey for the first experiment was partially supported by the Program for Technology and Society at Carnegie Mellon University, with funds from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation.     

Assessing the value of family safety networks in child protective services: Early findings from Minnesota

The considerable number of families served continues to place systemic challenges on the child welfare system. Jurisdictions are turning to new strategies to increase family engagement in services and to leverage taxed or limited resources. Signs of Safety® is a strengths‐based and safety‐focused approach to child protection work that is grounded in partnership and collaboration. This exploratory pilot study with a referred participant sample used interviews with 26 parents and 32 safety network members to explore respondents' perceptions and use of a safety plan and safety network, core components of the Signs of Safety framework. Findings from this pilot investigation include insights about how safety plans and safety networks are established, how they function, and opportunities for enhancing their use with families with the goal of providing supports that increase the likelihood of continued safety for children after case closure. Preliminary results also suggest these tools may contribute to reduced re‐reports to child protection.     

The Value of Safety as Revealed in the Swedish Car Market: An Application of the Hedonic Pricing Approach

In this article the hedonic regression technique is used to estimate the value of traffic safety, using information from the Swedish market for automobiles. The results from the study show that the market price of an automobile is negatively correlated with its inherent risk level, i.e. Swedish car consumers pay a safety premium for safer cars. In comparison to previous Swedish stated-preference studies, this study reveals a lower willingness to pay for additional car safety, which might be a result of the interaction between government interventions and individual self-insurance and self-protection.JEL Classification: C51, D61, J28     

Facilitators and Barriers to Implementing Transitional Care Managers Within a Public Health Care System

Transitional care is crucial to ensure quality of care and safety for elderly patients. In the context of health care reforms promoting a shift from a hospital-centered approach to a home care approach, transitional care becomes a vital component and social workers can play an important role in easing transitions. Most recent studies have focused on the development or improvement of transitional care intervention models or tools, but few have addressed implementation issues. In this study, the implementation process of an innovative intervention aiming to integrate transitional care managers (TCMs) from Health and Social Services Centres (HSSC) within two Canadian hospitals was evaluated. Data collection comprised focus groups (n = 8), direct observations, meeting minutes, activity grids and logbooks. To facilitate the implementation of TCMs, decisions were made to clearly indicate their involvement in patients’ files and concentrated their efforts on a restricted number of units. Barriers included confusion about target clientele, inequitable information exchange between partners, limited powers regarding coordination of care, and organizational constraints limiting additional measures to improve transitional care. Evaluating implementation processes is crucial to efficiently identify obstacles and apply additional implementation strategies to promote the integration of new practices within the health care system.     

Discharge Planning

Discharge planning services have become very important to older adults who are subject to shortened hospital stays due to the prospective payment form of reimbursement based on diagnostic related groups (DRGs). A study of older adults discharged from three acute care hospitals in New York City shows a direct association between patients' satisfaction with their discharge plan and the number of services arranged by discharge planners. Patients told, "your DRGs are up" as the reason for their discharge, needed the greatest amount of help with activities of daily living. Implications for social workers offering discharge planning services are addressed.